Capturing cancer evolution using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs).

ABSTRACT The political movement led by President Hugo Chávez Frías (1998–2013) and his successor, President Nicolás Maduro (2013–present), created an authoritarian regime in Venezuela. We explore two alternative interpretations. The first is that the regime underwent a series of incremental transitions along an initially democratic but progressively more authoritarian trajectory, largely as a result of pressures from its environment. The alternative interpretation is that authoritarianism was inherent in the regime’s origin and composition and emerged endogenously, albeit gradually. Using a theoretical framework that builds on the work of Robert Dahl, Guillermo O’Donnell, Juan Linz, and Alfred Stepan, we develop indicators of democracy and authoritarianism and trace the evolution of the regime through three periods. We conclude that endogenous and exogenous forces interacted and were mutually reinforcing across these periods, repeatedly foreclosing possibilities for democratization, but authoritarian tendencies were present from the start and reflected in critical political decisions by regime actors involving the design of new institutions.

Dynamics of arable and pastoral farming systems in Scotland over the period 1867–2020 are documented using time series analysis methods, including for nonlinear dynamical systems. Results show arable and pastoral farming, at a national scale, are dynamic over a range of timescales, with medium- and short-term dynamics associated with endogenous system forces and exogenous factors, respectively. Medium-term dynamics provide evidence of endogenous systems-level feedbacks between farming sectors responding to change in world and national cereal prices as an economic driver, and act to dampen impacts of exogenous shocks and events (weather, disease). Regime shifts are identified in national cereal prices. Results show change and dynamics as emergent properties of system interactions. Changes in dynamics and strength of endogenous dampening over the duration of the study are associated with dynamical changes from major governmental policy decisions that altered the boundary conditions for interdependencies of arable and pastoral farming.

A multi-level governance response to the Covid-19 crisis in public transport

Landforms are typical landforms of the Earth's surface that are formed by natural processes of erosion, denaturation and deposition (Strehler and Strahler, 1996). Landforms are the result of geologic and geomorphological processes that occur continuously on the Earth's surface. If the relief of the surface is observed, then it appears that the relief and topography of the surface are stable and unchanging. But if observed closely, the variability of these reliefs and landforms of the surface is clearly visible over time. Because change is the law of nature. The forces acting in the interior of the earth are called endogenous forces. By these active internal forces, the relief of unevenness is initiated on the surface and different types of landforms are formed and developed. These internal forces and different types of movements, especially affect the emergence and development of landforms by means of terrestrial forms (such as cracks, fractures) etc. In this way, if When the endogenous forces create inequalities and inequalities on the surface, then exogenous forces constantly try to destroy these inequalities on the surface. Thus exogenous forces are plane stabilizing forces. If this happens, then the exogenous forces have to make efforts for a long time to remove these disparities.The main function of the exogenous forces is Denudation.

Solid tumour growth is often associated with the accumulation of mechanical stresses acting on the surrounding host tissue. Due to tissue nonlinearity, the shear modulus of the peri-tumoural region inherits a signature from the tumour expansion which depends on multiple factors, including the soft tissue constitutive behaviour and its stress/strain state. Shear waves used in MR-elastography (MRE) sense the apparent change in shear modulus along their propagation direction, thereby probing the anisotropic stiffness field around the tumour. We developed an analytical framework for a heterogeneous shear modulus distribution using a thick-shelled sphere approximation of the tumour and soft tissue ensemble. A hyperelastic material (plastisol) was identified to validate the proposed theory in a phantom setting. A balloon-catheter connected to a pressure sensor was used to replicate the stress generated from tumour pressure and growth while MRE data were acquired. The shear modulus anisotropy retrieved from the reconstructed elastography data confirmed the analytically predicted patterns at various levels of inflation. An alternative measure, combining the generated deformation and the local wave direction and independent of the reconstruction strategy, was also proposed to correlate the analytical findings with the stretch probed by the waves. Overall, this work demonstrates that MRE in combination with non-linear mechanics, is able to identify the apparent shear modulus variation arising from the strain generated by a growth within tissue, such as an idealised model of tumour. Investigation in real tissue represents the next step to further investigate the implications of endogenous forces in tissue characterisation through MRE.

Effects of genipin crosslinking on mechanical cell-matrix interaction in 3D engineered tendon constructs

Este articulo se ocupa del impacto de las escuelas de negocios en la organizacion y el crecimiento de las empresas de su entorno. Aunque se trata de una cuestion crucial para comprender el poder adquirido por esta institucion en la economia global, apenas ha sido abordada desde la historia economica. Nuestra investigacion se centra en la relacion forjada entre el Instituto de Estudios Superiores de la Empresa (IESE) y tres grupos familiares, Salvat, Puig y Lladro, a traves de sus profesores-consultores y alumnos-propietarios-directivos desde la fundacion de la escuela en 1958 hasta finales del siglo xx. El analisis permite, en primer lugar, identificar las fuerzas exogenas y endogenas que participaron en la creacion de IESE, una de las escuelas mas competitivas del mundo en el siglo xxi. En segundo lugar, se comprueba que los primeros programas de formacion de directivos (executive education) del instituto proporcionaron conocimiento especializado, servicios de consultoria y una red de contactos que amplificaron la influencia de IESE en el desarrollo a largo plazo de las empresas vinculadas a sus alumnos. Y en tercer lugar, se explica la participacion activa de la escuela y algunas de las empresas de su entorno en el proceso de legitimacion academica de los estudios de la empresa familiar que tuvo lugar en todo el mundo a partir de los anos ochenta del siglo xx.

Using the example of the West Pacific Segment of the Earth, the interrelation of vertical and horizontal tectonic movements is considered – the most important and far from being solved at present problem of geotectonics. An overview of the concept of the global ordering of various forms of the earth's surface as an end result of the action of geodynamic forces is given. The author's developments concern the issues of the origin of structures associated with the interaction and influence of endogenous forces on the formation of a regional relief. The main tools for its study were structural-geomorphological methods and lineament analysis. It has been established that: 1) all tectonic dislocations contain both horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of movement, and the former dominate in the structure formation of the region; 2) the end result of their interaction is vortex and other nonlinear (ring, spiral, arc, etc.) deformations of the lithosphere, which constitute the main type of structural elements of the region; 3) they are often accompanied by magmatic activation of the tectonosphere in the form of convective movements and / or «floating» of plumes; 4) the sea and oceanic depressions of the Western Pacific are, in essence, funnels of convective cells, which, under the conditions of shear velocities of the movement of interacting geoblocks of the lithosphere, were structured into the form of tectonospheric eddies. A model of convection of a three-layer tectonosphere is proposed, the movement of which in the gravity field is caused by local decompaction and a decrease in the viscosity of a piecewise inhomogeneous medium. The outlined concepts allow us to consider the tectonic evolution of the West Pacific region as the formation of a lithospheric mega-vortex in the continent-ocean junction zone. Its development is associated with the energy interaction of the mantle and the upper shells (tectonospheres) of the Earth, which is due to the unstable regime of the planet's rotational dynamics.

There are many problems, such as poverty, unemployment, poor infrastructure and how to improve the ecological environment, in the shantytowns of old industrial cities. Shantytowns are the most centralized areas with different contradictions, referred to as the ‘problem areas’ of urban sustainable development. The shantytown transformation of old industrial cities is a typical process of unit community disintegration, which is reflected not only in the reconstruction of physical space but also in the community renewal of social spatial integration and culture reconstruction. Based on qualitative research, questionnaires and in-depth interviews, taking Tiexi Worker Village in Shenyang as a research case, this paper attempts to analyse the characteristics and driving forces of the community renewal of shantytown transformation in old industrial cities. We found that the physical space of Tiexi Worker Village has changed considerably, which is embodied in its land use structure, living environment and community service facilities, reflecting the development of community function from simple industrial function to comprehensive functions. The residents in this community have experienced a transformation from a period of homogeneity to one of heterogeneity. The social network of the community has been destroyed. Social stratification, social differentiation and higher fluidity have occurred. Community renewal is mainly affected by macro factors such as policy regulation, economic driving, condition constraints, and micro factors such as residents’ choice of living space and willingness to renew their communities. The transformation policy of the old industrial zone and the development policy of the new urban area are the fundamental and deep-seated reasons for the renewal of Tiexi Worker Village, which determine the direction of the renewal and development of the community. The paid use of land and the development of the real estate industry are the direct stimulating factors for the renewal of Tiexi Worker Village, which become the direct reasons for the spatial transformation. The changes in the population in urban and rural areas and the promotion of traffic are the driving factors for the renewal of the community, while the choice of residents and their willingness regarding community renewal are the endogenous forces for promoting community renewal. Finally, the author attempts to put forward a model of the interlaced mechanism of the forming of community renewal at the macroscopic and microcosmic levels, which are the urban renewal and reconstruction and social space differentiation of community residents, respectively. Keywords: old industrial city; shantytown; community renewal; mechanism; Tiexi Worker Village

This paper analyses the impact of COVID-19 on the liberal international order. While doing so, it underscores that the challenges to the liberal international order have been posed by the exogenous forces in the form of the revisionist states and endogenous forces like President Donald Trump’s leadership style. Considering the COVID-19 as an intervening variable between the liberal international order and exogenous and forces endogenous, it argues that as a catalyst the COVID-19 is stimulating both the exogenous and endogenous factors in such a way that they are proving detrimental for the liberal international order. It concludes with an observation that instead of dismantling the foundations of the liberal international order, the revisionist states, especially China, will try to extend and strengthen their leadership role in the institutional foundation of the liberal international order in the post-COVID-19 era.

ABSTRACT The preservation of traditional rural landscape and community is affected not only by exogenous driving factors such as top-down policy and tourism industry, but by endogenous driving factors derived from the rural social and cultural context. The mechanism and performance of various forces has rarely been studied before. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of exogenous versus endogenous driving forces influencing rural landscape preservation from community level to individual level through a case of Tunpu villages in southwest China. Field mapping and analysis are conducted, expert scoring and questionnaire survey data are adopted, and OLS regressions are combined with qualitative analysis in this study. The results show that: 1) at community level, the socio-cultural vitality is strongly and positively correlated with the traditional rural landscape integrity; 2) at individual level, endogenous driving factors (i.e. human–environment connection and community-based organization) have more general and positive effects on residents’ cognition, willingness, and behavior toward traditional rural landscape preservation comparing with the exogenous driving factors (i.e. top-down regulation policy and tourism development); resident’s cognition, willingness, and behavior are homogenous despite different genders, occupations, and education levels. Our findings highlight the importance of community-based endogenous forces in promoting the preservation of traditional rural landscape. We also discuss the necessity of internal rural capacity building as well as the opportunities for a more inclusive neo-endogenous development strategy for future rural landscape preservation, policy-making, and tourism development. Overall, we hope to help promoting sustainable rural landscape preservation and utilization.

Purpose- Human Resource Management (HRM) in any organization was and still crucial for innovation and entrepreneurship. An empirical study was examined to scrutinize the effect of some (HRM) functions (polices) on innovation and entrepreneurship to achieve goals of business.Design /Approach- This article primarily includes two parts. In first part, author reviews the concept of: (HRM) functions, innovation and entrepreneurship in the existing literature. In second part, a questionnaire was conducted on the selected participants. The data were analyzed using demographic, correlation, and regression statistics.Findings- The results show that the mentioned functions of (HRM) are significantly related to perceived innovations over time. Rewards, benefits, and recognition have statistically a moderate effect on perceived innovations then entrepreneurship. While performance management has statistically a good effect on perceived innovations then entrepreneurship Originality /Value- The basic objective is to measure precisely the effect of each function of (HRM) on innovation and entrepreneurship. A research model was developed and tested. Besides, the role of endogenous forces including change acceptance culture and the power of link between perceived innovations were also considered as important elements in designing the relationships. The practical contribution of this article is that the results would help to choose the best mix and investment between (HRM) functions, which would significantly contribute to the success of innovation and entrepreneurship. Specifically, the understandings of whether those current (HRM) functions in this sector are more or equal or less innovative than other functions to identify the appropriate skills, resources, and plans.

The goal of this research is to conceptually unlink the relationship of MNEs, institutions and economic development, in order to shed light on how MNEs contribute to a country’s institutional development and its economic development. To achieve this goal, this paper employs a coevolutionary approach, adopting and nurturing MNEs, institutions and economic development. The paper’s goal is divided into two steps: The first step consists of the synthesis of the literature that is relevant with the coevolutionary approach, while the second involves the application of the synthesis to the emerging economy of Turkey for the period 1990–2011. Building on this foundation, the present exploratory paper’s findings indicate the following: First, economic development is a function of a dynamic process which encapsulates all the regulative and normative aspects of an economy and the interaction of exogenous and endogenous forces. Second, the Turkish economy, during the 1990– 2001 and the 2008–2011 periods experienced institutional avoidance. Furthermore, during 2002– 2007, the economy underwent a profound co–evolution process, which was accompanied with signs of institutional adaptation.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are experiencing a challenging era due to demand–response imbalances. An assumed means of responding to the challenge is through the entrepreneurial university model, which adds a third mission to HEIs: to contribute to economic, technological and social development. Therefore, governments across the globe promote this ideal through system reforms and funding schemes, while HEIs ignite institutional changes. Publications also explore the entrepreneurial university model, although some scholars have criticized the new mission and its implied commercial orientation. However, little is still known about how HEIs are applying the model to become more entrepreneurial. Therefore, this article presents a systematic literature review comprised of a meta-ethnography on the transformation journey of 36 HEIs across 18 countries. The outcome is a four-stage iterative action-framework proposition, suggesting that exogenous and endogenous forces constantly influence HEIs which, in response, ignite experiments, requiring sensitization to be consolidated and later institutionalized, in an endless, long and rather slow process. This article contributes to theory by explaining the metalevel of HEIs’ entrepreneurial pathway process and to practice by providing policymakers and decision makers in HEIs with an analytical framework.

We apply the novel econometric method, based on the time-resolved topological data analysis, to detect approaching market instabilities in multiple sectors of North American economy. Using the Takens’ embedding and the sliding window’s technique, we detect transient loops that appear in a topological space associated with financial time series and measure their persistence. The latter is encoded in Lp-norms of real-valued functions referred to as “persistence landscapes”. We study the impact of hyperparameters of the method – the size of a rolling window and the dimensionality of the Takens’ embedding – by conducting Monte Carlo simulations with surrogate time series sampled from the Student’s t-distribution with varying degrees of freedom. These numeric experiments reveal that the average value of L1-norm is growing with a rising size of a sliding window and dimensionality of embedding. This finding drives the choice of hyperparameters of the method applied to financial time series. We collect significant evidence that the variance of L1-norm derived from daily log-returns of the sector-level aggregates of credit default swap (CDS) spreads with the sliding window of 50 days and 4D embedding can serve as a leading indicator of an approaching financial crash caused by endogenous market forces and that the equity market lagged the CDS market in this discovery.

The Swedish supreme courts as part of the public administration, rather than as independent actors – Political, legal, and administrative reasons behind this positioning – A recent trend shifts the position of the supreme courts – Endogenous forces (e.g. a more ‘conflictual’ political climate) and exogenous reasons (e.g. the increasing importance of the judicial-made EU law) – Swedish supreme courts nearer to being a body with the primary duty of safeguarding the law against the executive and legislative powers – ‘Full’ positioning of supreme courts within the judicial core not an essential institutional requirement for a democracy – Important role of the public administration’s degree of dependence on the legislative power

ABSTRACTFair Isle is one of the best known of the Scottish islands having given its name to a shipping forecast region and to an internationally known style of knitting patterns and also because it has a world renowned bird observatory, and is the most remote of the inhabited British islands. Over the last five decades it has experienced major changes in its economic and social fabric, reflecting the influences of both endogenous and exogenous forces. This paper reviews and interprets those changes, utilising two surveys made fifty years apart using the same survey instrument and the same methodology in order to provide a basis for a consistent comparison. The paper discusses the changes that have taken place in agricultural practices, in infrastructure, in the economic base and the successful stabilisation of population numbers, and in tourism to the island, which reflect changes in ownership of the island and the impacts of North Sea development and local government re-organisation.

Tendons transmit contractile muscular force to bone to produce movement, and it is believed cells can generate endogenous forces on the extracellular matrix to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, little is known about the direct mechanical measurement of cell-matrix interaction in cell-generated human tendon constructs. In this study we examined if cell-generated force could be detected and quantified in engineered human tendon constructs, and if glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to tendon force transmission. Following de-tensioning of the tendon constructs it was possible to quantify an endogenous re-tensioning. Further, it was demonstrated that the endogenous re-tensioning response was markedly blunted after interference with the cytoskeleton (inhibiting non-muscle myosin-dependent cell contraction by blebbistatin), which confirmed that re-tensioning was cell generated. When the constructs were elongated and held at a constant length a stress relaxation response was quantified, and removing 27% of the GAG content of tendon did not alter the relaxation behavior, which indicates that GAGs do not play a meaningful role in force transmission within this system.

Research Summary: This study examines the endogenous conditions under which emerging market multinationals (EMNEs) are more risk taking in entering and competing abroad. We argue that strategic asset‐seeking intent, financial abundance, and inward internationalization enable EMNEs to better manage uncertainty and capture benefits, resulting in greater levels of risk‐taking behaviors in foreign entry mode and global dispersion. We offer a process framework showing that the effects of endogenous forces on risk‐taking behaviors take place via a partial mediating role of risk‐taking propensity (entrepreneurial attitude toward risk). Our analysis of Chinese MNEs provides strong evidence validating these arguments. We discuss implications of our findings, intending to invigorate scholarly interests in risk management in a new era of globalization and stimulate understanding of EMNEs' strategic behaviors.Managerial Summary: Many EMNEs are risk taking and radical in undertaking outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI). Yet, it is misleading to assume that all EMNEs have high risk‐taking propensity or that all risk‐taking EMNEs are necessarily equally radical in all their international business (IB) activities. We seek to understand which firm‐specific forces importantly affect these firms' risk‐taking behaviors. Our analyses based upon Chines MNEs reveal that firms with greater levels of strategic asset‐seeking intent, financial abundance, and inward internationalization present significantly higher risk‐taking propensity and risk‐taking acts, including risky entry modes such as acquisitions and aggressive geographic dispersion.