End Of Racism Research Articles

New York City’s Public Health Approach to Reexamining Race-Based Clinical Algorithms

Clinical algorithms are utilized in clinical decision-making — whether for diagnosis or treatment — with the aim of accounting for pertinent biological factors. However, the use of race in some clinical algorithms disproportionately harms patients of color, often delaying necessary care. The erroneous use of race as a biological variable perpetuates the antiquated notion of race essentialism and demonstrates how medical racism is embedded in health care. In 2021, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene launched the Coalition to End Racism in Clinical Algorithms (CERCA). To the authors’ knowledge, CERCA was the first citywide effort to convene seven safety-net and four private health care systems for the elimination of harmful race-based clinical algorithms, representing the health institutions in NYC serving the most patients. Focusing on estimated glomerular filtration rate, vaginal birth after cesarean, and pulmonary function testing, CERCA serves as a platform for health systems to discuss and strategize how to effectively de-implement these harmful race-based algorithms. NYC CERCA serves as a model for how a public health department can leverage its role as a convener by collaborating with health systems to address matters of racial inequities caused by systemic racism in medicine and supporting the swift implementation of reparative initiatives on a systems level.

CPR RACISM: A Guide for Health Care Providers to Safely Address Racism in a Health Care Setting

Racism is a form of violence that results in poorer health outcomes for First Nation, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) Peoples and is a barrier toward achieving equitable healthcare. There is growing recognition that FNMI Peoples experience racism in health care and with the highly publicized deaths of Brian Sinclair and more recently the death of Joyce Echaquan in Canada, there has been an outcry to end racism in health care. With the growing numbers of nurses and nursing students learning about the impact of racism on health outcomes there is a need for a concrete, practical, and visual guide to assist with teaching an intervention for when racism is witnessed. As part of creating and supporting a speak-up culture to address unsafe care related to racism in health care, the writer offers the following guide - CPR RACISM. Health care providers are all familiar with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), capable of saving a life during cardiac arrest — when the heart stops beating or is unable to effectively circulate blood to the brain and other vital organs. CPR instructors advocate for everyone to be prepared for moments that matter by taking a CPR class to help save a life. Similarly, there needs to be a plan to save lives lost related to racism. The writer selected the name of this guide, CPR RACISM, as a way to underscore the urgency to address racism in health care as FNMI Peoples’ lives are at risk. Just as CPR is meant to be a set of actions to save lives when the heart stops beating, CPR RACISM is a guide to prepare healthcare providers to save lives when they witness racism in healthcare. The CPR RACISM guide was created in response to the common questions the writer has heard from nursing students and colleagues: Where do I begin? How can I address racism in healthcare? How do I teach my nursing students to effectively intervene when they witness racism? To address this gap in praxis, the writer suggests CPR RACISM as an additional resource to disrupt and dismantle racism in health care. Key Words: racism, health care, advocating, teaching, equity, Indigenous, First Nation, Métis, Inuit, Aboriginal, intervening.

The Relevance of Rawlsian Justice in India

Rawls defines justice as fairness, equality, and social justice. According to philosopher John Rawls, justice should be founded on fairness and equality, not what individuals believe or do. Rawlsian justice is crucial in India because rank, poverty, and inequality have produced unequal treatment. Original circumstance and veil of ignorance are key to Rawlsian justice. The initial idea was that individuals may not realize their social standing, class, or other distinguishing features. They would choose moral norms that benefit everyone. The wall of ignorance suggests individuals should judge fairness without understanding their experiences. This allows them determine what's best for everyone. Rawlsian justice can heal India's poverty, inequality, and bigotry. Laws that make sure everyone gets the same education and job opportunities could end racism and poverty. Scheduled Caste and Tribe rules might make people less prejudiced. India needs to make its society open, fair, and respectful of people's rights. Fairness laws based on Rawls might let this happen. Everyone can achieve and be happy in India if society is fair and equitable.

Interreligious Education as an Approach to End Racism and Discrimination

This study aims to explain that interreligious education can be used as an approach in dealing with diversity to end discrimination and racism in a multiethnic society. Interfaith education can increase students’ fears about changing religions or losing their own beliefs, as well as foster an understanding of other religions beyond history and culture, while allowing individuals to maintain their own beliefs. In addition, interreligious education must emphasize universal values or principles, such as peace and tolerance. It is a type of qualitative research with a library research model. Research data comes from related books and articles on interfaith education as an approach to ending discrimination and racism. Collection techniques were carried out through reading literature or written sources such as books, previous research, journals, and articles related to the research title. Data analysis with the content analyst. The results of this study state that interfaith education lays the foundation for education as an approach to fighting racism and discrimination. Thus, there is a need to consider religion and education in everyday life to promote more holistic interfaith education and build harmonious coexistence.
 Keywords: interreligious education, racism, discrimination, common principals, harmonious co- existence, multiethnic society.

Imagining the End of Racism through Summer Camps

In response to worldwide protests for racial justice in 2020 and 2021, Dustin et al. (2021) called on recreation professionals to eradicate racial oppression. The focus of the present commentary is on the tools through which such an eradication might be carried out within summer camps. In particular, this essay builds on the work of Mariame Kaba (2020) and the generations of activists of color before her (e.g., Kelley, 2002) to assert that imagination is essential to any effort to end racism in summer camps. Three areas to which our imagination might be applied are presented: the benefits of summer camp, the shift from I to we, and the courage to experiment and fail.

Black Queer Activism During the Aids Epidemic

The history of LGBTQ Americans has frequently been told through the lens of White Queer individuals , and most Black American historiography fails to acknowledge the contributions that Black Queer Americans have made to end racial discrimination. Several publications throughout the 1980s demonstrate the efforts that Black Queer Americans have made in the fight against racism and homophobia that plagued the United States.

Critical Whiteness Studies as Self-Work for White Nonprofit and Government Workers

Social equity researchers in public administration regularly refer to self-work as important or even crucial for White public servants seeking to authentically engage in racial justice efforts. Yet no papers in the field define self-work nor deliberately provide tools for White people to do it. Self-work for White racial justice advocates acknowledges racialized trauma and gives White public servants tools to understand White double-consciousness. I develop a model to support the argument that Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS)—the subset of critical race theory dedicated to understanding how the White racial identity contributes to racial hierarchy—is a powerful tool for self-work of White public servants. CWS has four assumptions: (1) Whiteness as property, (2) racial denial, (3) White privilege, and (4) the mutation of Whiteness. Each of these is based on the premise that White people are separate from their Whiteness, allowing them to engage with others who wish to end racism by adopting strategies to reconstruct or abolish Whiteness in society. In conclusion, I use critical autoethnography of racialized trauma to assess how CWS helped me become a better White public servant.

Constant Critical Reflexivity: Engaging in an Archaeology of Self to Promote Racial Literacy in a Math Teacher Education Program

Racial literacy is critical pedagogy that seeks to end racism. Developing racial literacy in math teacher education programs is a crucial step in preparing preservice teachers to acknowledge and resist prejudiced and racist math teaching policies and practices before they enter the K–12 classroom. In this essay, I unpack and share how I engaged in critical reflexivity and an Archaeology of Self to promote racial literacy and antiracist pedagogy in my MTEP courses.

On Second Thought

On Second Thought

Tackling discrimination and systemic racism in academic and workplace settings.

Racism against Black people, Indigenous and other racialized people continues to exist in healthcare and academic settings. Racism produces profound harm to racialized people. Strategies to address systemic racism must be implemented to bring about sustainable changes in healthcare and academic settings. This quality improvement initiative provides strategies to address systemic racism and discrimination against Black nurses and nursing students in Ontario, Canada. It is part of a broader initiative showcasing Black nurses in action to end racism and discrimination. We have found that people who have experienced racism need healing, support and protection including trauma-related services to facilitate their healing. Implementing multi-level, multi-pronged interventions in workplaces will create healthy work environments for all members of society, especially Black nurses who are both clients/patients and providers of healthcare.

How to appear fully committed to doing nothing at all about structural and systemic racism: A modest proposal for health and higher education services.

How to appear fully committed to doing nothing at all about structural and systemic racism: A modest proposal for health and higher education services.

Black nurses in action: A social movement to end racism and discrimination.

We bear witness to a sweeping social movement for change-fostered and driven by a powerful group of Black nurses and nursing students determined to call out and dismantle anti-Black racism and discrimination within the profession of nursing. The Black Nurses Task Force, launched by the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) in July 2020, is building momentum for long-standing change in the profession by critically examining the racist and discriminatory history of nursing, listening to and learning from the lived experiences of the Black nursing community, and shaping concrete, actionable steps to confront anti-Black racism and discrimination in academic settings, workplaces, and nursing organizations. The Black Nurses Task Force and the RNAO are standing up and speaking out in acknowledgment of the magnitude of anti-Black racism and discrimination that exist in our profession, health system, justice system, and economic system. This social movement is demonstrating, in actions, how individuals and a collective act as change agents to drive meaningful and widespread change for our present and future Black nurses. We also acknowledge the Black nurses who have gone before us.

Birth Satisfaction During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to describe birth satisfaction in women who gave birth in U.S. hospitals during the earliest months of the COVID-19 pandemic (March–July 2020).Study Design and Methods:A cross-sectional survey of 747 postpartum women who gave birth in the United States during the early COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. Participants in the United were recruited via social media. They completed a questionnaire that included demographic, health, and obstetric experience questions, and the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) models, and nonparametric correlations were performed.Results:Higher birth satisfaction scores were associated with higher income, marriage, white race, vaginal birth, having a birth partner present, and sufficient support during birth. Factors negatively associated with birth satisfaction were separation from infant, unplanned cesarean birth, neonatal intensive care unit admission, hypertension, preeclampsia, hemorrhage, depression, and anxiety.Clinical Implications:Presence of birth partners, sufficient birth support, and minimizing separation of mother and infant improve birth satisfaction. Obstetric complications, including unplanned cesarean birth, negatively affect birth satisfaction. There are racial disparities in birth satisfaction. It is critical to develop further interventions to end racism in maternal health care.

The Equity Paradox Typology: An Application of Critical Race Methodology to Redress Racial Harm Against Faculty of Color

This inquiry unearths the stratified nature of racial harm in higher education by applying counterstorytelling to fashion an equity case study on racial harm. Racial harm consists of four conditions (hyper-cognition, hyper-isolation, hyper-distress, and hyper-reactivity) brought on by persistent exposure to racial discrimination embedded subtlety within academic departments as a series of racialized conflicts (diversity & curriculum clashes, and relational & power dynamics). To advance the use of qualitative research to end racism in higher education, we offer a true-telling framework, a guide for talking back, a research typology to unearth the pandemic of racism infecting faculty relations.

Racism in Pain Medicine: We Can and Should Do More

Racism in Pain Medicine: We Can and Should Do More

Black lives matter … in the cath lab, too! A proposal for the interventional cardiology community to counteract bias and racism.

Structural racism in the United States underlies racial disparities in the criminal justice system, in the healthcare system generally, and with regards to the COVID‐19 pandemic. In the year 2020, these inequities combined and magnified to such a degree that it left Black Americans and physicians caring for them questioning how much Black lives matter. Academic medical centers and the major cardiology organizations responded to a global call to end racism with bold statements and initiatives. Interventional cardiologists utilize advanced equipment to mechanically treat a wide spectrum of heart problems, yet this technology has not been applied in an equitable manner. Interventional therapies are often underutilized in Blacks, exacerbating healthcare disparities and contributing to the excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these communities. Racial bias, whether intentional, unconscious, systemic, or at the individual level, plays a role in these disparities. Many in the interventional cardiology community aspire to take intentional steps to reduce the impact of bias and racism in our specialty. We discuss several proposals here and provide a “report card” for interventional programs to perform a self‐assessment.

Merging Parallel Lines

Merging Parallel Lines

Joseph V. Simone: In Memoriam (1935–2021)

![][1] He was a poet. A prodigious writer. A giant in the world of pediatric oncology. Those of us in the field of cancer research, as well as patients around the globe, owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to Joseph “Joe” Simone. A first-generation American who was born amid the

Australia needs to embrace ‘Asianness’ as part of ‘Australianness’ to end racism

Australia needs to embrace ‘Asianness’ as part of ‘Australianness’ to end racism

Gum yan asing Kaangas giidaay han hll guudang gas ga. I Will Never Again Feel That I Am Less Than: Indigenous Health Care Providers’ Perspectives on Ending Racism in Health Care

Racism toward Indigenous Peoples continues to permeate throughout the health care system, a reality the authors know all too well in their shared and yet unique personal and professional experiences. Although acknowledging and speaking up against racial injustice is daunting, and is often met with disregard or inaction, the authors contend that this is a necessary undertaking to redress the ongoing harms of colonialism. Correspondingly, those who do not speak up must not have their voices silenced. Instead, the perspectives that Indigenous Peoples have regarding their own experiences of racism must be heeded seriously and produce real and tangible solutions. In narrating their own encounters of confronting and challenging racism, the authors juxtapose activism and resistance with the preservation of Indigenous Knowledge as a catalyst for propelling the necessary changes forward within health care to end racism. To be truly impactful, all efforts taken to address racism must occur alongside advancing equity of care and human rights for and by Indigenous Peoples at individual, community, and systemic levels. Changes are not needed after more evidence. The time to act is now.