Encyclopedia Articles Research Articles

Logic Matters – Gender and Diversity, Too

Abstract This interview features Andrea Reichenberger. Currently she holds a substitute professorship for history of technology at TUM Technical University of Munich. She is junior research group leader at the Department of Mathematics, University of Siegen, Germany, and leads the research project “Rethinking the History of Mathematics and Physics: Women in Focus.” Reichenberger has held several postdoctoral positions, e.g., at the Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists (HWPS) at Paderborn University (Germany) and in the DFG research project “Thought Experiment, Metaphor, Model” at the Institute for Philosophy I at the Ruhr University Bochum. Between 2019 and 2021, she was a fellow at the University of Paderborn and principal investigator of the research project “Foundational research in mathematical logic – relativity – quantum physics. Case studies on the integration of women philosophers.” Reichenberger has written a book on Émilie du Châtelet (Springer, 2016) and has published many articles in journals, collected editions, and encyclopedias.

Ecological Predictors of Organelle Genome Evolution: Phylogenetic Correlations with Taxonomically Broad, Sparse, Unsystematized Data.

Comparative analysis of variables across phylogenetically linked observations can reveal mechanisms and insights in evolutionary biology. As the taxonomic breadth of the sample of interest increases, challenges of data sparsity, poor phylogenetic resolution, and complicated evolutionary dynamics emerge. Here, we investigate a cross-eukaryotic question where all these problems exist: which organismal ecology features are correlated with gene retention in mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA (organelle DNA or oDNA). Through a wide palette of synthetic control studies, we first characterize the specificity and sensitivity of a collection of parametric and non-parametric phylogenetic comparative approaches to identify relationships in the face of such sparse and awkward datasets. This analysis is not directly focused on oDNA, and so provides generalizable insights into comparative approaches with challenging data. We then combine and curate ecological data coupled to oDNA genome information across eukaryotes, including a new semi-automated approach for gathering data on organismal traits from less systematized open-access resources including encyclopedia articles on species and taxa. The curation process also involved resolving several issues with existing datasets, including enforcing the clade-specificity of several ecological features and fixing incorrect annotations. Combining this unique dataset with our benchmarked comparative approaches, we confirm support for several known links between organismal ecology and organelle gene retention, identify several previously unidentified relationships constituting possible ecological contributors to oDNA genome evolution, and provide support for a recently hypothesized link between environmental demand and oDNA retention. We, with caution, discuss the implications of these findings for organelle evolution and of this pipeline for broad comparative analyses in other fields.

The Effectiveness of Hand Exercise on Limb Function in Patient Coronary Artery Disease Posttransradial Artery Catheterization: Systematic Review

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is leading cause of mortality worldwide. Catheterization using the transradial arterial (TRA) technique has been able to reduce morbidity and mortality rates from CAD, but this procedure also contributes to the occurrence of complications. The aim of this study was to search literature and analyse articles discussing the use of hand exercise on improving limb function in patients posttransradial cardiac catheterization. Methods: The design used was a systematic review with PRISMA adaptation. Articles were searched using databases: ScienceDirect, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus and Hand Searching in Google Scholar. The keywords of article search were using “Coronary artery disease” AND “transradial artery catheterization” OR “Trans cardiac Catheterization” AND “hand exercise” AND “limb function. In the initial stage of information search on 5 October 2023, the total number of articles obtained before selection was carried out based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was 7273 articles. From the five databases used, selection was then carried out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were research articles published in the last 10 years (2013-2023); use English; a journal article and open access; Involves adult respondents and full text articles. Exclusion criteria were encyclopedia articles, book chapters, conferences, correspondence, editorials, news, practice guidelines, protocols, systematic reviews, literature reviews and meta analysis. The results are discussing 7 articles published from 2013-2023. Conclusions Hand exercises are useful for restoring limb function within two hours after the procedure and over a long period of time.

Mykhailo Hrushevsky and His Francophonic «Anthologie de la littérature ukrainienne» (1921) in Belgian and French Publications of the 20th and 21stcenturies (in Ukrainian) 7-15

Mykhailo Hrushevsky’s presence in French culture dates back to the beginning of the 20th century (a course of lectures in Paris, a review of É. Verhaeren’s drama, a 1912 Paris edition, etc.). Scholar’s most outstanding work in the context of Ukrainian-Francophone literary relations is his «Anthologie de la literature ukrainienne» (1921), which helped Francophone researchers learn about the literary heritage of Ukraine from ancient times to the 19th century. The main thesis of the article is the importance of this anthology in further acquaintance of the French speaking world with Ukrainian literature. The preface to this book written by the French linguist professor Antoine Meillet of College de France was important as it emphasized such an significant fact about the publication as «literature in Ukrainian not well known in other countries». M. Hrushevsky explained that it was only the first step of Ukrainian sociological institute which started its work on creation of the anthology of Ukrainian literature of later period. Materials from the edition of Ukrainian Sociological Institute were partly used in 1928 by the editorship of the Belgian-French magazine «La Nervie», being completed by some other samples of Ukrainian literature of the second half of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20thcentury. Another fact that testifies about the importance ofHrushevsky’s anthology is that the outstanding French scholar and literary critic Roger Tisserand, the author of numerous encyclopedia articles about Ukrainian writers and the work «Life of a nation. Ukraine», referred to it more than once using some samples of Ukrainian poetry. Two excerpts from Mykhailo Hrushevsky’s edition («Galician–Volhynian Chronicle» (fragment) and «Praise to St. Volodymyr») were reprinted in Vol. 4a (1993) by the compilers of Belgian encyclopaedia «Patrimoine littéraireeuropéen» (12 vols.). A separate chapter about Mykhailo Hrushevsky and an excerpt from his foreword to the «Anthologie…» were included into Sarcelles anthology of Ukrainian literature (2004) by literary scholar Arkady Zhukovsky. The scholar described extensively Mykhailo Hrushevsky with special focus on his scholarly-research work, teaching and organization of academic life.The literary critic illustrated life and creative activity of the scholar by extracts from the preface to «Anthologie de la littérature ukrainienne…» and gave a short explanation of the issues, raised by Mykhailo Hrushevsky in his subsequent works. The material in the article about the resonance of M. Hrushevsky’s French anthology in the French speaking milieu testifies to the presence of the outstanding scholar, historian and literary critic in European culture. Such works as André Mazon’s memorable article in the Slavic journal «Le Monde Slave» (V. 12, № 1–2, 1935) and A. Joukovsky’s French language research «Mykhailo Hrouchevskyi. Sa vie et son œuvre. Paris, 1997» are of great interest.

Being a master of metaphors

Being a master of metaphors

DER VERWUDETЕ SOKRATES BY BERTOLT BRECHT: PECULIARITIES OF NARRATIVE SYSTEM

Poetics is used to characterize the fictional and philosophical concept of B. Brecht’s short story, as well as the narrative means employed to create the image of protagonist – philosopher Socrates who finds himself in a crisis during the battle with Persians. The paper reveals the sense-creating role of the short story composition. It is demonstrated that in terms of narration type the story can be divided into two unequal parts: the first part is a (quasi) encyclopaedia article where Socrates is depicted as a philosopher and educator, a courageous person who met his end with dignity and a brave warrior. The second part consists of a number of visual images-stories that can be conditionally named as follows: “Socrates before the battle”, “Socrates and a small shield”, “Socrates criticizes suppliers”, “Soldiers and Socrates at halt”, “Commander’s shout”, “Battle landscape”, “Memories and reflections of irritated Socrates about his evening conversation with a young foolish aristocrat who commanded cavalry”; “The aristocrat details his battle plan”; “Socrates’ ironic attitude to this plan and his thinking about it”; “Escape”, “Imitation of the attack against Persians”, “Wounded Socrates is carried away”, “Socrates and his wife”, “Socrates glory”, “Philosophical musings of Socrates-pacifist about the causes of war”. The peculiarities of B. Brecht’s narrative system are studied.
 One of them is that every paragraph centered around Socrates is an expressive image which can be realized on the canvas, on the stage and in the cinema. It was found that every scene, in its dynamics, reveals the protagonist’s character, his ways of thinking and krainia under different circumstances. It was established that the scenes of Socrates’ escape and the imitation of the army attack against the Persians are the most dynamic.

Lycaonia: from ancient geography to Khorenatsi and Shirakatsi

For the first time in historiography, we have made an attempt to consider the historical geography of the region of Lycaonia, which was located on the territory of the modern peninsula of Asia Minor. This area can be called the «Forgotten Territory», since so far not a single scientist has turned to the study of this important part of Asia Minor (except for articles in encyclopedias). Despite the fact that Lycaonia never had its own statehood, from ancient times it played an important role in the relations of the great powers of the ancient world. Comparing the data of «Ancient Armenian Geography («Ashkharatsuyts»/«Աշխարհացույց»), first of all, with the data of Strabo and Ptolemy, we found out how the boundaries of this region have changed in relation to neighboring states. Consideration of the issue of the territory of Lycaonia is possible on the basis of identifying and studying the orography and hydrography of this region. At the same time, «Ashkharatsuyts» Lycaonia should be compared with the description of this country by Strabo and Ptolemy, and also, in part, with the descriptions of Pliny and other ancient authors (in particular, Herodotus and Xenophon). We analytically examined the issues of urbanization, about which the historian-geographer Claudius Ptolemy presented detailed information. The study of this text requires a hermeneutic approach. It is necessary to analyze literally every word of this message in order to obtain the desired result, which we tried to do in our study within the framework of this article.

Exploring the Fundamentals of Radio Wave Propagation [Book/Software Reviews

Dr. Artem Saakian, the book’s author, graduated with degrees in electrical engineering from the National Polytechnic University of Armenia (SEUA); the University of Telecommunications in St. Petersburg, Russia; and the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Dr. Saakian’s professional career began in the academic environment at SEUA; there, he was the chair of radio technology and communication systems and the director of the graduate school. His engineering and scientific research experience includes RF antenna and propagation projects funded by the U.S. Navy as well as by the former Soviet Navy and Soviet Space Administration. Dr. Saakian served in the U.S. Navy and Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) as an electronics engineer beginning in 2005. He is currently retired and supports the U.S. Navy as an electronics engineering consultant. He is the author of more than 25 publications, including peer-reviewed articles, conference materials, and encyclopedia articles.

SANCTIONS AS TOOL FOR STRATEGIC DETERRENCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF TARGETED SANCTIONS IN RUSSIA

Strategic deterrence through the use of sanctions in the international system is gaining support among major players. This is despite widespread scepticism over the instrument's efficacy, as seen by the widespread opposition to its use immediately following its implementation in Iraq in the immediate aftermath of the end of the Cold War. The takeover of Ukraine is the first opportunity since World War II to analyse the results of sanctions on a major power and permanent member of the UN Security Council. The issue raises the question of whether or not sanctions on Russia would be an effective strategy in stopping their aggressiveness in Ukraine. In this article, we analyse how targeted sanctions against Russia's economy can alter the course of the conflict in Ukraine. Given the energy linkages that most of these governments have with Russia, we see the sanctions' proponents the United States, the European Union, and the Baltic States suffering increasingly negative consequences. We also contextualise the acts of sanction busters empowered by the United States' inability to develop a consensus at the United Nations General Assembly and by Russia's veto to thwart the criminalization of their conduct in the United Nations Security Council. Despite this, it is becoming apparent that Russia's economy is feeling the effects of the sanctions, which is substantially diminishing their ability to properly prosecute the war. Methodologically, the study used a historical approach, meaning that it relied on information gathered from previously existing sources including encyclopaedias, encyclopaedia articles, and news stories. In conclusion, the data appears to bolster the view that the possible risk spawned in the harsh reality of targeted or comprehensive sanctions on Russia given the extent of the punishment regime is an acceptable price for the maintenance of the rule-based international order.

How to write articles for encyclopedias

This academic paper delves into the concept of encyclopedia articles (entries), their defining characteristics, and, based on this, offers recommendations for creators focusing primarily on contributors (rather than editors of encyclopedias). These recommendations specifically elucidate the principles of composition, as well as the linguistic and stylistic aspects of a typical encyclopedia article. In this paper, the author underscores the importance of maintaining academic integrity in encyclopedic writing and illustrating. The study is presented in a manner that enables potential contributors of encyclopedic content to grasp not only what information to include and how to structure it but also to recognize what pitfalls to avoid, thereby mitigating common errors in article writing.

Corpus analysis of the co-occurrence of the concept hygge

The notion that a language worldview is shaped by a system of key concepts as well as ideas and motifs linking them, which are expressed in the meaning of individual lexemes and phrases, has informed a number of studies of culturally specific words and even entire semantic fields. Comparison of different language worldviews has revealed many differences, which at first sight seem insignificant but may hinder successful communication. The concept of hygge occupies a special place in the Danish language worldview and has become somewhat of a Danish hallmark. Our study uses corpus data to analyse six co-occurrence patterns of words representing the concept hygge, which allows us to explicate the implicit meaning components of the lexemes in question and to identify the most frequent patterns. The material used was the Danish Gigaword Corpus (DAGW), which includes texts collected from the Internet. The corpus covers the Danish language in all its diversity: a variety of genres and types of texts are represented in the corpus (law, social media, subtitles, debates, conversation notes, encyclopaedia articles, fiction, news, etc.). The high frequency of the words representing the concept hygge in the corpus texts once again confirms the importance of this concept for Danish culture. The combinational properties of all the models studied show a striking uniformity: all collocations are characterized by positive connotations and can be categorized into a small set of thematic groups (place, time, atmosphere, hobbies, spending time together and communicating). The above co-occurrence analysis allows us to identify the following set of characteristics of the concept hygge: a feeling of peace, tranquillity and security, enjoyment and good mood that comes from being engaged in active pursuits, presence of close, familiar people, a familiar, wellknown place, a shared time together.

Емерджентні та реемерджентні інфекційні хвороби: актуалізація знань в енциклопедичних виданнях

In the proposed study, it is noted that the published in Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine articles, devoted to infectious diseases, need to be updated. On the one hand, this is caused by the objective aging of the content. On the other hand, this is due to the appearance of new infectious diseases that are actively spreading, changing the general epidemiological background in the world and causing the revival of pathogens of old diseases. In this regard, there is a permanent need to update published encyclopedia articles on infectious diseases.

The Mouseiad and Other Mock Epics [Myszeis

<i>The Mouseiad and Other Mock Epics</i> [Myszeis

A Look at the Professional Career of Süreyya Hüsnü Anderiman

Bu makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin değerli bir bürokrat-diplomatı olan Süreyya Hüsnü Anderiman’ı konu almaktadır. Anderiman nitelikli kurumlarda eğitim görmüş ve birkaç Batı diline hâkimdir. Mesleki kariyerine 1926 yılında Dışişleri Bakanlığında başlangıç yapan Anderiman, Bakanlığın çeşitli kademelerinde görev almış ve 1934 yılında, Bakanlıktaki bağlantısının baki kalması ve kıdeminin ilerlemesi şartıyla, Cumhurbaşkanlığı Özel Kalem Müdürü olarak atanmıştır. Atatürk’ün vefatının ardından İsmet İnönü’nün Cumhurbaşkanlığı döneminde de görevine devam eden Anderiman, döneminin en gözde bürokratlarından biri olarak tebarüz etmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Özel Kalem Müdürlüğü görevini en uzun müddet sürdüren bürokrat olan Anderiman, 1945’te bu görevden alınarak Dışişleri Bakanlığına iade edilmiş ve ardından diplomasi alanına kaydırılmıştır. 1946-1957 yıllarında Türkiye’nin Oslo Orta Elçisi, 1957-1959 yıllarında Türkiye’nin Tokyo Büyükelçisi olarak hizmet veren Anderiman, Tokyo’daki görevi devam ettiği esnada hayatını kaybetmiştir. Vefatı nedeniyle kısa bir süre Türk basınında yer alan Anderiman, daha sonra tarih galerisinin karanlık koridorlarında unutulmuş ve bugüne kadar Atatürk Ansiklopedisi maddesi dışında hiçbir akademik çalışmaya konu olmamıştır. Bu husus, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi literatüründe giderilmesi gereken bir noksanlık olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Süreyya Hüsnü Anderiman’ın yaşam serüvenini mesleki kariyerine yoğunlaşarak ortaya koymayı ve böylece onu daha bilinir hâle getirmeyi amaçlamayan bu makale; arşiv kaynakları, yerli ve yabancı resmî yayınlar, akademik çalışmalar, süreli yayınlar, hatıralar ve internet kaynaklarından yararlanılarak meydana getirilmiştir.

Classifying encyclopedia articles: Comparing machine and deep learning methods and exploring their predictions

This article presents a comparative study of supervised classification approaches applied to the automatic classification of encyclopedia articles written in French. Our dataset includes all 70k text articles from Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie (1751-72). In a two-task experiment we test combinations of (1) text vectorization methods (bags-of-words and word embeddings) and (2) traditional Machine Learning and newer Deep Learning classification methods (including transformer architectures). In addition to evaluating each approach, we review the results quantitatively and qualitatively. The best model obtains an average F-score of 86% for 38 classes. Using network analysis, we highlight the difficulty of labeling semantically close classes. We also discuss misclassifications in order to understand the relationship between content and different ways of ordering knowledge. We openly release all code and results, and data is available on request.11https://gitlab.liris.cnrs.fr/geode/EDdA-Classification.

Conceptualizing, defining, and assessing pragmatic language impairment in clinical settings: A scoping review

AbstractThere has been significant and extensive knowledge production in the last four decades regarding pragmatic language impairment (PLI) in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The evidence contained in this literature, however, is contradictory. The present scoping review (ScR) seeks to disentangle competing explanations of conceptualizing, defining, and assessing PLI to develop more systematic knowledge suitable for improving early intervention and diagnosing PLI. Our research included retrieving articles, books, book chapters, encyclopaedia articles, and other published material on conceptualizing, defining, and assessing preschoolers' PLIs from online databases. A total of 133 studies have been identified, divided into two types: 63 studies conceptualizing and assessing PLI in preschoolers and 70 studies conceptualizing and defining PLI without regard to age. They were published between 1983 and 2022. The inclusion of studies in the first group was based upon factors such as the age of participants, clinical settings, and the use of PLI assessment instruments. The second group of studies was selected in accordance with Web of Science, Scopus, and Lens database indicators that indicated who were the most popular authors within the field. This review utilized the PRISMA‐ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. Results indicate that PLI is being conceptualized inconsistently. Three lists of concepts are reported here, with the earliest concept being “semantic‐pragmatic syndrome” and the most prevalent being “PLI” without semantic features. Among the most common misconceptions of PLI is the use of impairment, disorder, deficit, dysfunction, disability, and many other concepts, both within the same publication and among different authors who have written numerous publications in this field. Researchers and clinicians are confused as to the nature of social (pragmatic) communication disorder compared to PLI, owing in part to its inclusion as a competing concept for PLI. As a final point, we argue that using different assessment methods for PLI is a promising approach to hope for consistency in conceptualizing, defining, and assessing PLI in children with neurodevelopmental disorders or others. The vast number of existing studies that seek to conceptualize, define, and assess PLI in preschool children with neurodevelopmental disorders and other conditions illustrates the broad interest in understanding more about the nature and occurrence of this impairment. Further, these studies also highlight some common patterns, discrepancies, and contradictions in relevant language that suggests researchers in all related fields should endeavour to be consistent in the way these concepts are defined and discussed to avoid miscommunication and confusion across and within the professions, as well as decrease the redundancy and overlap of related information. A consistent conception of language development disorders is necessary to obtain clarity in diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and rehabilitation.

Ambraziejus Jonynas: the Bibliographic Index, 1937–2019

This bibliographic index lists all published works by the Lithuanian folklore researcher Ambraziejus Jonynas (1919 02 02 – 2006 07 08), including his books, articles in research publications and encyclopedias, popular academic texts and information published in the dailies and cultural periodicals, compiled and edited publications, series of publications and books, where he was member of the editorial board. Publications about him and his research works are also included.&#x0D; This bibliographic index should help understand and appreciate the Jonynas’ research biography and his role in the Lithuanian folkloristics. In addition, it is an important source for studies of the history of the discipline: the folklorist’s works present vivid illustration of what was relevant during his lifetime. Particularly hard pressure of the Soviet ideology characterized the first decade of Jonynas’ work in the field of folklore research (evident from the titles of the publications). Subsequent decades, during which the researchersʼ self-expression was still rather restricted, saw quite an intense editing of folklore source publications and other compilation works, in which Jonynas’ name also frequently appears: he compiled the publications, edited them or wrote the introductions. His individual research works that are still significant today were published in the late Soviet period. He analyzed interactions between literature and folklore, as well as the Lithuanian folklore historiography. He continued writing on these topics even later, after the restoration of the Lithuanian independence in 1990, giving considerable attention to the biographic facts of Lithuanian folklorists suppressed by the Soviets, and various issues that were important to the Lithuanian folkloristics and its history.&#x0D; Jonynas felt an acute need and wish (or perhaps duty) to contribute to periodicals and cultural press. He used various occasions to introduce folklore collectors and researchers, discuss various issues of folklore survival, preservation, research and promotion. He also saw as his duty to remind of the important facts of the national culture, or at least briefly inform the society of folklorists’ achievements and plans.

Constance M. Furey, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception. Vol. 18: Mass–Midnight

Constance M. Furey, et al., eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception. Vol. 18: Mass–Midnight</i>

A lexico-grammatical comparison of statutory law and popular written language

While the plain language movement has shed light on the lack of readability of statutory texts for the lay person, there has been a lack of empirical methodology employed to determine the ways in which statutory language differs lexico-grammatically from forms of popular language that are familiar to the lay person. With this in mind, the present study conducts a comparative analysis of statutory language and other forms of popular written language (i.e., a corpus of news reports, sports reports, encyclopedia articles, and historical articles) with two goals: 1) to provide a detailed lexico-grammatical description of statutory law independent from other forms of legal writing, and 2) to identify pervasive lexico-grammatical features of statutory language that the lay person has relatively less exposure to in comparison to other written registers. Following a bottom-up selection of lexico-grammatical features for analysis, a key feature analysis is used to identify linguistic features that are more pervasive in statutory law relative to other forms of popular written language as measured through Cohen’s d effect sizes. Results reveal the pervasive use of the passive voice, prepositions, a variety of coordinating conjunctions, the pied-piping wh-relative clause construction, and non-finite -ing and -ed clause constructions in statutory language. These results complement previous research regarding the features that are characteristic of statutory language and help to identify features that potentially contribute to the lack of readability of statutory law.

Revealing the present condition of the literary museums network in Russia, and analyzing peculiar properties of work on a block of articles about the regions for the encyclopedia Literary Museums of Russia

The article discusses the problem of preparing a block of articles about the regions for the encyclopedia Literary Museums of Russia, which is being developed by the Vladimir Dahl Russian State Literary Museum with the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. The process of preparation for the work is described: existing studies on this topic are analyzed, their deficiencies are revealed. The author develops and demonstrates the structure of an encyclopedia article about a region, which implies an integrated approach, and highlights its main parts with brief characteristics of their content. The features of work on each part of the article are considered: existing sources are described, and troublesome places are indicated. The article analyzes the sources of statistical data, including the existing system of statistical observation, and identifies their gaps, shortcomings and weaknesses that make it difficult to conduct a complete and comprehensive analysis and don’t allow to fully identify the total number of museums; the decisions taken in this regard are described. It is revealed how the general population of literary museums was formed (museums recorded in the dictionary of the encyclopedia, as well as identified in the course of work). The territorial distribution (present condition) and the main quantitative parameters of museums of this profile by regions of the country are presented, taking into account all possible museums of this profile group by type of owner (state and non-state). The most developed regional networks of literary museums are identified, and a rating of regions is compiled indicating the number of museums; regions where there is no network of literary museums are designated. The total number of museums of this profile is revealed, the data are compared with 2016.