Endogenous Forces Research Articles

The increasing pressure of the need of environmentally friendly and resource-friendly industrial processes, has boosted the sustainable manufacturing as a strategic necessity, especially in the emerging economies such as India. The paper presents the multi-dimensional nature of the adoption of sustainability within Indian manufacturing, in particular, small and medium enterprises (SMEs). With the mixed-methods research design, the study combines survey information of more than 100 firms, interviews with experts, the estimation of green technology, organizational enablers, and policy mechanism using simulation modeling with RETScreens and MATLAB, and structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate the influence of green technologies, organizational enablers, and policy mechanisms. The findings indicate a middle ground of adoption as far as green manufacturing processes like energy systems, waste heat recovery, and closed-loop water reuse are concerned. However, adoption is not equally distributed across the sectors because of the limitation of capital, absence of technical competencies, and fractured laws. Companies that have incorporated the use of Industry 4.0 technologies including the IoT, AI, and blockchain have shown better sustainability results, particularly when coupled with endogenous forces such as the dedication of top management, cross-functional education, and awareness of cultures regarding sharing knowledge. The importance of favorable policies and government incentives is also mentioned in the study but the current mechanisms are usually found to be insufficient to cover the needs of SMEs. Fuzzy set analysis and life cycle analysis (LCA) validate that effective adoption of sustainability is the product of synergistic technologies, organizational capacity and institutional support. The study gives a verified sustainability evaluation tool that can be used by companies to compare performance and strategize on interventions. The findings offer policy-makers, executives in the manufacturing sector, and scientific communities interested in scaling sustainable manufacturing with a view to scaling it in an inclusive and systematic manner.

This study investigates the effects of clinical delivery maneuvers on neonatal brachial plexus (BP) during complicated birthing scenarios such as shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia occurs when the anterior shoulder of the neonate is obstructed behind the maternal symphysis pubis and prevents the delivery of the neonate. Maneuvers such as McRoberts, application of suprapubic pressure (SPP), oblique positioning, and posterior arm delivery are performed sequentially to alleviate the obstruction. This study used MADYMO, a computer software program, to simulate these maneuvers during shoulder dystocia while maternal endogenous forces (82N and 129N) were applied. The recorded outcomes were the magnitude of neonatal BP stretch during delivery and the amount of clinician-applied traction (CAT) force, if required, to achieve delivery. The lithotomy position was treated as the baseline and compared to the McRoberts position, at 82N and 129N maternal forces. Additionally, in McRoberts position, at 82N and 129N maternal forces, neonate-focused maneuvers were applied, and the clinician applied traction (CAT) force, if required, to achieve delivery was recorded along with the resulting neonatal BP stretch. The simulations, at 82N maternal force, reported a decrease in required CAT force in the McRoberts position compared to the lithotomy position. The results of the neonate-focused maneuvers reported a further decrease in the CAT force and the resulting BP stretch. Furthermore, increasing SPP from 40N to 100N reported no required CAT force for delivery along with decreased BP stretch. Oblique positioning further decreased the BP stretch, and the posterior arm delivery of the neonate resulted in the least amount of BP stretch. No CAT forces were required during these maneuvers. The simulations, at 129N maternal force, reported similar trends of reduced BP stretch during delivery except no CAT forces were required during any simulated conditions. Findings from this study help understand the effects of McRoberts position and neonate-focused maneuvers on neonatal brachial plexus during complicated shoulder dystocia delivery. The reported required delivery forces, both maternal and CAT also lay the groundwork for clinician training and education while guiding the development of preventative approaches that can limit neonatal injuries.

Abstract This paper examines the collective actions and business strategies of peasants in the Wuchang region (of Heilongjiang) as the rice industry transitioned from large-scale production to brand development. The study finds that the formation of specialty industries is not merely the product of state-led, top-down interventions nor the result of local endogenous forces operating without state support; rather, it is a process of intertwined development. Even during the era of “politics dominating economics,” peasants exerted influence by controlling production volumes, thereby indirectly pressuring the state to adjust policies. As the market emerged, peasants also looked to the state to address new structural issues. The logic of peasant action is closely related to the space available for such action, and peasant agency is not merely a form of “resistance from the weak,” but rather a strategic form of interaction. In certain contexts, the spontaneous actions of individual peasants can also play a catalytic role. The developmental history of “Wuchang rice” is, in fact, a history of the evolving relationship between peasant agency and social structures. The key to fostering positive interaction among the relevant stakeholders lies in achieving a balance between these two forces.

Background: The Malavali, or Malayali, are a tribal community in the Eastern Ghats of India, primarily found in the hilly regions of Salem, Attur, and surrounding areas. They have a rich cultural heritage that is closely linked to their surroundings. Their social interactions were characterised by economic, religious and cultural factors which has been orally transferred through generations. Yet, in recent decades, the Malvali community has experienced considerable socio-cultural changes driven by factors like urbanisation and technological progress. This research focuses on examining how these transformations have affected their socio-economic structures, cultural traditions, and spiritual beliefs. Methods: In this qualitative study, 45 participants including both male and female above 18, were randomly selected. The individuals where primarily from three villages namely, Mellur village in Jarugumalai & Vellakadai village in Shevaroy hills of Salem district, and Gedamalai village in Bodhi hills of Theni district. Moreover, the study involved semi structured interviews and narrative analysis for extracting relevant insights. Observation: The Malayali tribes embody a nature-human-religion complex deeply rooted in their surroundings and characterised by socio-economic activities. Over the past 40 years, exogenous and endogenous forces such as urbanisation, westernization, and migration has led to the shift in this complex. This has led to a gap between social progress and technological adoption Conclusion: The study reveals the core objective of the research which is to highlight the social transformations of Malayali tribes. The Tribal group is in a constant state of transition towards economic integration. This transition has led to more negative than positive impact. Therefore, proper introspection on social services is required for holistic growth of the Malayalis

Brachial plexus injuries during childbirth can be devastating injuries with lifelong consequences. Here we review the biomechanical literature related to this injury and integrate it with recent epidemiological and clinical literature to better understand how intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to this injury. Brachial plexus palsy is caused by excessive stretching, tearing, or avulsion of the nerve fibers of the brachial plexus and can lead to temporary or permanent injury to the motor and sensory functions of the upper extremity. Compared to other maternal and fetal factors, the highest risk factor for brachial plexus palsy is shoulder dystocia. The continuum of brachial plexus injuries, from temporary impairments of the C5 and C6 nerve roots to the permanent disruption of the entire brachial plexus, is consistent with a dose-response relationship whereby higher applied birthing forces cause greater degrees of injury. The current biomechanical models of shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus strain have not been validated against experimental data and their results should be treated cautiously. Endogenous forces (e.g., uterine contractions and maternal pushing) and exogenous forces (e.g., clinician-applied traction) generate strain in the brachial plexus, but the rarity of permanent, severe injuries and the reduction of these injuries after clinician training suggest that clinician-applied forces during shoulder dystocia increase the risk of permanent, severe brachial plexus injury. There are currently no reliable biomechanical methods for determining if maternal forces or clinician-applied forces are responsible for less severe types of brachial plexus injury.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses a theoretical framework for understanding gender in the legal profession, and in legal professionalism, over the past thirty years. Although women's subordinated position in legal professions across the globe seems well understood, the project of assessing the extent and the dynamics is ongoing in many jurisdictions and intersects with issues of race, gender in intricate and complex ways. The theoretical framework in this paper that aims to account for the multi-dimensional, multi-level and processual nature of change in the gendered profession draws on three main sources: Glucksmann's accounts of changing formations of labour, which provides a framework for understanding the exogenous and endogenous forces working on the profession; Fraser's concept of recognition and its relation to participation in the public sphere, and Bourdieu's conceptual vocabulary of field, capital and habitus, which facilitates understanding of the transactional processes which frame women's choices and which work to determine their position within the profession and organizations. The relevance of the framework will be illustrated through reference to a series of studies of gender and the profession, conducted since 1990.

In the context of rural revitalization, the development of the rural teaching workforce relies on the synergistic promotion of endogenous forces and exogenous forces. endogenous forces mean internal driving forces that emphasize proactive and innovative personal motivation, while exogenous forces refer to external supports that focus on resource investment and policy guidance. However, an increasing emphasis on exogenous forces while neglecting endogenous forces has limited the sustainable development of China’s current rural teaching workforce. We believe that activating endogenous forces is a key and weak link in promoting the synergistic development of rural revitalization and the rural teaching workforce. Only when endogenous forces are activated by exogenous forces and achieve a "feedback" effect on exogenous forces can a positive cycle in the development of rural teachers be established. In summary, the collaborative development and mutual reinforcement of endogenous and exogenous forces will enhance the professional development of the rural teaching workforce.

: John R. Commons’ Legal Foundations of Capitalism documented the co-evolution of law and economics. Commons reviewed legal cases that affected economic development. Courts had endorsed emerging business practices unleashing endogenous forces of change. Scarcity was the dominant feature of the pre-industrial economy, but Commons’ Stages of Capitalism demonstrated that the economy had evolved to industrial production. As industrialism became more dominant, production was potentially abundant. However, abundance was a source of instability. Stabilized scarcity policies relieving instability were confirmed by the judiciary. Judicial review established judicial sovereignty that Commons called “dictatorship of the courts.” Intangible property was legalized. Use value of property was replaced by exchange value. Edicts of the courts could supplant the work of the legislative and executive branches risking a movement toward the fascism of pre-war Italy. The economy continues to evolve. The cutting edge of the economy is knowledge-based production, which is not manufacturing commodities. It is about the design and use of technology for the application of ideas that are built on increasing returns and positive feedback (further sources of instability). Competition is different in these industries where market power is prominent. This will require policies to deal with market power.

Despite the success of PD-1 blockade in cancer therapy, how PD-1 initiates signaling remains unclear. Soluble PD-L1 is found in patient sera and can bind PD-1 but fails to suppress T cell function. Here, we show that PD-1 function is reduced when mechanical support on ligand is removed. Mechanistically, cells exert forces to PD-1 and prolong bond lifetime at forces <7 pN (catch bond) while accelerate dissociation at forces >8pN (slip bond). Molecular dynamics of PD-1-PD-L2 complex suggests force may cause relative rotation and translation between the two molecules yielding distinct atomic contacts not observed in the crystal structure. Compared to wild-type, PD-1 mutants targeting the force-induced distinct interactions maintain the same binding affinity but suppressed/eliminated catch bond, lowered rupture force, and reduced inhibitory function. Our results uncover a mechanism for cells to probe the mechanical support of PD-1-PD-Ligand bonds using endogenous forces to regulate PD-1 signaling.

ABSTRACT China’s eradication of absolute poverty represents a major contribution to world development, a contribution that could not have been achieved without applying a strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. Implementing this strategy has in turn depended fundamentally on the functioning of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. First, the system has been oriented towards comprehensively addressing and systematically solving the problem of absolute poverty through unifying short-term relief with long-term empowerment. Second, the logic underlying the system construction has involved a coupling and interaction between the government and the market. The system of mobilizing resources nationwide for poverty alleviation has featured a “trinity” in which the central government has provided an overarching guide while paired assistance has occurred between developed and less developed areas, and while local governments have played a dynamic role. This involves having subjective and endogenous forces from poverty alleviation to poverty eradication, providing comprehensive assistance in fields from systemic change to intervention at the micro level, and enabling integrated operations in areas from targeting to policy implementation and empowerment. Third, the effectiveness of the system is reflected in the high quality, long-term effectiveness and endogenous motivation that have been features of China’s effort to overcome poverty.

Transactions in financial markets are not evenly spaced but can be concentrated within a short period of time. In this study, we investigated the factors that determine the transaction frequency in financial markets. Specifically, we employed the Hawkes process model to identify exogenous and endogenous forces governing transactions of individual stocks in the Tokyo Stock Exchange during the COVID-19 pandemic. To enhance the accuracy of our analysis, we introduced a novel EM algorithm for the estimation of exogenous and endogenous factors that specifically addresses the interdependence of the values of these factors over time. We detected a substantial change in the transaction frequency in response to policy change announcements. Moreover, there is significant heterogeneity in the transaction frequency among individual stocks. We also found a tendency where stocks with high market capitalization tend to significantly respond to external news, while their excitation relationship between transactions is weak. This suggests the capability of quantifying the market state from the viewpoint of the exogenous and endogenous factors generating transactions for various stocks.

Historical institutionalism in action: Incremental prevalence of Transit-Oriented Development in Tokyo 1945-1982

ABSTRACT While European governance of individual policy sectors has received considerable academic scrutiny, less attention has been paid to the development of intersectoral coordination. This paper charts the emergence of a supranational boundary-spanning policy regime (BSPR) in education and employment in Europe. By looking at issues, ideas, interests and institutions, we gain a deeper understanding of the conditions for the emergence and further institutionalisation of European intersectoral coordination in education and employment from the 1990s onwards. The study relies on semi-structured interviews with European policy-makers in education and employment and EU policy documents. We analyse how endogenous and exogenous factors frame (policy) issues that contribute to the emergence and further strengthening of intersectoral coordination, the extent to which ideas for European education and employment stress intersectoral policy designs, how interests support or hinder intersectoral work, and which institutions are developed with an intersectoral reasoning. We find that endogenous forces (rather than exogenous ones) played a significant role in the emergence of a European BSPR in education and employment. Structural aspects and policy instruments (institutions), alongside ideas and interests, then contribute to the institutionalisation of the European BSPR in education and employment.

Transmission of cell-generated (i.e., endogenous) tension at cell-cell contacts is crucial for tissue shape changes during morphogenesis and adult tissue repair in tissues such as epithelia. E-cadherin-based adhesions at cell-cell contacts are the primary means by which endogenous tension is transmitted between cells. The E-cadherin-β-catenin-α-catenin complex mechanically couples to the actin cytoskeleton (and thereby the cell’s contractile machinery) both directly and indirectly. However, the key adhesion constituents required for substantial endogenous force transmission at these adhesions in cell-cell contacts are unclear. Due to the role of α-catenin as a mechanotransducer that recruits vinculin at cell-cell contacts, we expected α-catenin to be essential for sustaining normal levels of force transmission. Instead, using the traction force imbalance method to determine the inter-cellular force at a single cell-cell contact between cell pairs, we found that it is vinculin that is essential for sustaining normal levels of endogenous force transmission, with absence of vinculin decreasing the inter-cellular tension by over 50%. Our results constrain the potential mechanical pathways of force transmission at cell-cell contacts and suggest that vinculin can transmit forces at E-cadherin adhesions independent of α-catenin, possibly through β-catenin. Furthermore, we tested the ability of lateral cell-cell contacts to withstand external stretch and found that both vinculin and α-catenin are essential to maintain cell-cell contact stability under external forces.

A market for integrity. The use of competition to reduce bribery in education

Membrane tension is thought to be a long-range integrator of cell physiology. Membrane tension has been proposed to enable cell polarity during migration through front-back coordination and long-range protrusion competition. These roles necessitate effective tension transmission across the cell. However, conflicting observations have left the field divided as to whether cell membranes support or resist tension propagation. This discrepancy likely originates from the use of exogenous forces that may not accurately mimic endogenous forces. We overcome this complication by leveraging optogenetics to directly control localized actin-based protrusions or actomyosin contractions while simultaneously monitoring the propagation of membrane tension using dual-trap optical tweezers. Surprisingly, actin-driven protrusions and actomyosin contractions both elicit rapid global membrane tension propagation, whereas forces applied to cell membranes alone do not. We present a simple unifying mechanical model in which mechanical forces that engage the actin cortex drive rapid, robust membrane tension propagation through long-range membrane flows.

The causes of the 2007-8 subprime crisis continue to be the subject of much debate, with explanations ranging from de-regulation and fraudulent behavior to global imbalances and rising inequality. However, a comprehensive analysis of the endogenous forces that made the crisis inevitable has yet to be presented. This paper offers a ‘structural’ interpretation of the crisis by synthesising insights from conventional financial economics and the Minskyian and Schumpeterian literature. While highlighting the innovative character of US financial firms evolving from credit providers to producers of financial commodities, we stress the key features of their path towards financial fragility. We contend that financial institutions were able to achieve progressively unsustainable positions due to the ‘enforced indebtedness’ of US households, which played a functional, albeit secondary, role in the development of the crisis.

Black Ti (bTi) surfaces comprising high aspect ratio nanopillars exhibit a rare combination of bactericidal and osteogenic properties, framing them as cell-instructive meta-biomaterials. Despite the existing data indicating that bTi surfaces induce osteogenic differentiation in cells, the mechanisms by which this response is regulated are not fully understood. Here, we hypothesized that high aspect ratio bTi nanopillars regulate cell adhesion, contractility, and nuclear translocation of transcriptional factors, thereby inducing an osteogenic response in the cells. Upon the observation of significant changes in the morphological characteristics, nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) expression in the human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), we inhibited focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), and YAP in separate experiments to elucidate their effects on the subsequent expression of Runx2. Our findings indicated that the increased expression of Runx2 in the cells residing on the bTi nanopillars compared to the flat Ti is highly dependent on the activity of FAK and ROCK. A mechanotransduction pathway is then postulated in which the FAK-dependent adhesion of cells to the extreme topography of the surface is in close relation with ROCK to increase the endogenous forces within the cells, eventually determining the cell shape and area. The nuclear translocation of YAP may also enhance in response to the changes in cell shape and area, resulting in the translation of mechanical stimuli to biochemical factors such as Runx2.

In the 2018/2019 biennium, it was found that about 64% of infant deaths in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, resulted from obituary causes common to fetal deaths, qualifying them as typical mutually exclusive events, in which the occurrence of one of them symptomatically excludes the occurrence of the other for the same obituary cause, thus establishing an inexorable relationship of excluding interdependence, inversely associating the occurrences between them. Raising the question about the implications of this relationship in the analytical perspective of the phenomenon of infant mortality, a question that became the guiding principle in the conduct of this work. From which he formulated the objective of analyzing this relationship with a view to revealing the complexity of the phenomenon of infant mortality, bringing to light new elements hitherto unknown. In this sense, as a methodological basis for the empirical analysis, focused on the State of Espírito Santo, it formulated a theoretical/conceptual model enabling the simultaneous analysis of the two events, considering them conceptually differentiated, however, interrelated, demonstrating empirically the existence of a cyclical dynamic intrinsic to the phenomenon, sustained by endogenous forces originating from the excluding interdependence relationship, resulting from the sharing of obituary causes between infant and fetal deaths. Hence, in response to the guiding question, it was concluded that there was an urgent need to rethink the analysis of infant mortality, breaking the tradition restricted only to the deaths of children aged 0 to 1 year, at the risk of gross errors in the interpretation of reality. According to the objective outlined, it analyzed the interaction between this endogenous dynamics and exogenous forces emanating from restrictive structural factors (poverty, sanitation, etc.), revealing new elements inherent to the complexity of the phenomenon, such as, for example, on the hybrid action of exogenous and endogenous factors in determining infant mortality rates, among others. Finally, tying together the various points discussed, this work demonstrates the validity of the thesis that identifies in the interaction between fetal deaths and infant deaths from common obituary causes, the origin of autonomous endogenous forces, supporting an endogenous cyclical dynamic, through which it radiates its harmful effects throughout the universe of infant mortality, systematically altering scenarios of reality.

ABSTRACT Drawing on data on scientific co-publications derived from the Web of Science for the periods 2002–2006 and 2012–2016, we construct and analyse a key element of China's intercity knowledge networks (CIKNs): scientific collaboration networks. Employing network-analytical and exponential random graph modelling techniques, we examine the evolving structures and driving mechanisms underlying these CIKNs. Our results show that the density of the CIKNs has significantly increased over time. CIKN flows are dense in the Southeastern but sparse in the Northwestern part of China, with the Hu Line acting as a clearly visible border. As the dominant knowledge centre, Beijing is involved in scientific collaboration networks throughout the country, with the diamond-shaped structure anchored by Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou-Chengdu becoming evident. We find that preferential attachment and transitivity are significant endogenous processes driving scientific collaboration, while a city's administrative level and R&D investment are the strongest exogenous factors. The impact of GDP and geographical proximity is limited, with institutional proximity being the most sizable of the well-known suite of proximity effects.