Energy Buffer Research Articles

Converter Capacitor Temperature Estimation Based on Continued Training LSTM under Variable Load Conditions.

Capacitors are crucial components in power electronic converters, responsible for harmonic elimination, energy buffering, and voltage stabilization. However, they are also the most susceptible to damage due to their operational environment. Accurate temperature estimation of capacitors is essential for monitoring their condition and ensuring the reliability of the converter system. This paper presents a novel method for estimating the core temperature of capacitors using a long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm. The approach incorporates a continued training mechanism to adapt to variable load conditions in converters. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed method's high accuracy and robustness, making it suitable for real-time capacitor temperature monitoring in practical applications.

Characterization of reduced astrocyte creatine kinase levels in Alzheimer's disease.

The creatine-phosphocreatine cycle serves as a crucial temporary energy buffering system in the brain, regulated by brain creatine kinase (CKB), in maintaining Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)levels. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been linked to increased CKB oxidation and loss of its regulatory function, although specific pathological processes and affected cell types remain unclear. In our study, cerebral cortex samples from individuals with AD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and age-matched controls were analyzed using antibody-based methods to quantify CKB levels and assess alterations associated with disease processes. Two independently validated antibodies exclusively labeled astrocytes in the human cerebral cortex. Combining immunofluorescence (IF) and mass spectrometry (MS), we explored CKB availability in AD and DLB cases. IF and Western blot analysis demonstrated a loss of CKB immunoreactivity correlated with increased plaque load, severity of tau pathology, and Lewy body pathology. However, transcriptomics data and targeted MS demonstrated unaltered total CKB levels, suggesting posttranslational modifications (PTMs) affecting antibody binding. This aligns with altered efficiency at proteolytic cleavage sites indicated in the targeted MS experiment. These findings highlight that the proper function of astrocytes, understudied in the brain compared with neurons, is highly affected by PTMs. Reduction in ATP levels within astrocytes can disrupt ATP-dependent processes, such as the glutamate-glutamine cycle. As CKB and the creatine-phosphocreatine cycle are important in securing constant ATP availability, PTMs in CKB, and astrocyte dysfunction may disturb homeostasis, driving excitotoxicity in the AD brain. CKB and its activity could be promising biomarkers for monitoring early-stage energy deficits in AD.

A context-aware energy saving information centric (CAES) model for wireless communication network

A context-aware energy saving information centric (CAES) model for wireless communication network

BENEATH THE SURFACE: EARTHWORMS AND THEIR BENEFICIAL IMPACTS ON FARMING COMMUNITIES

The oligochaete annelid family of earthworms plays a crucial role in soil ecological groupings since they facilitate decomposition and the nutrient cycling of ecosystems. In most terrestrial habitats, earthworms are the dominant members of the soil macrofauna (> 4mm) groups. They are among the most important coprophages and detritivores in the natural world, and they feed a lot of ecosystems’ lower-level consumers. This study was carried out to comprehend the many kinds of earthworms and their taxonomy through in-depth reviews. The interaction between earthworms and soil fertility—including aggregate formation, soil aeration, nutrient management, and other factors—is another area of interest for this study. The negative impact of intensive farming on the environment and public health is often criticized. A better understanding of the creatures living in crop fields could be the solution to this issue. The ability of earthworms to extract energy, nutrients, water, and climate buffering from soil is one of their primary advantages. Earthworms play a major role in the biological processes of nutrient cycling in soils, and the makeup of their populations gives insight into the type of soil system in which they reside. By transforming organic waste and biodegradable materials into nutrient-rich products that emerge from their tunnels to deposit fecal matter on the soil’s surface, earthworms preserve the physiochemical qualities of the soil. In addition to mixing and agglomerating the soil, they also increase microbiological activity and soil water content and capacity. Given that farming can involve a variety of soil-disturbing activities, an understanding of the biology and ecology of earthworms may help in the development of management approaches that may alter soil biota and crop performance. Lastly, we discuss how to combine management strategies, including vaccination, to improve earthworm services. We draw the conclusion that using earthworm services in soil systems may be able to improve agricultural sustainability.

Cat paw-inspired magnetorheological elastomer embedded mechanical metamaterials with active sensing and switching stiffness for vibration isolator

Cat paw-inspired magnetorheological elastomer embedded mechanical metamaterials with active sensing and switching stiffness for vibration isolator

A multiple buffering high-fall protection structure and its impact response

A multiple buffering high-fall protection structure and its impact response

Design of Regenerative Braking System and Energy Storage with Supercapacitors as Energy Buffers

Vehicles are part of urban area transport and are subjected to variable loads as they traverse the city with varying slopes and stop-and-go traffic. Electric Vehicles (EVs) can be a good option because of their high efficiency under stop-and-go conditions and ability to gain energy from braking. However, limited battery energy makes EVs less efficient and degrades their lifetime. In contrast to a Li-Ion battery, supercapacitors work well under high power charge and discharge cycles. However, their high cost and low energy density prevent them from being viable replacements for batteries. Due to the slow charging and discharging process of batteries, they have a low power density, but a high energy density compared to the supercapacitor. In this paper, we discussed our system design consisting of both a battery and a supercapacitor. The main aim is to design and develop a scheduling algorithm to optimize energy flow between the battery, supercapacitor, and motor. We further described an analogue-based control methodology and algorithm for the supercapacitor, augmented battery-powered motoring process. This is in addition to a charge controller designed to optimize the supercapacitor bank's current-based charge-discharge profile. The system design and tests are developed on PSPICE and a hardware platform.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Storage and Buffer Units for Electric Military Vehicle: Survey of Experimental Results

This paper deals with the analyses of batteries used in current military systems to power the electric drives of military vehicles. The article focuses on battery analyses based on operational data obtained from measurements rather than analyses of the chemical composition of the tested batteries. The authors of the article used their experience from the development test-laboratory of military technology. This article presents a comparative analysis of existing and promising technologies in the field of energy storage and buffering for military electric vehicles. The overview of these technologies, including the design, operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages, are briefly presented to produce theoretical comparative analyses. However, this article mainly focuses on the experimental verification of operational ability in varied conditions, as well as the comparison and analysis of these results. The main part of the article provides more experimental studies on technologies of energy storage and buffering using the results of several experiments conducted to demonstrate the behavior of each technology in different working conditions. The output parameters, as well as the state of charge of each technology’s samples, were surveyed in various temperatures and loading characteristics. The results presented in this paper are expected to be useful for optimizing the selection of energy storage and buffering solutions for military electric vehicles in different applications and functional environments.

Supercapacitor Implementation To Prototype Energy Storage System Optimizer in PV System

This research aims to create a prototype of an energy storage optimizer in a PV system using a supercapacitor in combination with batteries. The purpose of adding supercapacitors in this prototype is to maintain battery usage when there is a change in irradiation with a loading source that refers to the amount of electrical current and voltage as a supply of energy. A sudden increase in load without an energy buffer component can affect battery endurance. This can result in a decrease in electrical energy supply. Based on experimental results, it has been found that the battery and supercapacitor complement each other. The battery works more statically while the supercapacitor works more dynamically. Thus, the power output to the load is more stable, and the battery can be more durable because when there are extreme changes in irradiation and load, they can be overcome by supercapacitors.

DC Microgrid for Robotic Manufacturing – field demonstration and laboratory experience.

Paper present real manufacturing application based approach to DC based power supply and infrastructure verification. Alternative solutions for improved management of power flows and integration of renewable energy sources has become an interesting topic and discussions of alternative DC related power infrastructure with respect to existing technology. Since modern manufacturing solutions implement industrial robot manipulators more detailed evaluation of possible opportunities regarding DC based supply has been introduced. Typical distribution of units and respective electrical power flows present need for power measurement equipment with multipoint functionality experiments. Obtained practical measurement results enable evaluation of DC based energy distribution system potential compared to existing solution and future operation scenarios including energy storage and buffering approaches. Implementation of single AC/DC converter unit has been evaluated in laboratory conditions with respect to power quality within DC distribution link.

Power allocation scheme for grid interactive microgrid with hybrid energy storage system using model predictive control

Power allocation scheme for grid interactive microgrid with hybrid energy storage system using model predictive control

Cardiovascular diseases and energy deficiency: pathogenetic ways of correction

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the most common and influential causes of death worldwide, as the heart plays a key role in the human body. Energetic cardioprotective therapy of the myocardium is an important protective factor, regulating the synthesis and use of energy by myocardial cells, while having a little effect on heart rate, blood pressure, and blood supply. Phosphocreatine plays an important role in the intracellular energy buffering and transport system, ensuring energy transfer from the site of production to the site of use to meet the high and variable demands of the heart. Research shows that phosphocreatine can have a positive effect on patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure, and those who have undergone cardiac surgery. The accumulated information confirms the prospects of using phosphocreatine in clinical practice to improve treatment outcomes in patients with heart diseases.

A new power management strategy for PV-FC-based autonomous DC microgrid

Solar energy is widely available in nature and electricity can be easily extracted using solar PV cells. A fuel cell being reliable and environment friendly becomes a good choice for the backup so as to compensate for continuously varying solar irradiation. This paper presents simple control schemes for power management of the DC microgrid consisting of PV modules and fuel cell as energy sources and a hydrogen electrolyzer system for storing the excess power generated. The supercapacitor bank is used as a short term energy storage device for providing the energy buffer whenever sudden fluctuations occur in the input power and the load demand. A new power control strategy is developed for a hydrogen storage system. The performance of the system is assessed with and without the supercapacitor bank and the results are compared. A comparative study of the voltage regulation of the microgrid is presented with the controller of the supercapacitor bank, realized using a traditional PI controller and an intelligent fuzzy logic controller.

Energy‐Harvesting Cooperative NOMA in IOT Networks

Buffer‐aided cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) improves the effectiveness of the spectral by allowing more than one user to share the same resources to realize massive connectivity. This is notably attractive in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond systems, where a massive number of connections are essential such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless‐powered communication through energy harvesting is another 5G promising solution for the future massively dense networks. To sufficiently utilize energy harvesting in a buffer‐aided cooperative NOMA network, the relay selection rule must consider the energy level of the selected relay in addition to its data content to avoid an outage. This paper proposes a relay selection rule for energy‐harvesting buffer‐aided cooperative NOMA networks. The proposed relay selection scheme considers the state of both the data buffer and the energy buffer. The simulations show that the proposed selection rule has improved the network outage probability and throughput as well. This enhancement is kept with changing the number of relays. The results also show that the impact of changing the energy buffer size is crucial, and the larger, the better. Furthermore, making the source transmitting power larger than the relay transmitting power is beneficial, especially with large enough energy buffer sizes.

Probing binding and occlusion of substrate in the human creatine transporter-1 by computation and mutagenesis.

In chordates, energy buffering is achieved in part through phosphocreatine, which requires cellular uptake of creatine by the membrane-embedded creatine transporter (CRT1/SLC6A8). Mutations in human slc6a8 lead to creatine transporter deficiency syndrome, for which there is only limited treatment. Here, we used a combined homology modeling, molecular dynamics, and experimental approach to generate a structural model of CRT1. Our observations support the following conclusions: contrary to previous proposals, C144, a key residue in the substrate binding site, is not present in a charged state. Similarly, the side chain D458 must be present in a protonated form to maintain the structural integrity of CRT1. Finally, we identified that the interaction chain Y148-creatine-Na+ is essential to the process of occlusion, which occurs via a "hold-and-pull" mechanism. The model should be useful to study the impact of disease-associated point mutations on the folding of CRT1 and identify approaches which correct folding-deficient mutants.

A Digital Blueprint for 3D-Printing Lab Scale Aqueous and Organic Redox-Flow Batteries

With the ongoing development of renewable energy, the need for large-scale energy storage or energy buffer systems is increasing simultaneously. By separating capacity (i.e. concentration and tank size) and voltage (i.e. electrochemistry of the redox-active species), redox-flow batteries (RFBs) offer an exciting opportunity to address these challenges. Due to the wide range of synthetic possibilities in organic and inorganic chemistry, the number of potential novel RAS or membranes, as well as the optimization of existing ones is constantly increasing. However, the high financial cost of lab scale RFB systems for basic research poses an entry hurdle for small synthesis groups, so that this basic research can either only be carried out by specialized groups or only approximate systems (e.g. H-cell assemblies or active material adsorbed on carbon nanotubes in coin-cells) can be investigated. A simple and cost-efficient lab scale RFB setup would thus be an essential step forward in pushing fundamental RFB research forward.With its cost-efficient and precise nature, additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a promising technique to overcome these challenges, as it has already found application in several other areas of battery research.Using this technique, we were able to create a design proposal for a lab scale RFB setup, consisting of the RFB cell itself, the tank and pump system, and an inert gas container for about 220€. We tested the system with both an aqueous electrolyte system and an organic one to investigate its versatility. We tested the system with both an aqueous electrolyte system (K4[FeII(CN)6]/K3[FeIII(CN)6]) and an organic one (Fc/FcBF4) to guarantee its applicability to both electrolyte systems. The goal is to use this template for 3D-printed RFB cell to facilitate independent practical RFB research by small research groups.

Evidence of an intracellular creatine-sensing mechanism that modulates creatine biosynthesis via AGAT expression in human HAP1 cells

Cellular homeostasis of creatine (CT), integral part of the energy buffering and transducing system connecting intracellular sites of ATP production and utilization, comprises of mechanisms that increase CT, i.e., biosynthesis and cellular uptake, and CT-lowering processes, such as export and non-enzymatic conversion to creatinine. The biosynthesis of CT is controlled by negative feedback loop via suppression of the rate-limiting enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). Although the regulatory mechanism involved is not well understood, AGAT suppression is successfully used in patients with guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency to reduce the neurotoxic accumulation of the AGAT-mediated guanidinoacetate production by supplementing patients with CT. Utilizing the CT-dependent feedback loop for the upregulation of AGAT expression may well represent a therapeutic target for an additional CT deficiency syndrome, the CT transporter (CrT) defect, for which no effective treatment option is available so far. We have used CRISPR to tag the C-terminus of AGAT with a nanoluc luciferase (NLuc) reporter in HAP1 cells. A biphasic decay of AGAT-NLuc in response to increasing extracellular CT was observed, whereas the decrease in AGAT-NLuc expression was directly proportional to the rise in intracellular CT levels with an approximate IC50 of 1–2 mM. CRISPR generated HAP1 CrT null cells and HAP1 CrT null cells stably expressing a CrT-GFP fusion protein further demonstrated that the biphasic response to extracellular CT is mediated by a high-affinity (Km 9–10 µM) CrT dependent, saturable mechanism and a CrT independent, unsaturable uptake process. The direct response to intracellular CT suggests the existence of an intracellular CT sensing system enabling a dynamic cell response to changing CT concentration that is relevant for cellular CT homeostasis.

A hybrid-MPC based energy management system with time series constraints for a bioclimatic building

A hybrid-MPC based energy management system with time series constraints for a bioclimatic building

Mitochondrial phosphagen kinases support the volatile power demands of motor nerve terminals.

Motor neurons are the longest neurons in the body, with axon terminals separated from the soma by as much as a meter. These terminals are largely autonomous with regard to their bioenergetic metabolism and must burn energy at a high rate to sustain muscle contraction. Here, through computer simulation and drawing on previously published empirical data, we determined that motor neuron terminals in Drosophilalarvae experience highly volatile power demands. It might not be surprising then, that we discovered the mitochondria in the motor neuron terminals of both Drosophilaand mice to be heavily decorated with phosphagen kinases - a key element in an energy storage and buffering system well-characterized in fast-twitch muscle fibres. Knockdown of arginine kinase 1 (ArgK1) in Drosophila larval motor neurons led to several bioenergetic deficits, including mitochondrial matrix acidification and a faster decline in the cytosol ATP to ADP ratio during axon burst firing. KEY POINTS: Neurons commonly fire in bursts imposing highly volatile demands on the bioenergetic machinery that generates ATP. Using a computational approach, we built profiles of presynaptic power demand at the level of single action potentials, as well as the transition from rest to sustained activity. Phosphagen systems are known to buffer ATP levels in muscles and we demonstrate that phosphagen kinases, which support such phosphagen systems, also localize to mitochondria in motor nerve terminals of fruit flies and mice. By knocking down phosphagen kinases in fruit fly motor nerve terminals, and using fluorescent reporters of the ATP:ADP ratio, lactate, pH and Ca2+ , we demonstrate a role for phosphagen kinases in stabilizing presynaptic ATP levels. These data indicate that the maintenance of phosphagen systems in motor neurons, and not just muscle, could be a beneficial initiative in sustaining musculoskeletal health and performance.

Ultracapacitor as selectable energy buffer in electric vehicle application

Ultracapacitor as selectable energy buffer in electric vehicle application