Endogenous pH Research Articles

Cariogenic Potential of the commonly Prescribed Pediatric Liquid Medicaments in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An in vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the cariogenic potential of the commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) for dental disease in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Seven most commonly prescribed PLMs were selected by prior questioning the pediatric dentists as well as general dentists in Jazan region. The endogenous pH and sucrose concentrations of the liquid medicaments were assessed. The endogenous pH was assessed by Hanna pH meter instrument. The sucrose concentration was assessed by anthrone reagent method. All the PLM were acidic. The pH of the PLM ranged from 4.22 to 6.10. All the PLM contained sucrose and its concentration ranged from 5.38 to 11.41 gm% in the samples. In this study, all the PLM were acidic and contained sucrose. Hence, they have cariogenic potential. Parents and dentists are unaware of the hidden sugars and cariogenicity of these medications. Strict oral hygiene instructions are mandatory for the children taking these medications. The use of PLM should also be minimized and parents should seek early dental treatment to restore child's oral health.

Comparative Evaluation of the Four most commonly used Pediatric Liquid Formulations in Ahmedabad City: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Introduction This study was conducted to assess the cariogenic potential of pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) of Allopathic, Homeopathic, Ayurvedic, and Unani formulations specifically in Ahmedabad. Materials and methods Four commonly used PLMs were selected based on a survey. Thirty-nine exfoliated deciduous teeth samples were placed in selected PLM for 1 minute, 10 minutes, and 8 hours and observed under scanning electron microscope to check the erosive potential. Their endogenous pH, calcium dissolution potential, viscosity, and type and amount of sugar were checked. Results In all the four groups, a specific type of enamel prism pattern was seen in all the samples irrespective of magnification and immersion time. However, the degree of erosion increases with the increase in immersion time. All the four syrups were acidic in nature. Lowest pH (3.73) and highest calcium dissolution (7.106) were seen in Saduri®. Viscosity was higher with Benadryl® mainly due to high sugar content (36.10), especially glucose (27.21). Conclusion All the PLMs used in this study showed an erosive effect on the primary enamel surface though major effect was seen with Saduri®. Clinical significance With respect to this study, Unani medications are most cariogenic for the teeth among all the four types of medications in children. How to cite this article Shah V, Venkataraghavan K, Choudhary P, Trivedi K, Shah S, Bhandi S. Comparative Evaluation of the Four most commonly used Pediatric Liquid Formulations in Ahmedabad City: An in vitro Study. World J Dent 2017;8(3):190-195.

Surface changes of primary tooth enamel by commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments: A scanning electron microscope study

The present in-vitro study was conducted in primary teeth in order to evaluate the erosive potential of eight commonly used pediatric liquid medications (PLMs) using scanning electron microscope. 8 most commonly used Pediatric Liquid Medicaments and 27 extracted teeth that were near to exfoliation were collected. The endogenous pH of all the Pediatric Liquid Medications was measured using a pH electrode meter. The 27 teeth were divided into two groups, the control group (n = 3) and the study group (n = 24). Three teeth in Control group were immersed in artificial saliva for three different time intervals 1 min, 10 mins. and 8 hours. In experimental group, 24 teeth were also maintained for 1 min., 10 min. and 8 hours in 8 different pediatric liquid medicaments with 3 teeth in each medicine for three different time intervals. For all the teeth of both groups ,the primary enamel surface changes were then observed under Scanning electron microscope. When viewed under Scanning Electron Microscope, all the PLM's showed an erosive effect on the Primary Enamel Surface. Crater formation was found with most of the medications followed by etched prism pattern and sporadic rod ends. Acidic pH was seen with most of the pediatric liquid medicaments used in this study which causes dental erosion. Dental erosion eventually predisposes to dental caries, so it is important to educate professionals and parents regarding use of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments in children.

Efeito sobre a morfologia do esmalte dental e análise físico-química de medicamentos utilizados por pacientes pediátricos com paralisia cerebral

Resumo Introdução Muitos medicamentos pediátricos líquidos são considerados fatores de risco para a estrutura dentária. Esse potencial pode aumentar quando ingeridos de forma crônica, como é o caso do tratamento de algumas condições, tal como a paralisia cerebral. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito sobre a morfologia do esmalte dental e as propriedades físico-químicas de medicamentos de uso contínuo indicados a pacientes infantis com Paralisia Cerebral. Material e método A amostra foi constituída por quatro medicamentos: Fenobarbital (M1), Carbamazepina (M2), Oxcarbazepina (M3) e Domperidona (M4), todos em suspensão oral. Analisaram-se o pH, o teor de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST) e a viscosidade dos medicamentos. Todos os testes foram realizados em duplicata. Para análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), 15 blocos de esmalte bovino foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e imersos em oxcarbamazepina (n=5), carbamazepina (n=5) e saliva artificial (n=5). Os ciclos de imersão foram feitos por seis dias, durante cinco minutos, duas vezes ao dia, com intervalos de 12 horas, quando ficavam mantidos em saliva artificial. O grupo controle permaneceu em saliva artificial. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. Resultado Em relação ao pH endógeno, os valores variaram de 2,82 (M3) a 9,60(M1). Para o SST, as médias de maior e menor valor foram, respectivamente, de 20,5% (M3) e 46% (M1). A viscosidade variou de 6,89 mm2/s (M1) a 58 mm2/s (M3). Em MEV, observaram-se alterações sugestivas de perda de estrutura no esmalte dental em oxcarbamazepina e carbamazepina, proveniente da ação dos medicamentos analisados. Conclusão Concluiu-se que os medicamentos líquidos pediátricos analisados, indicados a pacientes com paralisia cerebral, apresentam potencial cariogênico e erosivo, destacando-se a Oxcarbazepina.

Erosive characteristics and fluoride content of cola-type drinks.

Excessive consumption of carbonated soft drinks is detrimental to general and oral health. This study determined endogenous pH, titratable acidity (TA) and fluoride (F) ion concentration of cola-type drinks available in the UK. Subsidiary aims were to compare: (i) endogenous pH and TA of drinks upon opening (T0) and after 20 minutes (T20); (ii) endogenous pH, TA and F ion concentration of diet vs regular and plastic bottle vs canned drinks. Endogenous pH, TA (mls 0.1M NaOH) and F ion (mg/L) of 71 products were measured using a pH meter and F-ISE. A Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test compared pH and TAs at T0 and T20; a Mann-Whitney U test compared pH, TAs and F ion concentration for; a) regular vs diet drinks; and b) plastic bottle vs canned drinks. Mean (±SD) pH for regular and diet drinks was 2.44 ± 0.12 and 2.83 ± 0.33 respectively (p = 0.001). Mean NaOH (ml) to raise pH to 5.5 and 5.7 was 5.49 ± 0.76 and 6.40 ± 0.78 (regular drinks); 5.17 ± 1.03 and 6.03 ± 1.07 (diet drinks). Diet (p = 0.040) and regular (p = 0.041) drinks had higher TA to pH 5.7 at T0 compared with T20; at T20 regular drinks had higher TA to pH 5.5 (p = 0.026) and pH 5.7 (p = 0.030) than diet drinks. There was no difference in F ion concentration between regular vs diet drinks (p = 0.754) and no significant container effect. Erosive characteristics were similar between manufacturers, but higher erosive potentials were evident at T0 compared with 20 minutes later and for regular compared with diet drinks. F ion concentration of drinks was low.

Analiza zawartości cukru oraz pH endogennego płynnych leków pediatrycznych

BackgroundInfection diseases associated with inappropriate oral hygiene, low salivary flow, improper diet and intake of sweet and sticky pediatric liquid medications (PLM) are among risk factors of early childhood caries. Sugar content and endogenous pH of PLM can significantly increase caries risk. AimEvaluation of endogenous pH and sugar content in pediatric liquid medications. Material and methodsAnalysis of 46 PLM including analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (7), antitussives (7), anti-allergic (7), expectorants (7), diet supplements (11) and others: sedative, laxative or antifungal (7) drugs was performed. Type and sugar content were obtained from Summary of Products Characteristic or package leaflet. pH level was measured thrice using electronic device Testo 206-pH1 (Testo AG Germany) in constant temperature 20°C. The average results were subjected to statistical analysis (t-Student test, p<0.05; STATISTICA 10, Statsoft). ResultsSugar was a sweetening agent in 21 PLM and average concentration was 523mg/ml. Average pH was 4.03(±1.19), ranging from 1.77 to 7.59. The pH was<5.5 in 42 cases. The average pH in particular groups was: analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic – 3.88, antitussives – 3.85, anti-allergic – 3.75, expectorant – 5.27, diet supplements – 3.95 and others – 3.52. Statistically significant difference in pH between liquid medications with sugar or other sweetening agent was observed in group of anti-allergic drugs (p<0.05). ConclusionsPediatric liquid medications and diet supplements contain saccharose and manifest low pH; therefore, prescribers and pharmacists should recommend mouthwash using neutral solution (water) after their ingestion. This recommendation should also be included in package leaflet.

FRET-Based Probe for Monitoring pH Changes in Lipid-Dense Region of Hct116 Cells.

A rhodamine conjugate (L) with a pseudo Stokes shift of 165 nm is used for probing changes in solution pH under physiological conditions. This reagent is found to be nontoxic, and the luminescence response could be used for imaging changes in endogenous pH induced by dexamethanose (DMT) in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Endogenous pH, titratable acidity of commercially available mouthwashes in Indian market

Background: The objective of this study was t o evaluate in vitro the endogenous pH, titratable acidity of mouthwashes available in the Indian market. Methods: The study sample was composed of 11 commercial brands of mouthwashes based on different active ingredients. The experiments were performed in triplicate. The endogenous pH was evaluated by using a digital pH meter; titratable acidity was evaluated by the addition of 0.1N NaOH increments to the mouthwashes. Results: pH values ranged from 4.01(CODE K mouth wash containing Terminalia chebula) to 6.58 (CODE E mouthwash containing Diclofenac), and total of six mouthwashes had pH less than the critical value of 5.5, thus classified as potentially erosive. Titratable acidity values ranged from 0.2 (CODE H- Chlorhexidine Gluconate) to 1.2 (CODE I- Thymol, Eucalyptol). Conclusions: Some of the mouthwashes evaluated in this study presented low endogenous pH, even below the critical value for enamel dissolution (pH<5.5), high titratable acidity which may be potentially erosive to the dental tissues if not properly used.

An in vitro analysis of the cariogenic and erosive potential of pediatric liquid analgesics.

Analgesics such as Ibuprofen and Paracetamol, which are clinically used for the treatment of fever and/or pain, are among the most frequently used pediatric medicines. However, the properties of these preparations determine their cariogenic and erosive potential. The main objective of this study was to analyze the pH, viscosity and total sugar content in a variety of Syrian pediatric liquid analgesics (PLA). A total of 16 available liquid analgesics that belong to the Paracetamol and Ibuprofen group were analysed. The endogenous pH was measured using a digital pH meter, the viscosity was measured using a digital rotational viscometer and the total sugar content was performed according to Fehling method. Data were presented by means of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values). The mean endogenous pH of PLA was 4.63 ± 0.57 ranging between 3.93 and 5.68, and almost all of analgesics (93.8%) had pH values ≤5.5. The mean viscosity of PLA was 243.56 ± 186.6 cP and varied between 20.5 cP and 640.5 cP. Sugars were detected in 11 (68.75%) analgesics, and varied considerably among sugar-containing analgesics from 5.38 to 69.4 (g/100 mL) with a mean concentration of 24.97 ± 23.24 g/100 mL. PLA are potentially cariogenic and erosive because of low pH, high viscosity and high total sugar content. This may increase our concerns about the dental health of children who take liquid analgesics frequently or when long-term treatment is indicated.

A Prefatory Assessment of Erosive Potential of Commonly used Indian Spices

ABSTRACT Objective Spices are an integral part of Indian cuisine and their consumption is increasing in popularity. These mouthwatering spices can lower the pH of the mouth; dissolving the protective outer layer of the teeth. Thus, it is essential to protect our teeth from the various chemical insults which may lead to erosion. The purpose of the study was to assess the erosive, potential of these spices. Materials and Methods The pH and the titrable acidity of commonly used Indian spices, like turmeric, red chillies, cumin and coriander powder were determined. The same test was carried out for spice mixes (masalas), like garam masala, pavbhaji, sambhar, panipuri and goda masalas. The single powder spices were home-made while the spice mixes were ready to use available in the market. The initial pH was measured using digital pH meter and titration was carried out against 0.1M NaOH. Results All the spices showed an endogenous pH lower than critical pH. Among these, panipuri masala, a spice mix used in a widely relished snack in the western part of India showed the lowest pH and also required the highest quantity of 0.1M NaOH to neutralize its acidity. Conclusion People may be placing themselves unintentionally at risk of dental erosion due to their diet and clinicians may find this study to be helpful while counseling patients regarding their dietary habits. How to cite this article Verma JS, Padhye L, Mandke L, Sumanthini MV, Shenoy V. A Prefatory Assessment of Erosive Potential of Commonly used Indian Spices. J Contemp Dent 2015; 5(2):86-89.

Pediatric liquid medicaments - Are they cariogenic? An in vitro study.

Aim:Young and chronically sick children receive a variety of oral liquid medications on a routine and regular basis. These pharmaceutical preparations are cariogenic and acidogenic in nature. Hence, the present study was taken up to determine the cariogenic potential of the commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments.Materials and Methods:Eight commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments (PLM) were selected and their endogenous pH was measured using a pH electrode meter. The sugar content in them was estimated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effect of PLM on Streptococcus mutans was assessed by the ditch plate method.Results:The pH of the liquid medicaments ranged between 6.05 (Salbid®) and 7.71 (Theopid®). Sucrose was observed in 7 PLM and glucose in 5 PLM. The highest concentration of sucrose was seen in Crocin®. The lowest concentration of sucrose was seen with Althrocin®. Both the antibiotic PLMs inhibited the S. mutans growth. Zevit® promoted the growth of S. mutans.Conclusion:The pH and concentration of sugars of pediatric liquid medicaments can pose as a threat to dental health, especially in chronically sick children, who are on long-term medications.

Effect of commonly consumed sugar containing and sugar free fruit drinks on the hydrogen ion modulation of human dental plaque

With the increased awareness of healthy diet among the population, the intake of fruit juices as health drinks has been increased. This study has been designed to check the potential cariogenicity of fruit drinks frequently consumed by infants and young children. To compare the acidogenic potential of sugar free fruit juices with fruit juices containing sugar by evaluating the plaque pH changes, following consumption of the above drinks. The study was carried out on 10 children in the age group of 8-15 years. The four fruit juices used were 1) orange juice with added sugar 2) orange juice with no added sugar 3) apple juice with added sugar 4) apple juice with no added sugar. Sucrose rinse of 10% was used as control group. The endogenous pH of the fruit juices and control was assessed using digital pH meter. The plaque pH was assessed at the baseline and after the consumption of the drinks at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 minutes time interval using the plaque-harvesting technique. The obtained results were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis using paired t-test. All the fruit juices showed drop in plaque pH. A drop in pH was also observed in the juices despite of no added sugar content. The fruit juices labeled with "no added sugar" or "free from added sugar", contained substantial quantities of sugar and are equally cariogenic as are fruit drinks with added sugar.

Laser-patterned Composite Carbon Structures for Wound Monitoring Technologies

Abstract Carbon–polycarbonate films were investigated as a conductive substrate with the potential for monitoring chronic wounds. The films were found to be mechanically flexible and could be easily integrated within conventional dressing materials. The electrochemical properties of the films and their ability to selectively monitor urate (as an endogenous pH probe) were investigated. A preliminary assessment of its performance in simulated wound fluid was conducted.

Cariogenic potential of medications used in treatment of children with HIV infection

In children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) commences at a very young age. These drugs are administered over a prolonged period and could be a possible risk factor for dental caries in these children. To assess endogenous pH, titratable acidity and type and concentration of sugars present in drugs used in treatment of HIV-infected children. Eleven drugs that are regularly prescribed to treat HIV infection in children (antiretrovirals, antibacterial, antifungal) were selected. The endogenous pH and titratable acidity of each drug was assessed. Type and concentration of sugars present in these medications was estimated using thin layer chromatography. Medications were mostly in syrup form and their pH ranged from 2.27 to 7.98. Titratable acidity varied between 0.01 to 0.37 mmol. Sucrose was present in all medications, and more than 60 g% of sucrose was present in anti-acterial and antifungal preparations. The physical properties and sugar content of medications used in ART pose a risk to dental health of children.

Evaluation of total soluble solids content (TSSC) and endogenous pH in antimicrobials of pediatric use

The use of liquid pharmaceutical preparations is a daily occurrence for some children. Evidences show a significant relation between the intake of oral sucrose based medicines and an increase incidence in dental caries. This in vitro experimental study evaluated the Total Soluble Solids Content (TSSC) by means of Brix scale refractometry and the endogenous pH of antimicrobials of pediatric use presented as oral suspensions. Nine medications (6 chemotherapics and 3 antibiotics) were evaluated by random experiment with 3 repetitions for each sample. The analysis of TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer, and the pH values were determined by potentiometry. The mean TSS contents ranged from 11.73 (Keflaxina) to 63.83 (Azitromed). The minimum and maximum mean pH values were 4.12 (Keflaxina) and 10.97 (Zitroneo), respectively. The chemotherapic antimicrobials evaluated in this study presented the highest TSSC means, while the antibiotics showed pHs below the values considered as critical, which may contribute to the development of caries lesions in case of inadequate administration of these medications to children.

Cariogenic Potential of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments- An in vitro Study

Pediatric liquid medicaments (PLM) are popular and are easily accepted by both parents and children. They are widely prescribed and easily available. However the sugar content and properties of these preparations determines their cariogenic potential. This study assessed the pH and viscosity of pediatric liquid medicaments, type and concentration of sugars present in them and their effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. PLM included two each of the most commonly prescribed analgesics, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, antitussive and antiepileptic preparations. The endogenous pH was measured using a digital pH meter and the viscosity was measured using a digital Brookefield viscometer. Analysis of sugars (sucrose, glucose and sorbitol) was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The effect of PLM on Streptococcus mutans was done by ditch plate method. The pH of PLM ranged from 3.70 to 7.04 and viscosity varied from 307.33cP to 2408.33cP. Fifty percent of the PLM contained sucrose, glucose and sorbitol, and sucrose was present in nine of the PLM. The antibiotic preparations showed zones of inhibition against growth of Streptococcus mutans. The physical properties of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments as well as the type and concentration of sugars present in them can be indicative of their cariogenic potential.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; Analysis of the Cariogenic and Erosive Potential of Pediatric Antitussive Liquid Oral Medications

We evaluated in vitro the cariogenic and erosive potential of antitussive liquid oral medications for paediatric use. Fifteen paediatric liquid antitussives were sampled. The endogenous pH was evaluated by potentiometry, titratable acidity was measured according to the method adopted by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, total soluble solids content (TSSC) readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer, and the total sugar content was determined according to the Fehling methodology. The experiments were performed in triplicate and the obtained data were entered in the Excel software, analyzed and presented by descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations). Endogenous pH values ranged from 2.49 ± 0.09 (Iodetox®) to 6.75 ± 0.005 (Carbocysteine®) and twelve medications showed pHs below the critical value of 5.5 for enamel demineralization. Iodetox® (0.021 ± 0.01) presented the lowest titratable acidity and Aerofrin® (1.171 ± 0.01) presented the highest titratable acidity. Celergin® presented the highest TSSC (62.26 ± 0.40) and Acetyleysteine® (100 mg granules bags) presented the lowest TSSC (3.25 ± 0.43). Only 5 medications contained sugar, with total sugar content ranging from 35.93% ± 6.65 (Iodetox®) to 59.60% DP ± 6.66 (Celergin®). The paediatric antitussive medications showed low endogenous pH, some of them even below the critical value for enamel dissolution (pH<5.5). These antitussives are potentially cariogenic and erosive to dental structures if used frequently because of the high titratable acidity and high sugar concentration, especially when adequate oral clearance is not performed after administration of each dose.

Erosive Potential of Sugar Free and Sugar Containing Pediatric Medicines Given Regularly and Long Term to Children

To assess the erosive potential of 94 pediatric medicines of various therapeutic groups in vitro. In vitro measurement of endogenous pH and titratable acidity (mmol) of 94 formulations was done. Endogenous pH was measured using a pH meter, followed by titration with 0.1-M NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator. Overall, 55 (59%) formulations had an endogenous pH of <5.5. The mean (±SD) endogenous pH and titratable acidity for 45 SC formulations were 5.52 ± 1.18 and 0.165 ± 0.131 mmol, respectively; for 49 sugars-free (SF) formulations, these figures were 5.81 ± 1.43 and 0.393 ± 1.225 mmol (P > 0.05).Compared with their SC bioequivalents, eight SF medicines showed no significant differences for pH or titratable acidity, while 10 higher-strength medicines showed lower pH (P 0.035) and greater titratable acidity (P 0.026) than their lower-strength equivalents. Chewable and dispersible tablets, gastrointestinal medicines and antibiotics were significant predictors of higher pH. In contrast, effervescent tablets, and nutrition and blood preparations were significant predictors of higher titratable acidity. Pediatric SF medicines were not more erosive than SC medicines in vitro; a more significant predictor of their erosive potential was dose form. Higher the dose form more was the erosive potential of the medicine.

어린이용 시럽제의 우식유발능에 대한 생체 외 연구

어린이용 시럽제의 우식유발능에 관해 알아보기 위하여 국내에서 시판 중인 일반의약품 어린이용 시럽제 8종에 대한 생체 외 연구를 사행하였다. 어린이용 시럽제 8종을 실험군으로 10% 자당을 양성 대조군, 인공 타액을 음성 대조군으로 하였다. 실험군 및 대조군의 pH를 측정하고 시료용액 20 ml의 pH를 7로 맞추는데 필요한 2 N NaOH의 부피로 완충능을 측정하였다. Ostwald 파이햇을 시료용액 2 ml가 통과하는데 걸린 시간을 측정하여 비점조도를 계산하였다. Streptococcus mutans의 배양액을 접종 후 48시간 배양하여 pH의 변화를 측정해서 산생성능을 살펴보았다. 하루에 3번 시료용액에 유치 법랑질 시편을 20분간 넣은 후 인공타액에 보관하는 pH 순환모텔을 5일간 적용하였고 표면미세정도의 변화를 측정하여 유치 법랑질 침식능을 검사하였다. 본 연구 결과로부터 어린이용 시럽제는 자체 산도 및 완충능, 점조도, 유치 법랑질 침식능에서 모두 우식유발 가능성이 높음을 알 수 있으며 산생성능에서도 3종를 제외한 어린이용 시럽제가 양성대조군보다 높게 나타남으로써 우식 유발가능성이 높음을보여준다. An in vitro study on cariogenic potential of 8 over-the-counter syrups for children was performed. The experimental groups were 8 over-the-counter syrups. The positive control group was 10% sucrose solution, and the negative control group was artificial saliva. The pH of each group was determined. The buffering capacity was measured by the volume of 2 N NaOH adding to equalize the pH of 20 ml of experimental solution to pH 7. The consistency was measured by the time to pass Ostwald pipette for 2 ml of the experimental solution. The experimental solutions were inoculated with S. mutans and cultured in <TEX>$37^{\circ}C$</TEX> anaerobic condition for 48 hours. To estimate acid production, pH of the experimental solutions were measured before and after the culture. The primary teeth specimens were soaked in the experimental solutions for 20 minutes three times a day. Except on those hours the specimens were stored in artificial saliva. After 5 days, the microhardness changes of the specimens were measured. These results show that most of syrup-form medicines for children tend to have cariogenic potential partially in endogenous pH, buffering capacity, consistency, acid production and erosive ability of enamel. For the oral health of children, the alternative sweeteners (ex. xylitol) may be substituted for the cariogenic sweeteners of syrups. Additionally, It may be helpful that the chewable tablet replace liquid or syrup in term of dose form.

EFEITO DOS SUCOS DE FRUTAS INDUSTRIALIZADOS NA MICRODUREZA DO ESMALTE DENTAL PERMANENTE

Objective: To analyze in vitro the endogenous pH and the effect of industrialized fruit juices on the microhardness of permanent tooth enamel. Material and Method: Sample was composed of 10 beverages from two commercial brands and different flavors. Experimental groups were formed by selecting the beverages with lower and higher pHs according to the brands. Twenty-five specimens were prepared from human third molars and randomly assigned into five groups: G1: Ades Uva®, G2: Ades Morango®, G3: Kapo Uva®, G4: Kapo Laranja® and G5: Control (distilled water). Vickers microhardness was analyzed before (T1) and after (T2) the demineralization-remineralization cycles by applying a 100 g load during 15 seconds. The specimens were immersed in the juices during 1 minute, followed by 3 minutes in artificial saliva. Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis with 5%significance level and 95% confidence level. Results: All beverages presented pH values below the critical value of 5.5 for enamel demineralization, varying from 3.53 to 3.93. Microhardness analysis showed statistically significant difference (p=0.04) in all experimental groups, the largest reduction was observed in G1 (190.67). Conclusion: All beverages promoted a significant decrease in permanent enamel microhardness, being considered as potentially erosive under the conditions of this study. DESCRIPTORS Hardness Tests. Dental Enamel. Fruit Juices.