Endogenous pH Research Articles

Evaluation of Cariogenic and Erosive Potential of Anti-tussive Lozenges: An In Vitro Study

Objectives To evaluate the cariogenic and erosive potential of commonly available anti- tussive lozenges.Methods Six anti-tussive lozenges Strepsilsreg Cofsilsreg Tus-Qreg Alexreg Vicksreg Kofletreg were selected. The lozenges were dissolved in deionized water. Their endogenous pH was measured using a digital pH meter. The titratable acidity was determined using 0.02N sodium hydroxide solution and titrated until pH was neutralized. Analysis of sugars glucose fructose sucrose and sorbitol was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. For saccharin the Indian standard method for analysis of food grade described by Bureau of Indian Standard Food additives was used. Results The pH ranged from 3.17 Strepsilsreg to 5.84 Kofletreg. The titratable acidity was lowest for Kofletreg 0.02 and highest for Strepsilsreg 0.28. The content of total fermentable sugars was highest in Kofletreg 74.78 g. Saccharin concentration was highest in Cofsilsreg 3.46 g and sorbitol concentration was highest in Alexreg 5.64 g. Conclusion All the lozenges showed properties that were potentially cariogenic and erosive to dental structures.

Effects of carbonic anhydrase activity on the excitability of hippocampal axons during high-frequency firing

Epileptic activity is known to cause a lowering of intraneuronal pH, which has been suggested to serve as a feedback signal to terminate seizures. The mechanism of such signaling is unclear, but likely involves an altered function of several types of ligand- and voltage-gated channels in postsynaptic membranes caused by increasing cytosolic and extracellular [H+]. In addition, axonal conduction properties may be altered by endogenous pH signals, but this has not been investigated. In the present study, we have recorded the axonal compound action potential (fiber volley) in hippocampal slices in the presence of glutamatergic and GABAergic antagonists. During high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the Schaffer collaterals, the fiber volley was depressed and its latency from stimulus to peak increased. In the CA1 stratum radiatum these changes were enhanced when the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (1 mM) was co-perfused. The enhancing effect of acetazolamide was absent after lowering of [Ca2+] in the perfusion medium. Acetazolamide had no detectable effect on HFS-evoked fiber volleys recorded from a more proximal site along the Schaffer collaterals (at the CA2-CA3 border) or from axons in the alveus of CA1. Intracellular acidification imposed by washout of NH4Cl (5 mM) had qualitatively similar effects on fiber volleys evoked at low frequency as those observed with acetazolamide during HFS in CA1 stratum radiatum. The results suggest that carbonic anhydrase-dependent pH regulation counteracts activity-induced reduction of the excitability of Schaffer collateral axons in CA1. A possible influence from local synaptic terminals on this effect is discussed.

Poly(l-Histidine)-Mediated On-Demand Therapeutic Delivery of Roughened Ceria Nanocages for Treatment of Chemical Eye Injury.

Development of topical bioactive formulations capable of overcoming the low bioavailability of conventional eye drops is critically important for efficient management of ocular chemical burns. Herein, a nanomedicine strategy is presented to harness the surface roughness-controlled ceria nanocages (SRCNs) and poly(l-histidine) surface coatings for triggering multiple bioactive roles of intrinsically therapeutic nanocarriers and promoting transport across corneal epithelial barriers as well as achieving on-demand release of dual drugs [acetylcholine chloride (ACh) and SB431542] at the lesion site. Specifically, the high surface roughness helps improve cellular uptake and therapeutic activity of SRCNs while exerting a negligible impact on good ocular biocompatibility of the nanomaterials. Moreover, the high poly(l-histidine) coating amount can endow the SRCNs with an ≈24-fold enhancement in corneal penetration and an effective smart release of ACh and SB431542 in response to endogenous pH changes caused by tissue injury/inflammation. In a rat model of alkali burn, topical single-dose nanoformulation can efficaciously reduce corneal wound areas (19-fold improvement as compared to a marketed eye drops), attenuate ≈93% abnormal blood vessels, and restore corneal transparency to almost normal at 4 days post-administration, suggesting great promise for designing multifunctional metallic nanotherapeutics for ocular pharmacology and tissue regenerative medicine.

Current Principles, Challenges, and New Metrics in pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Systemic Cancer Therapy.

The paradigm of drug delivery via particulate formulations is one of the leading ideas that enable overcoming limitations of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. The trend toward more complex multifunctional drug carriers is well-traced in the literature. Nowadays, the prospectiveness of stimuli-responsive systems capable of controlled cargo release in the lesion nidus is widely accepted. Both endogenous and exogenous stimuli are employed for this purpose; however, endogenous pH is the most common trigger. Unfortunately, scientists encounter multiple challenges on the way to the implementation of this idea related to the vehicles' accumulation in off-target tissues, their immunogenicity, the complexity of drug delivery to intracellular targets, and finally, the difficulties in the fabrication of carriers matching all imposed requirements. Here, we discuss fundamental strategies for pH-responsive drug delivery, as well as limitations related to such carriers' application, and reveal the main problems, weaknesses, and reasons for poor clinical results. Moreover, we attempted to formulate the profiles of an "ideal" drug carrier in the frame of different strategies drawing on the example of metal-comprising materials and considered recently published studies through the lens of these profiles. We believe that this approach will facilitate the formulation of the main challenges facing researchers and the identification of the most promising trends in technology development.

Tumor pH-Responsive Nanocarriers With Light-Activatable Drug Release for Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer.

Developing bioresponsive nanocarriers with particular tumor cell targeting and on-demand payload release has remained a great challenge for combined chemo-photodynamic therapy (chemo-PDT). In this study, an intelligent nanocarrier (DATAT-NPCe6) responded to hierarchical endogenous tumor pH, and an exogenous red light was developed through a simple mixed micelle approach. The outside TAT ligand was masked to prevent an unexpected interaction in blood circulation. Following the accumulation of DATAT-NPCe6 in tumor tissues, tumor acidity at pH ∼6.5 recovered its targeting ability via triggering DA moiety degradation. Furthermore, the cascaded chemo-PDT was accomplished through light-stimulated nanocarrier disassembly and doxorubicin (DOX) release. Taking advantage of stability and controllability, this work provides a facile approach to designing bioresponsive nanocarriers and represents a proof-of-concept combinatorial chemo-PDT treatment.

PH-Responsive Self-Assembling Peptide-Based Biomaterials: Designs and Applications.

Stimuli-responsive peptide-based biomaterials are increasingly gaining interest for various specific and targeted treatments, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Among all stimuli, pH can be especially useful because endogenous pH changes are often associated with abnormal microenvironments. pH-Responsive amino acids and organic linkers can be easily incorporated into peptides that self-assemble into various nanostructures. Thus, these largely biocompatible and easily tunable platforms are ideal candidates for drug release and as fibrous materials capable of mimicking the native extracellular matrix. In this review, we highlight common design motifs and mechanisms of pH-responsiveness in self-assembling peptide-based biomaterials, focusing on recent advances of these biomaterials applied in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Finally, we suggest future challenges and areas for potential development in pH-responsive self-assembling peptide-based biomaterials.

Dual-responsive nanodroplets combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction suppress tumor growth and metastasis via autophagy blockade

The inhibition of autophagy is a feasible clinical strategy in tumor therapy. Traditional autophagy inhibitors are limited in clinical tumor therapy due to nonspecific biodistribution, systemic toxicity and limited antitumor effect. Herein, the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-loaded nanodroplets (NDs) are synthesized to overcome these drawbacks. HCQ-NDs are endowed with endogenous pH- and exogenous ultrasound-responsive drug release and contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging performance. The combined application of ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) and HCQ-NDs can severely break the homeostasis of tumor cells, simultaneously releasing HCQ rapidly to block autophagic flux and thus abolish the cytoprotective function. This strategy presents strong synergistic antitumor efficacy with the tumor growth inhibition value of 80.02% and synchronously inhibits tumor lung metastasis by inhibition of MMP2 and MMP9 production, eventually leading to tumor suppression. In addition, HCQ-NDs show excellent tumor-targeting, biocompatibility, biosafety and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging properties. Based on the above findings, this combined strategy rationally regulates the autophagic process of tumor cells and could be instructive for the design of clinical treatment modalities.

Endogenous pH 6.0 β-Galactosidase Activity Is Linked to Neuronal Differentiation in the Olfactory Epithelium.

The histochemical detection of β-galactosidase enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 (β-gal-pH6) is a widely used biomarker of cellular senescence in aging tissues. This histochemical assay also detects the presence of programmed cell senescence during specific time windows in degenerating structures of vertebrate embryos. However, it has recently been shown that this enzymatic activity is also enhanced in subpopulations of differentiating neurons in the developing central nervous system in vertebrates. The present study addressed the histochemical detection of β-gal-pH6 enzymatic activity in the developing postnatal olfactory epithelium in the mouse. This activity was detected in the intermediate layer of the olfactory epithelium. As development progressed, the band of β-gal-pH6 labeling in this layer increased in width. Immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry showed the β-gal-pH6 staining to be strongly correlated with the immunolabeling of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) that identifies mature olfactory sensory neurons. The cell somata of a subpopulation of differentiated olfactory neurons that were recognized with the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were always located inside this band of β-gal-pH6 staining. However, the β-gal-pH6 histochemical signal was always absent from the apical region where the cytokeratin-8 positive supporting cells were located. Furthermore, no β-gal-pH6 staining was found in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium where PCNA/pHisH3 immunoreactive proliferating progenitor cells, GAP43 positive immature neurons, and cytokeratin-5 positive horizontal basal cells were located. Therefore, β-gal-pH6 seems to be linked to neuronal differentiation and cannot be regarded as a biomarker of cellular senescence during olfactory epithelium development in mice.

Near-Infrared-Triggered Reversible Transformations of Gold Nanorod-Laden Lipid Assemblies: Implications for Cellular Delivery

Robust drug and gene delivery systems require innovative methods to control payload release and tune delivery efficiency. The most promising delivery materials are lipid-based and their efficiency often hinges on structural transformations activated by endogenous pH changes. Exogenously driving phase transitions in lipid assemblies is a tantalizing idea that could lead to better control of cargo release dynamics. Multiple reports have demonstrated phase transitions induced in lipid systems, achieved via plasmonic heating of entrained gold nanorods. However, undesirable nonlocalized heating is common due to the size mismatch between the nanorods and the lipid architecture in these systems. Lipid assemblies often exhibit lattice dimensions of just a few nanometers, rendering gold particles challenging to integrate due to their incommensurate sizes, especially in lipid nanoparticle or colloidal forms. We investigate these processes using a judiciously chosen ternary lipid system with entrained small gold nanorods that undergoes transitions between bicontinuous cubic and inverse hexagonal phases on exposure to near-infrared light. Utilizing small-angle X-ray scattering alongside electron reconstruction, we show that gold nanorods integrate into the lipid assembly core lattice by colocalizing in the water nanochannels. We also found that plasmonically activated transformations occur in a couple of minutes and are reversible.

Assessment of pH, titratable acidity, and caffeine content of some brands of energy drinks

Purpose: Caffeinated beverages that contain high levels of stimulant ingredients, usually caffeine, as well as sugar and often supplements, such as B vitamins or carnitine, and that are promoted as a product capable of enhancing mental alertness and physical performance are referred to as energy drinks. Energy drinks are generally consumed by adolescents and athletes. This study aims to evaluate the endogenous pH, titratable acidity, and caffeine content in selected brands of energy drinks commonly consumed by athletes and adolescents in Benin City. Methods: Eight (8) commonly consumed energy drinks were evaluated. A digital pH meter was used to measure the pH of the selected energy drinks and the titratable acidity was evaluated by titrating 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution against 30 ml of each energy drink till the end-point was reached. The caffeine content was determined by titrating the caffeine-iodine complex formed against standard sodium thiosulphate using iodometric back titration. Results: All the energy drinks were acidic with a pH ranging from 2.61 to 3.48 which is less than the critical pH (5.5). The titratable acidity of the energy drink samples ranged from 5.1 to 15.6 g/100 ml and the caffeine content varied from 0.029 to 0.165 mg/ml. Conclusion: The outcome of this study confirms that energy drinks had low pH values and high titratable acidity except for ED G and ED H with low titratable acidity and low caffeine content. Keywords: Caffeine, endogenous, energy drinks, pH, titratable acidity

Bioinspired Virus-like Fe3O4/Au@C Nanovector for Programmable Drug Delivery via Hierarchical Targeting.

Bioinspired strategies have recently emerged as novel approaches for designing a functionalized nanovector with enhanced tumor targeting and therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a virus-like Fe3O4/Au@C nanovector is described for programmable drug delivery via hierarchical targeting. Specifically, the virus-like Fe3O4/Au@C nanovector is synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process, and then the spiky surface of which is camouflaged via doxorubicin (DOX)-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG), constructing an innovative virus-like core/spherical shell biomimetic nanomedicine (Fe3O4/Au@C-DOX-PEG), which is conducive to improve bioavailability and reduce adverse effects. After systemic administration, the as-prepared nanomedicine is capable of facilitating effective tumor accumulation and deep tumor penetration with the assistance of an external magnetic field and endogenous pH stimuli. Simultaneously, in response to the acidic tumor microenvironment, Fe3O4/Au@C-DOX nanocomposites are released and exhibit excellent performance in cellular internalization through a virus-mimetic rough surface. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments identify that the unique nanomedicine is bestowed with an effective targeting tumor, prominent antitumor efficacy, and reduced systemic toxicity. Such a bioinspired hierarchical targeting nanoplatform holds promising potential for enhanced chemotherapeutic intracellular delivery and tumor theranostics.

Multifunctional Size-Expandable Nanomedicines Enhance Tumor Accumulation and Penetration for Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy.

Size expansion can effectively improve tumor accumulation of nanocarriers where precise control is required. A dual-responsive nanocarrier stimulated by both endogenous pH and exogenous heat stimuli can change its size. Herein, a nanoparticle composed of poly(N,N-diethyl acrylamide) (PDEAA) and poly(2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) is developed. The antitumor drug celastrol (CLT) and the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) are then loaded in it to form CIPP. ICG generates heat under near-infrared (NIR) stimulation to kill tumor cells and enhance CIPP penetration. Meanwhile, CIPP expands in response to hyperthermia and acid tumor microenvironments, preventing itself from returning to the blood flow, thus accumulating in tumor sites. Ultimately, the acidic lysosomal environment in tumor cells disintegrates CIPP to release CLT, directly inducing immunogenic cell death and sensitizing tumor cells for hyperthermia by disrupting the interaction of heat shock protein 90 and P50cdc37. Most of the tumors in B16F10-bearing mice are eradicated after single laser irradiation. The dual-responsive CIPP with multiple functions and simple design displays a synergistic antitumor effect. This study provides a basis for developing size-expandable stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems against tumors.

Evaluation of Erosive and Cariogenic Potential of Pediatric Liquid Formulated Drugs Commonly Prescribed in India

Context: Many children receive medications for recurrent acute illness and vitamin supplements prescribed by a pediatrician. These medications for young children are in form of syrup and emulsion which are of high sugar content and low pH. These medications make teeth susceptible tooth erosion. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the erosive and cariogenic potential of mid cariogenic potential of pediatric drugs prescribed in India by physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: The drugs used in this study compromised 96 liquid drug preparations commercially available as oral solution, suspension, elixir, syrup, and drops commonly prescribed for various ailments for children. Tests were performed in triplicate by a calibrated researcher. The endogenous pH of each sample was determined using digital pH meter HI-253. The measurements of the total soluble solids contents were done using the method proposed by the Ayurvedic Formulary of India and the sugar content was determined according to the prescription. Descriptive statistics were employed to compare the results. Results: All drug classes showed acidic pH, and the lowest mean was found for anticonvulsants (4.2 ± 0.20). The variation in the total titratable acidity was from 0.0% to 0.03% among all the drug classes. The highest TSS values were found in bronchodilators 52.75 ± 14.32. Almost all the syrups failed to mention syrup base in their content. Conclusion: It was found that sugar is present in almost all the commercially available pediatric syrups, and a lot of the syrups have their pH close to the critical pH of teeth.

Little Color, Little Flavor of Different kinds of Commercially Available Flavored Milk and their Consumption Effect on Salivary pH Value in Children: An In Vivo Study.

AimThis study aimed to compare the effect of different flavored kinds of milk on salivary pH value in 6 to 14 years old children.Materials and methodsThe impact of these different kinds of flavored milk on the salivary pH is evaluated between two groups of children, caries-active group (n = 35) constituted children who had decayed missing filled tooth (DMFT) ≥2, and the caries-free group (n = 35) constituted children who had DMFT = 0. Four different flavors of milk are taken for the study, and plain sweetened milk is chosen as the control baseline. The endogenous pH of the salivary samples is measured at baseline and after consumption of the flavored milk immediately and then at 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-minute intervals. The results are statistically analyzed by using the paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsIt is shown in the present study that caries-active group subjects had a more evident salivary pH fall than the caries-free group subjects which was statistically significant. For caries-active group, subject's salivary pH value took a longer duration to return to baseline pH as compared to caries-free subjects. However, salivary pH value is restored to standard/baseline value after 30 minutes for all the flavored milk taken in both groups; hence, their intake can be regarded safe for the oral environment.ConclusionIt is concluded from the current study that the consumption of flavored milk can be considered as non-cariogenic for children.Clinical significanceIn the present study, the salivary pH fall in both caries-active and caries-free subjects was found above the critical pH level. Hence, all these flavored milk used in the study did not cause a threat to oral environment health as there was no significant decrease in salivary pH value so their consumption can be regarded as safe for children.How to cite this articleNavit S, Agarwal S, Khan SA, et al. Little Color, Little Flavor of Different kinds of Commercially Available Flavored Milk and their Consumption Effect on Salivary pH Value in Children: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(S-1):S87–S91.

Ingestão de isotônicos na prática esportiva e sua influência na lesão cervical não cariosa

A Odontologia no Esporte tem o compromisso de divulgar para os esportistas, assim como para toda a população, a importância da saúde bucal e da aquisição de hábitos saudáveis para a manutenção da saúde integral. O artigo tem como objetivo avaliar através da revisão da literatura a influência dos isotônicos na lesão cervical não cariosa. A metodologia utilizada partiu da pesquisa em sete bases de dados, incluindo PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, Cochrane Library e Google Scholar, publicados entre os anos de 2002 e 2019. Os resultados recuperaram 220 publicações. Após a leitura dos títulos e resumos, 63 textos foram conduzidos para leitura integral. Com 36 exclusões, 27 publicações foram consideradas para elaboração da síntese do artigo. Concluiu-se que o baixo pH endógeno dos isotônicos é um fator significativo para dissolver os cristais de hidroxiapatita das estruturas dentais, apresentando um fator extrínseco para a formação da lesão cervical não-cariosa.

Evaluation of the Cariogenic and Erosive Potential of Some Beverages Consumed in Enugu Metropolis, South East Nigeria

Dental caries is a global infectious disease and the most common oral cavity disease. Among the theories which explain caries is the activity of acids produced by bacteria resulting from dietary fermentation of carbohydrates (sugars). Modernization has led to change in our diet and life style and the beverage industries are having a field day. Though people are aware of the harm caused by these beverages and fruit juices on the dental hard tissues, they still choose to guzzle them. The study was an in vitro analysis of cariogenic and erosive potential of different beverages mostly consumed in Enugu metropolis, South Nigeria. Seventeen samples were analyzed physically and chemically using the following parameters, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solid content (TSSC), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS) and total sugars (TS). Standard analytical techniques were used including potentiometry for endogenous pH, Association of Official Analytical Chemists approved method for titratable acidity, Brix refractometry using Abbe refractometer for TSSC and Fehling’s method for sugars. Coke pressented the highest pH (2.83) followed by La casara 2.92 and the least was Bobo strawberry 4.6. California and Holladia recorded the least and highest TA values of 0.04% and 0.26% respectively. Bobo strawberry had the least TSSC (6.81oBrix) and the highest was Hollandia yogurt (16.34oBrix). Seven Up presented the highest reducing sugar 20.45g/100ml. Mirinda and Bobo strawberry had the highest total sugars 68.90g/100ml each. For non-reducing sugars, the values ranged from 0g/100ml (Chivita apple) to 65.45g/100ml (Bobo strawberry). There were significant differences among the samples for reducing sugars (P<0.05). These beverages showed low endogenous pH that were below the critical value for enamel demineralization (pH<5.5). They are potentially hazardous to the teeth and should not be consumed regularly because of their low pH and high sugar content.

Evaluation of Sugar Content and Erosive Potential of the Commonly Prescribed Liquid Oral Medications

Objective: To assess the total sugar content, endogenous pH, total soluble solids content (TSSC) and titratable acidity of the commonly prescribed long-term and short-term liquid oral medicines (LOM) for children and to compare the erosive potential with the total sugar content and total soluble solids of the LOM. Material and Methods: Twenty-three most commonly prescribed pediatric LOM were evaluated in-vitro for the cariogenic and erosive potential. Manufacturers' information on labels, endogenous pH, titratable acidity, TSSC, and the total sugar content was determined. Descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test were applied. Results: Overall, 22 LOM contained sugar. Only 3 LOM revealed the sugar content of the formulation but did not disclose the quantity (Cheston, Ventorlin and Eptoin). None of the samples revealed the sugar content as well as endogenous pH in their labels. The overall mean total sugar content was 6.92 ± 3.49 g/100ml, ranging from 3.40 ± 0.00 (corticosteroids) to 9.67 ± 0.61 (antitussive/expectorant). The mean endogenous pH for the total sample of medicines was 5.91 ± 1.51 (range of 3.5 to 10.3). Eptoin (0.013%) presented the lowest titratable acidity and Imol (1.171%) presented the highest titratable acidity with an overall mean of 0.40 ± 0.73. Omnacortil and Epilex presented the highest TSS content (19.3%), and Ventorlin presented the lowest TSS content (18.7%) with an overall mean of 18.97 ± 0.19. Over twelve medicines were identified to have the potential to cause dental erosion. No significant differences were seen in the total sugar content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and the endogenous pH between the short-term and long-term LOMs (p=0.145, p=0.263, p=0.067 and p=0.107), respectively. Conclusion: The pediatric LOMs showed the presence of the sugar, low endogenous pH, high titratable acidity and high total soluble solids.

Acidogenic Evaluation of Pediatric Medications in Saudi Arabia.

ABSTRACTBackground:To gain patient compliance, pediatric medication preparations are made palatable by adding sugars such as sucrose, glucose, or fructose. These readily fermentable carbohydrates can significantly increase dental caries potential in the young and chronically sick children.Objectives:To evaluate acidogenic potential of commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs).Materials and Methods:The acidogenic potential is assessed by estimating the endogenous pH of PLM.Results:The mean endogenous pH was higher in Azomycin (9.16 ± 0.25) and lowest in Lorinase (3.16 ± 0.15).Conclusion:Of nine, eight PLMs were acidic in nature.

An In Vitro Assessment of Cariogenic and Erosive Potential of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments on Primary Teeth: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACTAimTo compare the cariogenic and erosive potential of seven commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) by pediatricians in Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru. The selected medicaments are:Syp paracetamol (antipyretic).Syp amoxicillin–clavulanate (antibiotic).Syp cetirizine (antihistamine).Syp dextromethorphan (antitussive).Syp salbutamol (antiasthmatic).Syp phenytoin (anticonvulsant).Syp multivitamin (nutritional supplement).Materials and methodsQuantitative endogenous sucrose estimation: Lane–Eynon volumetric copper reduction method was used for the estimation.Endogenous pH estimation: The endogenous pH was measured using a digital pH meter at 10% dilution.Quantification of endogenous erosive potential: few caries and restoration-free, exfoliated or extracted primary teeth were utilized to produce 1–1.5 g of enamel powder. A 50 mg of enamel powder was then added to 1 mL of individual PLM. The mixtures were maintained for three-time intervals, 1 minute, 10 minutes, and 8 hours. The samples were then prepared for the estimation of calcium using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.ResultsSucrose was seen in all the PLMs except amoxicillin–clavulanate. Calcium was found to be present in all the PLMs except cetirizine. The highest calcium dissolution was seen within Syp salbutamol and the least with Syp paracetamol.ConclusionSyp phenytoin can be regarded as medicament with the highest cariogenic potential and Syp salbutamol with the highest erosive potential and Syp paracetamol with the lowest cariogenic and erosive potential among the compared and tested PLMs.Clinical significanceConsidering syrups that have high cariogenic and erosive potential, greater knowledge about the detrimental effects of these drugs should direct us to evolve effective programs to alert parents to follow proper oral hygiene practices or to search for alternative drugs void of such detrimental effects.How to cite this articleSingana T, Suma NK. An In Vitro Assessment of Cariogenic and Erosive Potential of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments on Primary Teeth: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(6):595–599.

Analysis of cariogenic and erosive potential of pediatric antiepileptic liquid medicaments: An In vitro study

Introduction: Epilepsy affects seventy million people worldwide. India accounts for 10%–20% (5–10 million) of the global burden of epilepsy. The prevalence of dental caries is significantly higher in epileptic children. Antiepileptic pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) are commonly prescribed and are easily accepted by children. However, these drugs can place children at risk for dental caries and dental erosion, when used on a regular basis and over a long period. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the cariogenic and erosive potential of pediatric anti-epileptic LMs. Material and Methods: Ten pediatric antiepileptic LMs which are most commonly used in children for a prolonged period were obtained from local pharmacies after consulting pediatricians of Bengaluru city. Physicochemical analysis for endogenous pH, viscosity, and sugar content of these antiepileptic PLMs was done. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. One-way ANOVA, post hoc test, and t-test were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Most of the antiepileptic PLMs analyzed showed low pH, high viscosity, and higher total sugar content. Statistically significant differences (P = 0.001) were found among the PLMs in terms of pH, viscosity, and sugar content. Conclusions: Most of the antiepileptic PLMs showed cariogenic and erosive potential. Thus, the study highlights the need to reformulate the antiepileptic PLMs with sugar substitutes or making it sugar free.