This study aimed to collect data of national dental associations (NDAs) on workforce composition, employment patterns, academic representation, specialization, and women's participation in leadership roles. A validated online-questionnaire was distributed to 189 NDAs across 133 countries within the FDI World Dental Federation-section Women-Dentists-Worldwide. Responses were categorized into five geo-areas. χ² tests and multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine the independent correlations between sex distribution, specialization, pay disparities, and career progression. Forty-four NDAs from 37 countries participated (23.3%). In 80% of NDAs, women represented >50% of dental students; in 44.5% enrolment exceeded 60%. Female specialization rates varied by region (Europe 24.6%, Central/North America 19.1%, Asia 15.3%), while women remained underrepresented in surgical fields (1.5%-2.9%). Leadership representation was limited: 34.2% of NDAs reported 0% to 20% female professors and 24.4% reported 21% to 40%. Female deans were reported in 41.5% (0%-20%), 19.5% (21%-40%), and 12.2% (81%-100%) of NDAs. In scientific associations, 43.2% reported 0% to 20% female presidents, 11.4% reported 81% to 100%. Council representation clustered at 0-20% (22.7%) and 21-40% (31.8%); assemblies at 13.6% (0%-20%), 29.5% (21%-40%) and 22.7% (41%-60%). Regarding gender-based pay, 67.6% of NDAs reported no differences, 29.7% report no data, only one NDA reported a 35% pay gap in private sector. Despite high female student representation, women remain underrepresented in academic and professional leadership. Reported barriers included uneven family responsibilities and limited mentoring. These findings highlight the need for structural measures that support equitable career development and inclusive policies in dentistry. Although women increasingly study dentistry worldwide, they remain underrepresented in specializations and leadership positions, potentially affecting workforce composition, academic career, and organizational structures. Structural measures are essential to promote equitable career development and inclusive policies within the dental profession.

ABSTRACT While the federal work-study program is one of the longest-standing forms of federal financial aid for higher education, it remains understudied due to limited data availability and policy details, particularly because the program is administered at the institutional level. Students also self-select into the program, and a major challenge in prior research has been identifying an exogenous source of variation in participation. This study addresses these gaps by leveraging administrative records for 26,871 students, including demographics, financial aid, academic records, and on-campus employment and payroll data, along with information on financial aid packaging. Using the expected family contribution cutoff for federal work-study eligibility, I employ a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to estimate program effects on first-year GPA, second-year retention, and average weekly work hours and earnings from on-campus employment. Findings indicate that students offered federal work-study differ demographically from those who decline their offers. Differences in on-campus employment patterns (e.g., job type, hours, and earnings) are substantial between students with and without federal work-study offers. Although program participants exhibit the most intensive work patterns (more jobs and longer hours) among on-campus employees, participation shows no negative effects on academic outcomes. No heterogeneous program effects are observed across student subgroups.

Work preferences and well-being in emerging economies: A latent class analysis of employment patterns and leadership.

Employment Stability for People with Traumatic Brain Injury Predicted by Vocational Rehabilitation, Rurality, and Transportation Independence.

This study focuses on examining the social security provisions available to gig workers in India under the Code on Social Security, 2020. The rapid growth of the gig economy has transformed employment patterns by creating flexible, short-term, and platform-based work opportunities. However, gig workers often remain outside traditional social security systems, making their protection a major concern. Although the law provides benefits such as health insurance, maternity support, and old-age protection, there is limited awareness among gig workers. Many workers are not fully informed about registration procedures or how to access these benefits. The study aims to analyze awareness levels, understand registration processes, evaluate accessibility of benefits, and identify key challenges faced by gig workers. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from 110 gig workers in Pune using structured questionnaires. Secondary data was collected from journals, books, and online sources. The findings reveal a significant gap between policy provisions and actual implementation. Many workers face difficulties in accessing benefits due to lack of awareness and complex procedures. Keywords- Gig Economy, Gig Workers, Social Security, Code on Social Security, 2020, Platform Workers, e-Shram Portal, Labour Laws, Unorganized Sector, Welfare Schemes, Implementation Challenges

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented disruptions to global economies, employment patterns, and business operations. Amid lockdowns and social distancing measures, home-based businesses emerged as a significant alternative source of income and entrepreneurship. This study explores the growth of home-based businesses in the post-COVID-19 era, examining the socio-economic and technological factors that facilitated their expansion The research highlights the role of digitalization, increased internet penetration, and the rise of e-commerce and social media platforms in enabling individuals to start and sustain businesses from home. It also focuses on the participation of women, youth, and displaced workers who adapted to new economic realities by engaging in flexible and low-investment ventures. Furthermore, the study discusses key challenges such as financial constraints, lack of formal training, market competition, and regulatory issues. The findings suggest that home-based businesses have contributed significantly to economic resilience, employment generation, and inclusive growth during and after the pandemic. The study concludes that with proper policy support, digital infrastructure, and skill development initiatives, home-based businesses can continue to thrive as a sustainable component of the modern economy.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the ways in which gendered employment patterns and routine practices in the industry define the life of working women directors and their creative control in Hindi popular cinema. This analysis has relied on industry reports, a list of female-directed movies, and social discourses like profiles, press interviews, and festival Q&As to find out how long assistantships, delicate networks, new opportunities in streaming, and the everyday politics of authority in an industry where fewer than three percent of directors are female. Reading these conversations in their entirety, as opposed to individual quotes, it becomes clear that there are patterns in the way women directors present their careers that cannot be seen through raw statistics. It also demonstrates how such lives are traced on screen in repeated scenes of labour, exhaustion, and silent rebellion of women in traditional stories. Lastly, it addresses the issue of film and media education in India, stating that the working lives of women directors should be prioritized in directing and producing course training programs to enable graduates to identify and question the structures they encounter.

Mountain regions globally are increasingly confronted with the challenge of out-migration, primarily driven by systemic underdevelopment and sustained policy neglect. This issue is particularly pronounced in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, which, continues to experience stark regional disparities between its pahadi (hill) and maidani (plain) districts. Economic and industrial development remain concentrated in the plains, resulting in persistent out-migration from the resource-rich hilly regions. Recently, climate change has also emerged as a critical stressor further compounding these issues. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach with the primary objective to examine the patterns and drivers of rural out-migration in Uttarakhand through lived experiences of migrants, regional experts and rural communities. The study integrates spatial and empirical analysis, based on secondary data from the Uttarakhand Rural Development and Migration Commission and the Census of India, with thematic analysis, based on qualitative data collected through personal ( n = 5), group ( n = 1), and key informant ( n = 2) interviews and focus group discussions ( n = 3) conducted across Nainital town and villages of Almora district. The study first identifies regions experiencing severe out-migration and examines the structural drivers of migration using spatial and empirical analysis on secondary data. This is followed by thematic analysis of qualitative data highlighting employment scarcity, agricultural constraints, migration drivers and patterns, destination preferences, and perceptions of government and NGO interventions. A key contribution of this study is the systematic identification of climate change as both a direct and indirect driver of out-migration. The findings provide grounded policy insights for Uttarakhand and other fragile mountain regions.

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative general-purpose technology that is fundamentally altering economic systems, labor market structures, and the nature of work. In India, where a large and heterogeneous workforce coexists with rapid digital transformation, AI adoption presents a complex combination of opportunities and structural challenges. While AI enhances productivity, efficiency, and innovation, it simultaneously disrupts traditional employment patterns and intensifies skill mismatches. This research takes a close look at how Artificial Intelligence is changing the job market and the skills people need to work in India from 2020 to 2025. It uses a mix of descriptive and analytical methods, looking at data from government reports, academic studies, and industry research to understand how different sectors are being affected, what new types of jobs are emerging, what skills are now required, and how ready institutions are to deal with these changes. The study aims to provide a detailed picture of the impact of AI on employment and skill development in India, helping to identify areas that need attention and support. By examining the shifts in employment across different sectors, the research can inform policies and strategies to prepare workers for the changing job market and ensure they have the skills needed to thrive. What we're seeing is that when artificial intelligence takes over, it doesn't necessarily mean that jobs are completely lost, but rather that tasks are being reallocated and occupations are being restructured. There's a growing demand for skills that are more advanced, like problem-solving, technical expertise, and social skills, while jobs that are repetitive and routine are on the decline. The key to making sure that AI-driven changes benefit everyone in India is to have effective strategies in place for retraining workers, reforming education, and expanding digital infrastructure. This way, India can turn the disruptions caused by AI into opportunities for growth that include everyone. The key is to make sure that people have the skills they need to thrive in this new landscape, and that includes things like critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence. By focusing on these areas, India can create a workforce that is well-equipped to handle the challenges and opportunities of an AI-driven world. The paper concludes that AI should be viewed as a catalyst for workforce transformation rather than a threat to employment, provided that policy interventions are timely, inclusive, and strategically aligned with future labor market demands. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Employment Transformation, Skill Development, Workforce Restructuring, Automation, India, Digital Economy

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) indicates a substantial increase in female employment from 2017-18 to 2022-23, with a notable increase in female labour force participation rate in rural areas from 24.6% to 41.5%. The present paper challenges the claim that the recent increase is due to high growth in agriculture and improved amenities in rural areas. Analysing the trends in agricultural labour requirements, employment patterns, and wages, the paper finds a decline in labour needs in agriculture, a rise in unpaid family labour, and stagnant wages. These trends suggest that the recent FLFPR is likely to be driven by rural distress rather than higher agricultural growth or better economic conditions. The findings underscore the limitation of relying on the agricultural sector as a panacea to employment generation among women.

The gig economy has emerged as a rapidly expanding segment of the global labour market, transforming traditional employment patterns and creating new forms of work based on short-term, task-based engagements. In India, the growth of digital platforms, increased smartphone penetration, and widespread internet access have significantly accelerated the expansion of gig employment. The gig workforce in India has grown steadily in recent years, with estimates indicating that around 7.7 million workers were engaged in gig work during 2020–21, and the number is expected to reach approximately 23.5 million by 2029–30. Several sectors such as retail trade, transportation and storage, manufacturing, financial and insurance services, and information and communication have experienced considerable growth in gig employment. The present study examines the growth of the gig workforce in India and analyzes the opportunities and challenges associated with gig employment. The study also explores the concept and characteristics of gig work and evaluates the sector-wise expansion of gig workers using secondary data from various reports and studies. The findings reveal that the gig economy has created significant employment opportunities, especially for youth, women, and individuals seeking flexible working arrangements. The study concludes that while the gig economy has strong potential to contribute to employment generation and economic growth in India, sustainable development of this sector requires balanced policies that support both platform innovation and worker welfare. Strengthening social security provisions, ensuring fair working conditions, and promoting skill development will be crucial for improving the livelihood security of gig workers in India.

Abstract This study examines the standard employment life course among the post‐war generation in five countries traditionally classified as liberal and investigates variations in the pluralisation and differentiation of life course employment patterns within liberal welfare states. Using retrospective data from five liberal‐leaning countries (England, Ireland, Switzerland, the United States, and Chile) we reconstruct men's and women's working trajectories from ages 15 to 65. Our sequence analysis reveals inconsistent levels of pluralisation across these countries but a consistent trend towards greater differentiation. We also find that gender and educational differences do not uniformly account for these patterns. The findings challenge the notion of all‐pervasive standard employment within this generation and demonstrate that even nations sharing similar welfare typologies can produce divergent life course outcomes. We conclude that historical legacies, cultural norms, and market deregulations shape diverse employment pathways, underlining the need for comparative, longitudinal approaches. Implications for comparative research and potential policy levers are discussed cautiously.

ABSTRACT Prior research documents immigrant women’s disadvantaged position in domestic labour. However, many studies fail to distinguish among different immigration pathways, pay limited attention to employment status as a potential mechanism, or do not sufficiently account for cultural differences between sending and host societies. Using detailed immigration data from the Hong Kong Panel Survey of Social Dynamics, we examine how wives’ immigration status is associated with household labour patterns, paying particular attention to the role of employment. By focusing on family immigrants, our findings provide three insights. First, only wives who immigrate through spousal sponsorship, not through parental pathways, face significant disadvantages in household labour compared to native wives. Second, current employment conditions, including occupational status and weekly work hours, do not significantly mediate these disadvantages. Third, employment status upon arrival appears to be a critical early juncture in the formation of household labour arrangements: immigrant–native gaps in housework are observed only among spousal immigrant wives who were not employed upon arrival. From a life-course perspective, these findings suggest that early post-arrival experiences may be closely linked to longer-term patterns of household labour.

ABSTRACT This study explores the native–immigrant employment gap around the transition to parenthood by comparing the employment trajectories of immigrants and their descendants with those of native-born Spanish mothers. Using sequence and cluster analysis with individual-level data from Spain, we reconstructed three years’ employment histories around the transition to motherhood and identified eight typical career trajectory types. Multinomial logistic regressions were then used to examine differences in maternal employment patterns by immigrant group and generation. Results reveal a substantial immigrant–native gap in maternal employment pathways. Immigrant mothers are more likely to experience long-term non-employment but are less likely than native-born mothers to undergo turbulent non-employment transitions or interrupted employment. Our findings also indicate upward assimilation among descendants of immigrants, who face fewer penalties in occupational attainment and greater access to stable permanent or self-employment trajectories, although they remain more prone to inactivity traps than their native counterparts. Compositional differences in human capital and citizenship status help reduce these gaps in maternal employment. By highlighting persistent inequalities in maternal employment patterns and their determinants, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the social and economic integration of immigrants and their descendants.

Abstract Despite fathers’ increased involvement in parenting and the introduction of family-friendly workplace policies in Australia (i.e., flexible work, parental leave), fathers’ employment patterns have been resistant to change and work-family conflict remains prevalent. This study explored fathers’ perceptions and experiences of work-family balance, workplace policies and wellbeing, including before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 fathers between 2019 and 2021 and analyzed thematically. Findings illustrate the complexities of balancing work and family and the varied ways workplaces helped (or hindered) fathers to care for their children through access to flexible work and parental leave, and family-(un)friendly cultures. Fathers valued time with their children and retained jobs aligned with these values; however, achieving balance and negotiating work-care arrangements were ongoing processes for fathers and families. Fathers described how workplace flexibility benefitted their parenting and parent–child relationships, although views about how work shaped fathers’ wellbeing were mixed. This study contributes a nuanced understanding of the unique work-family challenges that shape the lives of Australian fathers and offers insight into how organizations can provide more equal opportunities for fathers to engage in work and care.

Research on graduate employment had traditionally emphasized talent cultivation while insufficiently addressing labor market dynamics, which generated structural challenges such as persistent mismatches between labor supply and demand and delayed policy responses. To address these issues, this study adopted a demand-driven perspective to investigate the dynamics and evolutionary patterns of graduate employment in China, with particular attention to industry-specific competency structures and shifting talent requirements. Drawing on more than one million job postings for recent university graduates collected from leading Chinese recruitment platforms, the analysis employed text mining, statistical modeling, and longitudinal trend analysis to uncover patterns in graduate labor demand. The findings showed that employers placed sustained emphasis on soft skills, while demand for digital and applied expertise, particularly in fields such as computer science and artificial intelligence, experienced substantial growth. Interdisciplinary integration was identified as a salient dimension of contemporary talent requirements. Although recruitment activities were disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in a prolonged reduction in job opportunities, post-pandemic recruitment salaries exhibited a gradual yet fluctuating upward trend, which suggested a progressive realignment between graduate supply and demand. This study enriched the theoretical understanding of demand-driven employment dynamics, provided empirical evidence to support anticipatory policy development.

This study investigates the impact of occupational structure and pandemic-related disruptions on the living standards and health status of slum dwellers, focusing on the socio-economic vulnerabilities prevalent in urban informal settlements. Using primary data collected from slum households and employing reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and regression techniques, the study examines how employment patterns and crisis-induced shocks influence daily living conditions and health outcomes. The findings reveal that occupational structure has a significant positive influence on living standards, as stable and regular employment enhances income continuity and improves the ability of households to meet essential needs such as food, healthcare, and education. Conversely, disruptions associated with the pandemic adversely affected the health status of slum dwellers by increasing psychological stress, limiting access to healthcare services, and exacerbating pre-existing sanitation and housing inadequacies. The empirical results highlight that economic insecurity and health vulnerability are closely interlinked within slum environments, where irregular employment and overcrowded living conditions intensify the adverse effects of external shocks. The study concludes that strengthening occupational stability, expanding social protection measures, and improving access to urban health infrastructure are crucial for enhancing the resilience and well-being of slum populations in rapidly urbanizing cities.

Work-family life course and depressive symptoms in later life among Chinese middle-age and older adults.

This study employs longitudinal data from Germany and Canada to investigate how patterns of education, employment and care work influence wellbeing in midlife and how these patterns differ by gender and national context. Although previous research has addressed wellbeing at different life stages, it has rarely examined long-term effects across gendered life trajectories within contrasting welfare state contexts. We conduct separate analyses for men and women using partial proportional odds models (PPO) to estimate wellbeing levels. The models include clusters of educational and employment trajectories, along with socio-demographic variables that capture individual and family contexts known to affect wellbeing. Our results extend prior research demonstrating that education and employment trajectories shape midlife wellbeing, with associations varying by gender and country. Our analyses illustrate that Canadian women are able to draw benefits from part-time work, whereas for German women no consistent associations emerge once family-centred factors are considered. Among German men, wellbeing seems to be shaped primarily by household income, while for Canadian men good health is significantly associated with wellbeing. Our study underscores how gendered life course patterns continue to influence wellbeing and how welfare state regularities reinforce these inequalities. We conclude with a critical reflection on the compatibility of work and family life and its implications for wellbeing among women and men.

This study examines whether the well-documented socioeconomic gradient in formal childcare use is reflected in the timing, sequencing, and stability of childcare and employment strategies following the critical life course transition to parenthood. While higher-SES parents are consistently more likely to use formal childcare, the reasons for this disparity remain poorly understood principally due to data limitations and the complexity of household dynamics. Drawing on linked Dutch administrative data (2010-2019), we use multichannel sequence analysis to identify distinct "childcare strategies" across the first four years of children's lives, capturing monthly trajectories of formal childcare use and parental employment. A subsequent multinomial regression models the association between these strategies and socioeconomic status. The results reveal wide variation in the stability, intensity, and timing of formal childcare use, closely intertwined with maternal employment patterns. Children from lower-SES households are more likely to experience complex, fragmented, and fragile childcare trajectories-characterized by delayed entry, irregular usage, and lower alignment with stable employment-confirming and extending findings from prior qualitative research. By quantifying these patterns across a full population cohort, the study demonstrates how childcare complexity itself reflects and reinforces broader social inequalities. We conclude that childcare policies must move beyond affordability to address accessibility, stability, and administrative complexity-particularly for parents with low incomes, precarious jobs, or self-employment.