Employment Status Of Husband Research Articles

Analysis Of Factors Affecting Job Participation and Income Of Female Migrant Workers In Denpasar City

Migration is one of the three components of population growth besides births and deaths. The large number of migrants in Bali Province, especially Denpasar City, indicates that the decision to migrate is quite high. Looking at the composition of the female migrant population, which dominates, this shows that the number of women migrating to Denpasar City is higher than the male population. This research aims to analyze the direct and indirect influence of education level, number of dependents and husband's employment status on the amount of working hours and income of female migrant workers. The number of samples used in this research was 100 samples. The analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis techniques and path analysis. The results of this study show that the level of education and number of family dependents have a positive effect on the amount of working hours, work experience does not have a negative effect on the amount of working hours, female migrant workers with the employment status of working husbands devote fewer working hours compared to respondents whose husbands do not work. , level of education, work experience and number of family dependents have a positive effect on income, female migrant workers with employment status and working husbands earn lower income than respondents whose husbands do not work, the number of hours worked has a positive effect on income, the number of hours worked mediates the effect education level, work experience, number of family dependents and husband's employment status on the income of female migrant workers.

Yoga among Antenatal Women: A Cross-sectional Study at Rapti Provincial Hospital, Nepal.

Yoga practice during pregnancy offers numerous benefits for maternal and fetal health, yet its prevalence and acceptance among pregnant women in Nepal remain understudied. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of yoga practice and its acceptance as part of antenatal care (ANC) among pregnant women attending ANC at Rapti Provincial Hospital, Dang, Nepal. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the ANC unit of Rapti Provincial Hospital, involving pregnant women attending ANC visits. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic variables, family and health history, and yoga practice. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Among 227 respondents, 16.7% practiced yoga during pregnancy, with 50.2% perceiving acceptance of yoga in ANC. The practice and acceptability of yoga in pregnancy were significantly associated with age, ethnicity, age at marriage, husband's age, employment status, husband's employment status, and prepregnancy yoga practice in bivariate analysis. While taking those factors in multivariate analysis, practice was found to be associated with husbands' employment status and prepregnancy yoga practice and acceptability was found to be associated with ethnicity, husbands' employment status, and prepregnancy yoga practice. The study revealed the low yoga prevalence among pregnant Nepalese women, necessitating targeted interventions for its promotion during pregnancy. Integrating yoga into routine ANC could enhance maternal and fetal outcomes by educating women about its benefits and fostering supportive environments for practice.

Machine learning study using 2020 SDHS data to determine poverty determinants in Somalia

Extensive research has been conducted on poverty in developing countries using conventional regression analysis, which has limited prediction capability. This study aims to address this gap by applying advanced machine learning (ML) methods to predict poverty in Somalia. Utilizing data from the first-ever 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS), a cross-sectional study design is considered. ML methods, including random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression, are tested and applied using R software version 4.1.2, while conventional methods are analyzed using STATA version 17. Evaluation metrics, such as confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, recall, F1 score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), are employed to assess the performance of predictive models. The prevalence of poverty in Somalia is notable, with approximately seven out of ten Somalis living in poverty, making it one of the highest rates in the region. Among nomadic pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, and internally displaced persons (IDPs), the poverty average stands at 69%, while urban areas have a lower poverty rate of 60%. The accuracy of prediction ranged between 67.21% and 98.36% for the advanced ML methods, with the RF model demonstrating the best performance. The results reveal geographical region, household size, respondent age group, husband employment status, age of household head, and place of residence as the top six predictors of poverty in Somalia. The findings highlight the potential of ML methods to predict poverty and uncover hidden information that traditional statistical methods cannot detect, with the RF model identified as the best classifier for predicting poverty in Somalia.

Factors associated with bypassing primary healthcare facilities for childbirth among women in Devchuli municipality of Nepal.

It is crucial to deliver a child at nearby primary healthcare facilities to prevent subsequent maternal or neonatal complications. In low-resource settings, such as Nepal, it is customary to forgo the neighboring primary healthcare facilities for child delivery. Reports are scanty about the extent and reasons for bypassing local health centers in Nepal. This study sought to determine the prevalence and contributing factors among women bypassing primary healthcare facilities for childbirth. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the Devchuli municipality of Nawalparasi East district of Nepal. Utilizing an online data collection tool, structured interviews were conducted among 314 mothers having a child who is less than one year of age. This study showed that 58.9% of the respondents chose to bypass their nearest primary healthcare facility to deliver their babies in secondary or tertiary hospitals. Respondent's husband's employment status; informal employment (AOR: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.8-10.2) and formal employment (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.5-6.8), wealth quintile (AOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.7-7.7), parity (AOR): 3.0; 95% CI: 1.6-5.7], distance to nearest primary healthcare facility by the usual mode of transportation (AOR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5-5.6) and perceived service quality of primary healthcare facility (AOR: 3.759; 95% CI: 2.0-7.0) were associated with greater likelihood of bypassing primary healthcare facility. Enhancing the quality of care, and informing beneficiaries about the importance of delivering children at primary healthcare facilities are essential for improving maternal service utilization at local primary healthcare facilities.

Men's involvement in family planning programs and associated factors from the perspective of women in Afghanistan; a case study

ObjectivesFamily planning is a cornerstone to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. However, men's involvement in family planning has been a challenge in many countries. This study aimed to investigate the participation of men in the family planning programs and related factors from the perspective of women referring to family planning organizations in Herat, Afghanistan 2021. MethodsThe study had a cross-sectional design. The participants of the study consisted of 544 married women aged 15-49 years selected by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess the participation of men in family planning programs. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and analytical methods including Mann-Whitney and Pearson Chi-Square tests were applied in SPSS 21. The answers to the open-end questions were analyzed, coded and classified in two main categories. ResultsThe average age of study participants was 28(±10) years and a significant proportion of them were illiterate (48.5%). Most of the participants were housewives (83.6%) and their husbands were non-professional workers (39.9%). The husbands participated in family planning programs by choosing the type of contraception (29.2%), provision of contraceptives (29.6%) and supporting their wives using them (49.3%). There were statistically significant relationships between women's and their husband's education level, and husband's employment status with the type of participation in family planning. The main incentives for Afghan men to participate family planning were the increased attention of families to the education and needs of children and the health and welfare of the wives. However, cultural norms supporting larger families, the desire for having boy children, the fear of contraception's side effects and religious prohibitions discourage them in using family planning methods. ConclusionA large number of the respondents stated that their spouse participated in family planning programs. It shows the importance and success of family planning centers in promoting sexual and reproductive health and family planning. Study showed that various factors affected men's participation in family planning programs. Recognition of these factors can help policy makers in designing behavioral interventions based on social marketing, and enhancing the effectiveness of these programs.

Determinants Of Women’s Employment Participation Who Have Toddler In East Java During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The current COVID-19 pandemic situation has had an unfavorable impact on Indonesia's employment issues, especially women's employment. Women's work participation is needed to help improve the family's economy during the pandemic. The presence of toddler the household will affect a woman's decision to enter the labor market, because women are faced with a choice between raising children or working. Using Susenas 2021 data, this study aims to exemine the determinants of women's work participation who have toddler in East Java during the Covid 19 pandemic. Based on the results of binary logistic regression, it is known that age, education, area of residence, internet use, household poverty status, husband's employment status in East Java have a significant effect on the participation of women who have toddler in East Java during the Covid 19 pandemic. While the number of members has no significant effect. From this research, it is necessary to implement policies that make it easier for women with toddlers to enter the labor market that favors mothers with working toddlers such as policies on working time, sick leave, maternity leave, and exclusive breastfeeding.

Prevalence of postpartum depression and its associated factors within a year after birth in Semey, Kazakhstan: A cross sectional study

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a depressive disorder that occurs after childbirth and can last until a year after delivery. The global prevalence of PPD among mothers is between 0.5% and 63.3%. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression within a year after birth among mothers in Semey (Kazakhstan) and identify the factors associated with it. MethodsA cross-sectional study covering 251 women within one year after delivery was conducted in five Primary Healthcare Centers in Semey. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for assessing PPD was used. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25. The statistical significance and magnitude of the relationships between dependent and independent variables were conducted using chi-square and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. ResultsThe prevalence of PPD within a year after delivery was estimated as 59.4%. Factors including accommodation type (p = 0.021), satisfaction with living conditions (p = 0.001), relationship with mother-in-law (p = 0.013), the interest of the patronage service about the psychological state of a woman after childbirth (p = 0.001) and husband employment status (p = 0.04) showed significant positive association with PPD. ConclusionThe high prevalence rate of PPD and associated risk factors imply the need for strengthening and improving of postpartum care program in country. Further research on the experiences and the level of antenatal depression among women will be needed to understand and prevent any possible depressions in prenatal and postpartum periods.

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WAKTU KERJA PEREMPUAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA PADA INDUSTRI KERAJINAN KAYU DESA MAS

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of work experience, number of family dependents and husband's employment status on the allocation of women's working time in the wood craft industry in Mas Village; the effect of work experience, number of family dependents, husband's employment status and allocation of women's working time on family welfare in the wood craft industry in Mas Village; and the role of women's work time allocation in mediating the effect of work experience and number of family dependents and husband's employment status on family welfare in the wood craft industry in Mas Village. Data were obtained using observation and interview methods, with a total sample of 97 people which were then analyzed using path analysis. The results showed that work experience had a non-positive or non significant effect on the allocation of women's working time, while the number of family dependents had a positive and significant effect on the allocation of women's working time, and husbands who had employment status had a lower allocation of women's working time than husbands who did not work; Work experience, number of dependents in the family has no effect on family welfare, while husbands who have employment status work have higher family welfare than husbands who do not work, and the allocation of women's working time has a positive and significant effect on family welfare; Work experience, number of family dependents and husband's employment status indirectly affect family welfare through the allocation of women's working time, in other words, women's work time allocation is an intervening variable that mediates work experience, number of family dependents and husband's employment status on women's working time allocation. . Meanwhile, the husband's employment status has no direct effect on family welfare.

Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Among Pregnant Women in the Poor Neighborhoods of Hamadan, Iran

Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs in all settings, especially in poor neighborhoods. It is considered to be a serious public health concern with serious consequences in the short and long term for abused women because of distinct barriers in obtaining support sources. Therefore this cross-sectional study focuses on the prevalence and the determinants of IPV among pregnant women residents in poor neighborhoods. Overall, 63.8% experienced at least one type of IPV. Also, educational status, family's monthly income, husband's employment status, and having a smoker husband were found to be important predictors of IPV against pregnant women. A better understanding of social determinants of violence can help decision-makers in developing effective policies. It is crucial to prioritize the poor neighborhoods for future interventions to reduce IPV imposed during pregnancy.

Assessment of Depression among the Housewives of Alcohol Consuming Husbands in Selected Community Areas, Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu

Assessment of depression among the housewives of alcohol consuming husbands in selected community areas, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu. Aim of the study is to Assessment of depression among house wives. The objectives are to determine the level of depression among house wives of alcohol consuming husband, to find out the association between the level of depression with their selected demographic variables of the house wives of alcohol consuming husband.169 samples are selected by purposive sampling techniques. Data collected by using Beck’s Depression scale. The data collected period was for one week. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed. Descriptive and inferential statistical were used. The results are majority 53% of house wives having depression and Minority 47% of house wives did not having depression. Assessment of demographic variables regard to Factors associated with the level of depression among the demographic variables, Family type,family monthly income ,Frequency of consuming alcohol,Variables like Age,Educational status of wife, Educational status of husband, Employment status of husband,Problem after alcohol consumption,Physically abuse after consumption of those Demographic variables doesn’t has significant association.

Prevalence of spousal violence among married women in a rural area in North Kerala.

Background:Domestic violence has substantial public health consequences. More than one-third of women globally suffer from physical and sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner with a lifetime prevalence of 10%–69%. In India, 28.8% of the ever-married women in the reproductive age group, reported domestic violence. Although Kerala, in southern India, performs better than other Indian states on a host of human development indicators for women, 15.8% among the women in this group have ever experienced physical or sexual violence in the past 12 months, the most common perpetrator being the husband.Methodology:A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the ever-married women, residing in a selected area of northern Kerala, who have been married for at least 1 year. One to one structured interview was conducted with a pretested structured questionnaire by the investigator. Spousal violence was defined as proportion of ever-married women with a lifetime experience of violence perpetrated by their spouse, manifested through acts of physical, sexual, and/or emotional violence, even threat.Results:A total of 290 women were interviewed. The age of the participants ranged from 18 years to 64 years; majority were Muslims. Only 16.5% were college-educated and over 90% were homemakers. 29% reported having experienced spousal violence; with the most common being emotional violence (19%) closely followed by sexual violence (18.6%) and physical violence (14.8%). A little over one-third (39.7%) reported controlling behaviour of their husband. Age of the participant (P = 0.019), absence of social support (P = 0.034), employment status of husband (P = 0.026), controlling behaviour of husband (P < 0.001), alcohol abuse by husband (P = 0.004) and extra-marital relationship of spouse (P < 0.001) were found to have significant influence on spousal violence experience.Conclusion:More than a quarter of the married women in this rural setting have experienced one or the other form of violence.Recommendation:A multifaceted approach needs to be employed which takes into consideration legal measures, social sciences, women empowerment, mental health systems and educate the men to curb this menace.

Socioeconomic status on pregnancy outcomes in Indian scenario

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the main components related with clinical outcomes. At the point when SES is low, clinical consideration is lacking and this has been credited to unfriendly results include anemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of obstetrics and gynecology and the Department of Community Medicine of a private Hospital, for one year. Data was collected using a questionnaire by interview. Study variables included monthly income (i.e. &lt;Rs. 6000, 6000-12000 and &gt;Rs. 12000) lifestyle, eating habits and type and amount of food consumed, a pattern of health care utilization, chronic illness, history of illicit and employment status of husband and women.Results: In the current study, the majority of 83 (67.4%) participants were between 18 and 19 years of age, with their mean age being 18.1±2.3 years, and 108 (87.8%) were Hindus by religion. As many as 113 (91.8%) teens were housewives and 42 (34.1%) of their husbands were factory workers. Most 59 (47.9%) of the teens belonged to class IV socioeconomic status as per modified BG Prasad classification and 93 (75.6%) were living in a joint family.Conclusions: The mean age of participants was 18.1 years, and that of marriage was 17 years and this occurrence of pregnancy in teenagers leads to adverse outcomes. Thus, periodic information, education and communication activities have to be held, and the child marriage act has to be strictly enforced to improve their health.

Anxiety and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic's Delay Phase.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged in Wuhan, China and has spread all over the world and affected global mental health. Pregnant women may be particularly vulnerable and experience high levels of distress during an infectious disease outbreak. The aim of this study was to determine anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study surveyed a total of 283 pregnant women within the period of May 11 to May 28,2020. During their regular antenatal visit, pregnant women were invited to participate in the study. The self-created personal information form was used to assess the main characteristics of the participants. Anxiety and PTSD symptoms of the pregnant women were measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), respectively. The mean age of the pregnant women was 29.20±5.55 years. Regarding gestational age, 72 (25.4%), 86 (30.4) and 125 (44.2) were in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. The mean gestational age was 23.82±11.05 weeks. The mean STAI-S and STAI-T scores were 39.52±10.56 within the cut-off value (39-40) of the instrument and 42.74±8.33, respectively. Furthermore, the mean total IES-R score was 36.60±15.65 within the cut-off value (24) of the instrument. Multiple regression analysis revealed that pregnancy complication (p=0.01) and employment status of husband (p=0.04) were the best predictors of state anxiety. Additionally, the presence of COVID-19-related symptoms (p=0.01) and educational level (p=0.01) were found to predict PTSD symptoms. Pregnant women would be likely to experience high levels of anxiety and PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic's delay phase. The results should sensitize the medical team to increased anxiety and PTDS symptoms of the pregnant women in order to prevent negative outcomes for women and their fetuses.

Bayesian Multilevel Analysis of Utilization of Antenatal Care Services in Ethiopia.

In sub-Saharan Africa, 72% of pregnant women received an antenatal care visit at least once in their pregnancy period. Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in sub-Saharan African countries. So, this high maternal mortality levels remain a major public health problem. According to EDHS, 2016, the antenatal care (ANC), delivery care (DC), and postnatal care (PNC) were 62%, 73%, and 13%, respectively, indicating that ANC is in a low level. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors that affect the utilization of antenatal care services in Ethiopia using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. The data used for this study comes from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey which was conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). The statistical method of data analysis used for this study is the Bayesian multilevel binary logistic regression model in general and the Bayesian multilevel logistic regression for the random coefficient model in particular. The convergences of parameters are estimated by using Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) using SPSS and MLwiN software. The descriptive result revealed that out of the 7171 women who are supposed to use ANC services, 2479 (34.6%) women were not receiving ANC services, while 4692 (65.4%) women were receiving ANC services. Moreover, women in the Somali and Afar regions are the least users of ANC. Using the Bayesian multilevel binary logistic regression of random coefficient model factors, place of residence, religion, educational attainment of women, husband educational level, employment status of husband, beat, household wealth index, and birth order were found to be the significant factors for usage of ANC. Regional variation in the usage of ANC was significant.

Time for action: Intimate partner violence troubles one third of Ethiopian women.

BackgroundIntimate partner violence is a major challenges faced by women especially in developing world. Its consequences range from personal health problems up to countrywide loss of productivity and poverty. There is limited empirical evidence documenting intimate partner violence and underlying reasons in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of intimate partner violence and associated factors in Ethiopia.MethodsWe analyzed the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. About 2,750 women aged 15–49 years were included in the survey. Intimate partner violence was measured in three dimensions: physical, emotional and sexual violence. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to identify independent predictors. Variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with dimensions of violence. All analysis were adjusted for clusters and sample weights.ResultsOverall 32.5% of Ethiopian women experienced at least one type of intimate partner violence. Physical and emotional violence were each experienced by 22.5% of the women, while 9.6% of the study participants encountered sexual violence. The age difference between a woman and her intimate partner has a positive effect on emotional and sexual violence while the opposite is true for physical violence. Moreover, physical violence was significantly associated with place of residence, and husband education. Both emotional and sexual violence were predicted by wealth of the household and husband’s employment status. In addition to these, lower educational status of the partner affects emotional violence positively.ConclusionSubstantial proportion of women in Ethiopia continue to suffer from intimate partner violence. Physical and emotional violence were much more common than sexual violence. In the light of determinants, we have reported in here, we recommend empowering women in all realm of life by improving their socio-economic status with focus to their educational and economic status.

Exposure to secondhand smoke in Iranian pregnant women at home and the related factors.

INTRODUCTIONFetus health is of high importance in pregnant women and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) endangers maternal and fetal health. Therefore, in this study we examined the prevalence of exposure to SHS in pregnant women at home and the related factors.METHODSThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 255 pregnant women who were referred to the Isfahan health care center from July to September 2018. A questionnaire that was designed by the research team was applied to collect data about the participants’ prevalence of exposure, attitude-emotional dimension, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barriers. The questionnaire used was self-administered. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach’s alpha of attitude-emotional dimension, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barriers were also calculated as 0.81, 0.91, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively. Statistically significant differences were examined using chi-squared test and Mann-Whitney test.RESULTSWe found that the prevalence of exposure to SHS in pregnant women was 23.1%. The age of the husband (p=0.041), education level of the smoking husband (p=0.005), the education level of the pregnant woman (p=0.002), employment status of husband (p=0.010), and whether the pregnancy was planned (p=0.010) had significant association with the participant prevalence of exposure to SHS. Thus, older age of husbands, lower education levels of husbands and wives, unwanted pregnancies, and unemployment of husbands resulted in higher exposure to SHS. The mean scores of knowledge and perceptions were lower in women exposed to smoke than in non-exposed women (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe rate of SHS exposure was high in pregnant women. The knowledge and perception scores of exposed women to SHS were lower than those of non-exposed women. Low levels of education of husbands and women, unemployment and higher age of husbands, and unwanted pregnancies were considered as health risk factors. Therefore, effective training programs should be designed to educate pregnant women and their husbands.

Ispitivanje faktora koji utiču na seksualnu funkciju kod žena u reproduktivnom periodu koje su upućene na Kliniku za ženske bolesti Hakim Nejšabur 2015. godine u Iranu

The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the sexual function of women of reproductive age with reference to the adverse effects of sexual dysfunction in women and its consequences on family life. This research was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014-2015 and the study population included married women with stable sexual activities (at least for the last four weeks) referred to Women's Clinics of Hakim Neyshabur Hospital, Iran. The criteria for this study were as follows: being at the fertility age, being married and having regular sexual activity during the last four weeks. The study also included the women with a history of vaginal surgery, uterine surgery, vaginal or uterine anomalies, mental illness, any use of psychoactive or narcotic drugs. A standard questionnaire for women's sexual function (FSFI) was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software, chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance. The findings showed that the prevalence of sexual dysfunction was significantly related to the level of education, husband's employment status, family income, specific diseases, and husband's education (p < 0.05). Moreover, the highest prevalence was found for orgasmic disorder, lubrication disorder, libido disorder, stimulation disorder, and sexual dysfunction. Sexual abnormalities are highly prevalent in women of reproductive age, and the establishment of counseling and educational centers to identify these women and their needs seem to be necessary.

Health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy, delivery and the postnatal period in Bangladesh: Assessing the compliance with WHO recommendations

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends four antenatal care (ANC) visits, delivery in a health facility and three postnatal care (PNC) visits for women to optimize the maternal health outcomes. ObjectivesTo examine the level and determinants of maternal health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy, delivery and the postnatal period, and assess the compliance with the WHO recommended levels of care in Bangladesh. Design/settingThe study is based on secondary analysis of the data obtained from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). The 2014 BDHS was a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of 17,863 ever-married women aged 15–49 years. The sample was selected following a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design. ParticipantsThe dataset from a subsample of 4.627 ever-married women who had delivered their last birth within three years before the survey were included in the analysis to meet the objectives of the study. AnalysisDescriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression model were used for data analysis. FindingsIt has been observed that only 31% mothers had recommended four or more ANC visits, 37% births were delivered at health facilities, and 65% mothers received at least one PNC visit. Only 18.0% mothers received the WHO recommended optimal level of four or more ANC visits, births in a health facility and at least one PNC visit. Mothers aged less than 20 years, living in rural area, having no education and media exposure, multiparous, poor wealth status, husband with no education and husband's employment status appeared as significant predictors of optimal level maternal health care after adjusting for other factors. Mothers living in Sylhet, Chittagong and Barisal regions were less likely to receive the optimum level health care. Key conclusionUtilization of maternal health care during pregnancy, delivery and the postnatal period among Bangladeshi women does not reflect the complete compliance with the WHO recommendations. Further studies are needed to identify the reasons for underutilization of optimum level maternal care practice in Bangladesh. Implication for practiceThe findings underscore the need for targeted intervention for those groups of mothers who were identified as having lowest level of maternal care across the continuum of care.

Violence against women: prevalence and risk factors in Turkish sample

BackgroundThis study reports on a large cross-sectional study of violence against women in Turkey, and outlines the risk factors associated with intimate partner violence. The purpose of this study was to identify in order to evaluate the domestic violence against women living in Manisa and to determine the risk factors affecting this situation.MethodsWe implemented a cross-sectional descriptive study in the Manisa province of Turkey. The research data were collected by using a “Women’s Information Form” consisting of 32 items, and “Scale of Domestic Violence Against Women”. The study was conducted with 1760 women who complied with the inclusion criteria.ResultsIt was determined that score averages of 30.0% of women from the scale of domestic violence against women were above the score average of the scale (71.38 ± 10.71) and they were exposed to violence more than the others. A statistically significant difference was obtained in the statistical analysis made between score averages from the scale of domestic violence against women and such variables as age, education, employment status, social insurance, immigration status, place of residence, marital age, year of marriage of women; age, education status, employment status of husband; and whether the husband has another wife (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIt was also found out that the rate of domestic violence against women is high, women does not perceive many behaviors of their husbands as violence, and the most important factor leading to this situation is social status. It is believed that the results of the study will be a guidance to local authorities, formal and voluntary organizations, educational institutions, and relevant researchers in the prevention of violence against women.

Longitudinal study of stress, social support, and depression in married Arab immigrant women

ABSTRACTUsing a stress and social support framework, this study explored the trajectory of depression in 388 married Arab immigrant women. The women provided three panels of data approximately 18 months apart. Depression at Time 3 was regressed on Time 1 depression, socio-demographic variables, and rate of change over time in stress and social support. The regression model was significant and accounted for 41.16% of the variation in Time 3 depression scores. Time 1 depression, English reading ability, husband's employment status, changes over time in immigration demands, daily hassles, and social support from friends were associated with Time 3 depression.