Racial and Ethnic Differences in Suicide Mortality Among Youth Aged 12-25 Years Following Medical and Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the U.S.

In a context of institutional fragility and rising cross-border threats, this paper analyzes the role of traditional authorities in security regulation in northern Benin. Based on qualitative research conducted in nine vulnerable communes across the Alibori and Atacora departments, the study highlights the forms of intervention of kings, land chiefs, religious dignitaries, and guardians of cults in conflict mediation, violence prevention, and territorial stabilization. Despite their historical and community legitimacy, these actors remain marginalized within state security mechanisms, even after the enactment of Law No. 2025-09, which legally regulates traditional chieftaincy. The analysis offers an anthropological and organizational perspective on the hybridization of legitimacies and argues for inclusive security governance based on cooperation between indigenous knowledge and republican norms.

This study aims to critically analyze the application of the death penalty for terrorism-related crimes in Indonesia from the perspectives of criminal law and human rights. The primary focus is to assess whether capital punishment can be justified as a proportionate law enforcement instrument while remaining consistent with the protection of the right to life as a non-derogable right. This research employs a normative juridical method, utilizing statutory, case-based, and conceptual approaches to examine national legal provisions, judicial decisions, and contemporary theories of punishment in conjunction with international human rights standards. The findings indicate that the death penalty retains juridical legitimacy within Indonesia's positive legal system, particularly following the enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, which introduces a conditional death penalty framework. Nevertheless, the justification of capital punishment based on deterrence theory lacks strong empirical support and raises serious concerns regarding proportionality and the protection of the right to life. This study recommends that the death penalty be strictly positioned as an ultimum remedium, applied in a highly selective manner with rigorous due process guarantees, and complemented by non-penal counterterrorism strategies emphasizing prevention, deradicalization, and a more humane justice-oriented approach.

Rural development has become a strategic pillar in Indonesia’s national agenda following the enactment of Village Law No. 6 of 2014, which empowers villages to manage resources and finances independently. Despite the significant increase in village fund allocations, challenges such as limited administrative capacity, lack of transparency, and data fragmentation persist, particularly in regions like Glumpang Baro Sub-District. This study developed a Geographic Information System (GIS) designed to map and monitor infrastructure projects funded by the village fund program. The system was constructed using the waterfall development model, employing PHP as the main programming language, MySQL as the database management system, and Google Maps API for spatial visualization. Data were collected through observation, documentation, and literature analysis to ensure system relevance and accuracy. The resulting web-based GIS enables centralized storage, real-time access, and transparent reporting of development activities for both administrators and the public. Empirical evaluation shows substantial efficiency improvements: operational costs decreased by 86%, data entry time by 80%, and workforce requirements by 40% compared to the previous manual approach. Beyond technical functionality, the system fosters participatory governance, accountability, and informed decision-making, providing a scalable model for digital transformation in local development management.

This article investigated the implementation of Dual Vocational Training in the Higher-grade Training Cycle in Pre-primary Education, the reasons for choosing this modality, the formative experience, and the educational and employment expectations. A quantitative study was carried out using an ad hoc questionnaire developed in Google Forms, validated, and completed online by students enrolled in dual training programmes in either the first or second year at vocational training centres that had secured dual projects prior to the enactment of Organic Law 3/2022. The results first show that students had a clear predisposition to enrol in Pre-primary Education studies as their first choice. Secondly, the findings underscore the importance of studies in the dual modality due to its strong link with the professional sphere. Finally, the students expressed a positive outlook toward continuing onto university studies after completing the cycle. Preliminary conclusions indicate a positive evaluation of the dual training received in both the educational centre and the workplace. Students particularly appreciate some advantages of this training model for their labour market integration, in studies that remain predominantly feminized.

Purpose This study examines the perceptions of various local stakeholders regarding the Festivity of the Divino Niño del Milagro in Ciudad Eten (Peru), recognized by the Catholic Church as the only Eucharistic miracle in the country, exploring how this religious event influences local identity, governance and tourism development. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study was developed based on semi-structured interviews with ten key stakeholders (municipal authorities, religious leaders, private managers and regional associations). The material was processed through thematic coding supported by ATLAS.ti, complemented with documentary review and secondary sources. Findings The results reveal four major axes: (1) the festivity as an expression of identity and faith, (2) the challenges of institutional coordination and governance, (3) the shortcomings in infrastructure and services for hosting visitors, and (4) the tensions and opportunities arising from the commodification of a devotional practice through tourism. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on a single case and a small number of interviews, which limits generalizability. Future work could include visitor surveys and longitudinal analyses. In addition, there are no official statistics on religious tourism linked to the Festivities of the Divino Niño del Milagro in Ciudad Eten, which could have allowed for solid triangulation. Practical implications The study provides inputs for enhancing collaborative management among the Church, the municipality and private stakeholders, strengthening tourism infrastructure and balancing the needs of the faithful with the dynamics of an emerging destination. Social implications The festivity constitutes a space for cohesion and identity projection, but requires clear guidelines to avoid excessive commercialization and ensure cultural and spiritual sustainability. Originality/value This paper contributes evidence from Latin America to the international debate on religious festivities, tourism governance and the creation of emerging destinations. It is worth mentioning the 2025 scenario, with the enactment of Law No. 32337 recognizing Eten City as “Peru's Eucharistic City” and launching the national route “Paths of Pope Leo XIV,” which restructures the role of the festivity in tourism and cultural policy.

Economic law grows and develops because it is based on the rapid economic activity that exists throughout the world. The purpose and purpose of the birth of this economic law is to regulate and provide restrictions on all forms of economic activities to run according to norms, so as to minimize the neglect of people's rights and interests. This research uses normative juridical method. The purpose of the enactment of economic law in Indonesia is to regulate legal regulations so that pro- people policy making, especially in the field of economic planning, can be easier. In Indonesia's upcoming economic law, which according to the Working Group on Economic Affairs is seen as an issue that is still not sufficiently touched by Indonesian Corporate Law. The field of economics must be handled conceptually, systemically and professionally, but the field of economic law must be in line and in line with policy and decision-making in the field of economics.

Wages are one of the important issues in Labor Law, particularly from the workers' perspective. The enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation in Indonesia, which was later revoked by Law No. 6 of 2023, introduced substantial changes to the structure of Labor Law, specifically in the existence of Alpha Coefficient as a substitute for KHL. This Alpha Coefficient is replacing the KHL and representing functions as an economic index sector variables in Indonesia. This study aims to examine two main issues: first, the legal and conceptual implications of replacing KHL with the Alpha Coefficient in calculating minimum wages; and second, the effect of this change on the authority and role of the Regional Wage Council as part of Indonesia’s fiscal decentralization policy. The research employs a statutory and conceptual approach supported by a review of the development of the national wage system. The findings indicate that the existence of the Alpha Coefficient enhances legal certainty by establishing a definitive parameter in wage calculations, thereby improving workers’ welfare protection. Furthermore, the Regional Wage Council’s position is strengthened through the restoration of tripartite negotiations, ensuring a more balanced and decentralized fiscal and also wage-setting mechanism. The Alpha Coefficient significantly increase the workers wealth by, following the main rights on Indonesian Constitution.

The enactment of Law No. 6 of 2023, which ratified the Job Creation Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu Cipta Kerja), has significantly reshaped Indonesia’s regulatory governance, particularly by streamlining business licensing through national standards. In Aceh, an autonomous region operating under asymmetric decentralization as established by Law No. 11 of 2006, these reforms have created friction with existing qanun, resulting in regulatory disharmony. This study analyzes the functional diffusion of the legislative oversight role of the Regional Representative Council (DPD RI) over licensing-related qanun in Aceh and evaluates its institutional effectiveness within the context of asymmetric decentralization. The research utilizes a juridical-empirical approach and qualitative methods. Data collection involved interviews and document analysis of qanun, DPD regulations, Constitutional Court decisions, and relevant statutory laws. Institutional and comparative analyses were conducted to examine the normative, structural, and functional dimensions of oversight, with references to countries that implement asymmetric decentralization. The findings indicate that DPD oversight in Aceh exemplifies functional diffusion driven by institutional requirements and limited regional coordination. Although symbolically important, its strategic impact is constrained by overlapping authorities, limited mandates, and insufficient stakeholder engagement. Comparative perspectives from Spain, India, and South Africa reveal alternative mechanisms for vertical legal harmonization through judicial or parliamentary means. Strengthening the DPD’s oversight function will require regulatory reform, increased institutional capacity, and enhanced collaboration among stakeholders to achieve substantive legislative oversight.

Although national Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) realization in Indonesia increased following the enactment of the Job Creation Law in 2021, regional FDI realization actually showed a decline in 17 of Indonesia's 34 provinces. Reviews from international organizations such as the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO) suggest the need for analysis to examine the influence of investment-supporting variables on FDI in Indonesia, including the Job Creation Law policy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the variables influencing regional FDI realization in 34 provinces for the 2018-2024 period. The method used is panel data regression with the selected Random Effect Model (REM). The results show that the Household Consumption Expenditure (HCE) as a proxy for market size, non-oil and gas exports as a proxy for openness of market access, the mining sector's GRDP as a proxy for natural resource potential, and the Job Creation Law have a positive effect on regional FDI realization. These results align with eclectic dunning theory. Disparities in FDI realization were also found, regions outside Java Island that experienced high FDI realization were partly due to internal factors such as abundant natural resources, the presence of industrial areas, and product diversification.

Halal certification in the food industry is not merely an administrative matter but represents a sharia mandate (faith), an instrument for building and maintaining consumer trust (trust), and a vital asset in strengthening Indonesia’s position in the global market (market). As the world’s largest Muslim-majority country, Indonesia holds a strategic potential to become the global hub of the Halal Food Industry. However, since the enactment of Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance (JPH Law), a dilemma has emerged due to the dualism of certification pathways: the regular system (through BPJPH–MUI–LPH) and the self-declare system designated for micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Employing a qualitative approach grounded in literature reviews, regulatory analysis, and Halal Food Industry reports, this study integrates a SWOT analysis to assess the strategic position of Indonesia’s halal certification policy. The findings reveal that the strengths of Indonesia’s halal system lie in its large Muslim demographic base and strong foundation of sharia spirituality; weaknesses arise in issues of credibility, halal literacy among MSE actors, and fragmented governance structures; opportunities exist in the economic inclusivity of MSEs, the digitalization of certification via the SIHALAL platform, and the potential for global halal diplomacy; while threats include the risks of halal washing, commodification of halal values, and disharmony with international standards. This study concludes that for Indonesia to realize its vision of becoming the global center of the Halal Food Industry, an integrated policy framework is needed one that harmonizes spiritual aspects (faith), public trust (trust), and global market credibility (market) within a competitive and internationally recognized Halal Integrity System.

This review highlights the pharmaceutical and galenic potential of medical cannabis and the opportunities it offers for the development of Morocco's pharmaceutical industry. Following the enactment of Law 13-21 authorizing the medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial use of cannabis, Morocco has made major progress, including the launch of its first locally produced cannabidiol-based medicine and the signing of a partnership between Mohammed VI Polytechnic University and the National Agency for the Regulation of Cannabis-Related Activities. Therapeutically, cannabinoids show promising applications in pain management, neurological, psychiatric, oncological, and ophthalmic disorders. From a formulation perspective, cannabis can be developed into various dosage forms such as oral solutions, soft capsules, sprays, transdermal patches, buccal films, medicated chewing gums, and inhalation devices. With its strong local manufacturing capacity and high generic drug penetration, Morocco's pharmaceutical ecosystem provides a favorable environment for integrating medical cannabis. Altogether, these factors position Morocco as a strategic regional hub for research, production, and pharmaceutical valorization of medical cannabis.

Fatwas serve as a crucial instrument in guiding the Muslim community toward a sound understanding and practice of Islamic law, particularly in addressing complex contemporary issues. Historically, the compilation of fatwas has been an important mechanism to facilitate scholarly reference and public access, whether reflecting specific schools of thought or individual scholarly opinions. In Perlis, the Fatwa Committee, established under the Administration of Islamic Law Enactment 1964, has produced a series of responsive fatwas grounded in valid ijtihad and informed by the Fiqh of the Early Three Generations and Comparative Fiqh, without being confined to a single madhhab. Despite this progressive approach, challenges persist in terms of documentation, fragmented storage, and the lack of efficient retrieval systems. With the advancement of information technology, digital compilation has become essential to ensure accessible, accurate, and user-friendly fatwa references. The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) further enhances this initiative through intelligent databases capable of keyword-based search, semantic analysis, and automated generation of responses derived from authentic sources. This study underscores the significance of digital fatwa compilation in strengthening the role of fatwas as authoritative references while preserving the Islamic intellectual tradition in a form that aligns with the demands of the digital and AI era.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze, through a literature review, the foundations, advances, challenges, and prospects of the PNSB and the Smiling Brazil Program. This is a narrative review based on publications published between 2014 and 2024, available in Portuguese and with free access, consulted in databases such as Google Scholar and LILACS, considering articles, official documents, and studies relevant to public health management. The results showed that the policy enabled the expansion of dental coverage through the inclusion of Oral Health Teams in Primary Care, the creation of Dental Specialty Centers (CEOs) and Regional Dental Prosthesis Laboratories (LRPD), and the enactment of Law No. 14,572/2023, which guaranteed legal support and continuity for these actions. However, challenges remain, such as regional inequalities, infrastructure deficits in remote areas, a lack of systematic monitoring, and insufficient ongoing training of professionals. The conclusion is that the PNSB and the Brasil Sorridente program constitute a public policy of great social relevance, which strengthens the SUS and promotes greater equity in access to oral health. However, they require innovative management, prevention, and evaluation strategies to increase their effectiveness and sustainability. KEYWORDS: Public Health, Health Policies, Primary Care, Equity.

In recent years, most countries have witnessed changes in their intellectual property rights challenges. Intellectual rights of both individuals and companies are now entitled to stringent laws that encompass civil and criminal protection of trademarks passing through the desert of people and groups in societies, trademarks that are to be safeguarded against creativity and ideas. This has reached the point where international agreements and treaties have been drawn between nations, compelling them to observe the rights of other nations in the sphere of trademarks of any type. This paper, titled: "Standards of trademarks (famous and ordinary) under IP agreements (TRIPS, WIPO) and related rights, " will help to illuminate the picture of intellectual property rights and the degree to which the latter enjoys protection, in provisions of related rights, including trademarks. In his research, the researcher discovered that respect for trademarks has been greatly attended to in the enactment of laws and regulations within countries as well as in the international treaties and agreements between countries, bearing in mind the fact that the protection of such rights is a component of the personality of the individual and entities. Some of these agreements include the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property (WIPO). The same has been given to ordinary and famous trademarks, which have been given the largest proportion of this legal protection as a distinction of one product over another. Their infringement, as well as imitations or utilization by others, is detrimental to the producer, consumer, and the state as a whole. This damages the maker of the products when people are no longer able to market their products and merchants in their trade. This also adversely affects consumers. Well-known trademarks are afforded through civil protection within a country. and criminal prosecution of someone who tries to use it in other ways. By the end of the research, the researchers came to a list of conclusions and recommendations.

This study examined how legislation regarding euthanasia legalization influences individuals’ psychological responses, focusing on slippery slope concerns and expectations regarding human dignity. In a preregistered experiment, 294 Japanese adults were recruited online and randomly assigned to legalization or control conditions; the final sample comprised 230 adults. Participants in the legalization condition read a simulated news article about the enactment of a euthanasia law; the control group received no such framing. Results contradicted initial hypotheses; legalization significantly decreased slippery slope concerns and did not affect dignity expectations. Even in scenarios outside legal boundaries—including depression or poverty—support for euthanasia increased, indicating a “slippery slope” beyond institutional limits. This study provides preliminary evidence that emotional ambivalence shapes public responses to end-of-life legislation. Presenting legal frameworks clearly can build trust and reduce concerns about ethical drift. The findings highlight the importance of affective mechanisms in designing and communicating ethically sensitive public policies.

ABSTRACT This paper sets out a repertoire of repression operating to criminalise and repress recent climate and environmental protest globally. Deploying a novel mixed methods approach, involving a comparative quantitative and qualitative analysis of a sample of 14 countries, we identify that repression and criminalisation are global phenomena – spanning the Global South and North. The repertoire of repression includes: i) enactments of new anti-protest laws; ii) creative and strategic use of existing legislation and legal processes; iii) police action, such as arrests, surveillance, harassment and other forms of police violence; iv) disappearances and killings; and v) vilification. We argue that this repression is a complex eco-system involving state and non-state actors, laws and legal processes, social and media discourses which operate to deplete, deter and delegitimise protest, and distract attention from violent or harmful political structures.

Culturally sanctioned practices and abuses in marriage prompted the enactment of Anti Dowry Law (Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, IPC §498A) in India. Section 498A (1983) dowry related cruelty as a cognizable, non bailable, and non compoundable offense. However, the enactment has not gone without scrutiny. Much criticism has been leveled at the legislation’s noncom-pounding evidence and arrest clause, which result in the high probability of mass arrests, with little to no charges pressed. For instance, in 2012, official statistics indicated that of the approximately 200,000 people (47,951 women) who fell victim to dowry laws, 85% went without conviction. Such statistics exacerbates the issue that the system is misused and, as one commentator, the result of which is Section 498A “an alarming number of people, desperate to be liberated, caught in the web of the misused criminal justice system.”

Islamic education in Indonesia has tended to change over time. In the pre-independence era, Islamic education consisted of Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and halaqoh (religious study groups). During this period, the educational model remained classical and one-way. The kiyai, as the central teacher, taught his students through lectures in mosques, prayer rooms, or on the steps of the pesantren classrooms. However, with the advent of independence, the educational model of pesantren began to change to adapt to the times. This was especially true after the enactment of Law No. 4 of 1950 concerning Islamic Religious Education in Schools. Consequently, some Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) began reconstructing their learning models and curricula to align with government policies that allowed Islamic boarding schools to provide formal education, including junior high and senior high schools (SMP), MTs (Islamic junior high schools), and MA (Islamic junior high schools). This reconstruction also shifted the paradigm of Islamic boarding school education. The classical methods initially taught began to be updated with the addition of general subjects. However, there are certainly many challenges faced in the struggle for education in this Islamic boarding school. In this study, the researcher concluded that the Daarul Muwahhidiin Islamic boarding school provides an integrated education between classical and modern methods, which can be seen from the schools of thought that influence the development of the curriculum and the integrated curriculum structure in this Islamic boarding school. There are challenges in the form of difficulties in adapting for teachers teaching Islamic boarding school subjects when using learning media, while opportunities for Islamic boarding schools as character resilience amidst the decline in moral values ​​​​of society. This study used a descriptive qualitative method by conducting interviews, observations, and documentation to obtain research data.

The main issue in Indonesia's national inheritance law system lies in the lack of recognition of adopted children as legitimate heirs in the absence of a will, as stipulated in Article 832 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), which limits inheritance rights exclusively to blood relatives. This provision creates significant inequality and discrimination against adopted children, as they are legally excluded from inheritance rights unless granted through a testamentary gift a mechanism that is limited in amount and not automatically applied. This study aims to examine the urgency of reconstructing the national inheritance law system to ensure equal legal protection for adopted children. The research employs a normative legal method, using both normative juridical and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) and a juridical gap between existing positive legal norms and the principles of human rights and child protection. The current national inheritance system fails to provide adequate legal recognition of adopted children as part of the family in the context of inheritance. Therefore, a reconstruction of the national inheritance law is necessary one that incorporates the principles of caregiving and child welfare as the basis for recognizing family relationships, rather than relying solely on biological ties. Strategic approaches may include the addition of new norms to the Civil Code or the enactment of a National Inheritance Law that explicitly acknowledges the inheritance rights of adopted children. In addition, such inheritance law reform must be supported by strengthening protective mechanisms through the judicial system and social institutions, ensuring that adopted children can obtain legal certainty, substantive justice, and equal treatment before the law.