Expansion Of Employment Research Articles

Digital employment in an individual's career and educational trajectories: expanding the areas of professional training and emerging competencies

Introduction. The expansion of forms of employment, the use of digital technologies and, especially, platform-based types of work are changing the career and educational trajectories of individuals. This implies the need to make corresponding changes in the field of vocational training. The purpose of the study is to identify the most relevant areas of changes in the professional competencies of individuals, ensuring the expansion of opportunities for using the labor potential of employees, taking into account the specifics of the transformation of their career and educational trajectories and the expansion of platform employment. Materials and methods. 30 informants took part in the semi-formal interview. They have successful experience in non traditional employment. 120 respondents were selected from residents of the regional center and settlements of the Volgograd region (Russian Federation) on the basis of a multi-stage sample with quotas by gender and age in accordance with a linear distribution based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service. The method of grouping and content analysis based on the register of keywords about the transition from one form of employment to another, as well as the existing disadvantages of informal employment, were used for processing. The representativeness of the sample as a whole and for individual generations was assessed by the coefficient of variation (Cv), which for the various groups evaluated is in the range from 0.73 to 1.41. The values are within the normal range of 5% with a confidence interval of 95%. KEYWORDS Results. The main and additional career and educational trajectories of the employed population have been identified, the presence of non-traditional employment in them as the main type of activity and/or part-time work, and the characteristics of individuals working here. Among baby boomers, 75% of informants indicated work under an employment contract, self employment - 6%, in generations X, 88 and 9, respectively, Y – 88 and 14, Z – 30 and 65. In addition, representatives of generations X and Y work in shifts (2% and 3% of those interviewed). Limitations have been identified that hinder the expansion of online employment. In all its forms (freelance, platform work), respondents note weak protection of labor rights. The main advantage is called a flexible work schedule, which becomes especially important during studies and the birth of children. The structure of professional competencies has been developed, which makes it possible to expand the use of the labor potential of employees through the use of flexible digital technologies. The necessity of mandatory formation of appropriate skills by analogy with financial literacy programs is substantiated. career and educational trajectories, platform employment Conclusion. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the career and educational trajectories of individuals using digital technologies, with an assessment of the possibilities of their return to the organized sector of the economy. The prospects of the work consist in further studying the place of such a form of digitalization as platform employment and freelancing in household economic activities and substantiating the need to expand, in this regard, the formation of skills for activities using digital labor platforms by introducing new mandtory areas of professional training for an individual.

Unravelling the Export-Employment Nexus: Empirical Evidence from the Organization of Turkic States

This study explores the complex relationship between export dynamics and employment trends in the member states of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). While existing literature presents varying findings on this relationship, this research utilizes panel data analysis covering the period from 2000 to 2023 to provide empirical insights. By employing employment and export data, the study applies the Hausman test to identify the most appropriate econometric model, ultimately opting for the Random Effects Model for estimation. The empirical findings indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between export growth and employment expansion. Specifically, a 1% increase in exports is linked to a corresponding rise in employment levels, supporting the hypothesis that trade activities contribute to improvements in the labor market within OTS economies. However, the magnitude of this effect varies based on sectoral differences and macroeconomic conditions. The results highlight the critical importance of export-oriented policies in promoting employment opportunities while emphasizing the need for structural reforms to address potential imbalances in the labor market. This study adds to the broader discussion on trade and employment by providing policy recommendations for OTS countries to enhance their economic strategies.

THE IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE LEBANESE MARKET

Tourism development has increasingly been recognized as a strategic mechanism for poverty alleviation in developing economies, given its capacity to generate employment, foster local entrepreneurship, and enhance household incomes. By stimulating economic activity across various sectors, tourism serves as a powerful driver of financial inclusion and community empowerment. This study examines the impact of tourism development on poverty reduction in Lebanon through a conceptual framework that positions tourism development as the independent variable, with cultural preservation, income growth, and employment generation acting as mediators, and poverty alleviation as the dependent variable. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study evaluates the relationships among these variables to understand the extent to which tourism contributes to economic stability and improved living standards in Lebanon. Methodologically, this study employs SEM analysis to assess six proposed hypotheses, five of which were validated through empirical testing. Data collected from 202 respondents—including professionals and stakeholders in Lebanon’s tourism sector—highlight the critical role of employment generation and income growth in reducing poverty. Findings reveal that while income growth and employment creation exhibit a strong and direct influence on poverty alleviation, cultural preservation has a relatively limited impact within this framework. The results underscore the notion that tourism development serves as a substantial contributor to economic progress by providing sustainable job opportunities, increasing disposable incomes, and stimulating local industries, thereby fostering economic resilience. The study’s conclusions align with previous research, including Mitchell and Ashley (2010), which emphasizes the role of tourism in driving income redistribution and employment expansion, particularly in developing regions. By demonstrating the significance of tourism-led employment opportunities, this research affirms that tourism can be leveraged as a policy tool for sustainable development and poverty reduction. Moreover, the findings offer valuable implications for policymakers, tourism strategists, and economic planners, highlighting the need for targeted interventions that maximize tourism’s socioeconomic impact. Beyond immediate economic benefits, this study suggests that tourism-based initiatives should be designed to ensure equitable distribution of financial gains, particularly in underserved and rural communities. Future research may explore sector-specific contributions,such as ecotourism and heritage tourism - to further refine the framework and enhance long-term strategies for poverty alleviation.

Development of small entrepreneurship in modern Russia

Aim. The work aimed to identify the main problems and aspects of small entrepreneurship development in modern Russia.Objectives. The work seeks to analyze the current state of small business development; reveal the key problems and features of the development of small and medium-sized business entities (SMEs) in Russia; identify the functions and main differences between small entrepreneurship and medium-sized and large businesses; reveal the content of new national projects and initiatives for state support of small businesses.Methods. The authors used general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, systematization), as well as institutional and comparative approaches, to substantiate the provisions and conclusions. Results. The article analyzes the key problems and aspects of the development of small businesses in Russia. The authors revealed that the latter face a number of challenges. The most significant of them are limited access to financial resources, including difficulties associated with raising of credit funds due to high interest rates and complex collateral security requirements; difficulties in overcoming bureaucratic obstacles; a high level of competition from large corporations with significant financial and technological resources.Conclusions. The authors came to the general conclusion that small businesses contribute to the creation of a competitive environment and are flexible in accordance with market changes; they perform an important social function, absorbing surplus labor and thereby contributing to the expansion of employment. Small businesses optimize the use of local resources, increasing their economic efficiency.

Pengaruh Artificial Intelligence dalam Menggantikan Peran Manusia di Dunia Kerja Ditinjau dari Peraturan Pemerintah No 33 Tahun 2013 Tentang Perluasan Kesempatan Kerja

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia’s industrial sector presents both opportunities and challenges for the workforce. This study investigates the impact of AI on employment and examines whether its implementation aligns with Government Regulation No. 33 of 2013 concerning Employment Expansion. Despite AI’s potential to replace routine human tasks and increase unemployment, it also opens new job opportunities requiring complex skills and creativity. This research employs a normative juridical method, focusing on the analysis of existing labor laws, particularly Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Government Regulation No. 33 of 2013. Primary and secondary legal sources are critically examined to assess the regulatory framework’s adequacy in protecting workers’ rights amid AI adoption. The findings reveal that while AI can enhance efficiency and productivity, automation risks job losses, especially in routine tasks, necessitating comprehensive policies and training programs to prepare workers for this transition. The study underscores the urgent need for Indonesia to develop specific AI regulations to ensure legal certainty and social protection for affected workers. Policymakers should prioritize proactive training initiatives to foster workforce adaptability and enable harmonious coexistence between humans and AI in the labor market.

Does Supply Chain Finance Create More Jobs? Evidence From China

ABSTRACTBased on the empirical data of China's A‐share listed firms from 2011 to 2021, we find that supply chain finance (SCF) significantly increases corporate employment by fostering innovation within organizations, increasing investments in long‐term assets, and stimulating sales growth. The positive effect is stronger in firms in digitally advanced regions, facing high supply chain risk, and led by management teams with financial backgrounds or low levels of myopia. Furthermore, SCF mainly enhances employment of highly skilled individuals. Reasonable employment expansion resulting from SCF is conducive to the sustainable development of firms without creating labor redundancy.

The Influence of the Digital Economy on Scale of Employment: From the Perspective of Population Aging

The digital economy serves as a vital engine for addressing the employment challenges posed by an aging population. By enhancing the digital skills of older individuals and creating more flexible employment opportunities, it can significantly alleviate labor supply pressures and pave the way for high-quality economic growth. This study analyzes panel data from various provinces in China between 2012 and 2022, employing both fixed-effect and threshold models to examine the influence of the digital economy on employment scale in the context of demographic aging. The findings indicate that the advancement of the digital economy positively impacts employment scale, with a marginally increasing nonlinear effect as population aging progresses. Additionally, the effects of digital economy development on employment expansion vary across regions. To effectively increase employment scale, it is essential to strengthen regional coordination mechanisms and foster collaborative efforts between government and enterprises.

Digital government construction, supply chain spillovers and corporate labour employment

ABSTRACT This study investigates the supply chain spillover effect of digital government construction on corporate labour employment decisions, utilizing data from Chinese government procurement orders and Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed firms from 2015 to 2022. Our findings indicate that digital government construction significantly boosts labour employment in supplier firms, particularly among private enterprises and technology-intensive sectors. The employment expansion predominantly benefits highly skilled and technological workers, indicating a job creation rather than a substitution effect. Further analysis reveals that the spillover effect is driven by technological advancements and market expansion, while capital mechanism shows limited explanatory power. These findings provide empirical evidence on how digital government construction influences corporate decision-making through supply chain spillovers.

Informal Employment in Morocco and the Modalities of Employment Flexibility: Econometric Study to Reveal Links That May Exist with Reference to the Cumulative Postulate

This study explores the relationship between informal employment and employment flexibility in Morocco. Informal employment, which accounts for a large proportion of the labor market, is characterized by precarious conditions, lack of job security and absence of social rights. The study focuses on how employment flexibility, which allows companies to adapt contracts and working hours to suit needs, contributes to the expansion of informal employment. It is based on the “cumulative postulate”, which proposes that the accumulation of regulatory and economic changes affects labor informality. Using an econometric approach, the study examines the factors influencing the prevalence of informal employment and shows that increased labor market flexibility, notably through temporary contracts and variable working hours, favors the emergence of informality. This relationship is particularly marked in sectors where labor regulations are less strict, giving companies greater latitude to adjust their workforce without respecting the constraints of formal contracts. The analysis shows that political reforms and economic variations also play a role in this dynamic. The results of the study suggest that to reduce informality, Moroccan authorities should strengthen labor regulations and encourage job formalization while taking into account companies’ need for flexibility. The article concludes that the balance between labor flexibility and the protection of workers’ rights is crucial for sustainable economic development and a fairer labor market while underlining the importance of policies that frame informality to ensure a better quality of life and work for employees.

New forms of employment in the digitalization era: platform employment and self-employment

The modern labour market is undergoing significant transformations under the influence of information and communication technologies (ICT) and digital platforms. One of the key trends in recent years has been the rapid expansion of platform employment, driven by the adoption of digital solutions for job searching, task execution, and workflow organization. This shift is accompanied by a rising demand for digital competencies, including big data analysis, artificial intelligence (AI) applications, and automated workforce management systems. Consequently, the requirements for employees' professional skills are evolving: adaptability to digital environments, proficiency in ICT tools for career development, and the ability to work in flexible formats have become critically important.The objective of this article is to identify key trends in the development of platform employment and digital competencies among workers within the broader context of the digital transformation of the economy. The study draws on both Russian and international data, analyzes major challenges related to legal regulation, social security, and cybersecurity, and proposes strategic measures for adapting labour policies and educational frameworks to the evolving realities of the digital economy.

THE ROLE OF HOMESTAY TOURISM IN PRESERVING UTTARAKHANDS CULTURAL HERITAGE

Homestay tourism has emerged as a strategic mechanism for conserving cultural heritage while fostering economic resilience in rural economies. This study critically examines the role of homestay tourism in Uttarakhand, with a focus on its implications for cultural sustainability, local livelihoods, and the broader framework of sustainable tourism development. Utilizing a comprehensive review of secondary data from governmental reports, peer-reviewed literature, and statistical datasets, this research identifies the integral components of Uttarakhands cultural heritage, including its festivals, cuisine, handicrafts, and oral traditions. Furthermore, the study evaluates the socio-economic impact of homestay tourism, emphasizing income generation, employment expansion, and the mitigation of rural depopulation. A theoretical framework for embedding cultural preservation into homestay tourism is proposed, offering policy recommendations for optimizing its socio-cultural benefits. The findings underscore the significance of structured homestay tourism initiatives in fostering cultural continuity, yet they also highlight the challenges posed by commercialization, regulatory deficiencies, and the potential commodification of cultural experiences. This study contributes to the scholarly discourse on sustainable tourism and provides policy insights for strengthening homestay tourism as a mechanism for heritage conservation in Uttarakhand and comparable regions.

Технологический суверенитет Российской Федерации в новых экономических условиях: объективная необходимость возрождения промышленного производства

This article tells about the urgent problem of technological sovereignty of the Russian Federation in modern political and economic conditions, a number of prohibitions in foreign economic activity, the effect of economic and financial sanctions against the Russian Federation by the countries of the “collective West” and their allies. In such circumstances, it was decided to focus on the revival of domestic production in a number of systemically important industries from the point of view of the national economy. Currently, in Russia the steps are being made to revive many types of aviation equipment, ships for river transportation, tractors and combines, automobiles, and industrial equipment. Domestic enterprises are being revived, new high-tech jobs are being open. The article deal with the effects of economic and social factors that caused industrial production in the Russian Federation to decline in a number of industries, and outline the ways out of the current situation. The modern emphasis on industrial growth is supported by the creation of innovative technology parks in the regions of Russia and the expansion of employment at these sites. Of course, the coming years will be very difficult in terms of reviving the domestic production base, but the Russian Federation has all the prerequisites for such a revival, and in addition to technology, the political will of the country’s leadership is necessary for such industrial initiatives.

COLLABORATION OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO ENTERPRISES FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY IN TELUK BINTUNI REGENCY

The establishment of micro-enterprises for Independent Workers (TKM) aimed at enhancing sustainable food security in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua, is a crucial initiative to bolster local food production sustainably. This study investigates the challenges of TKM and the cooperation among stakeholders in the regional employment expansion initiative. Qualitative research was employed, encompassing field observation, interviews with micro-entrepreneurs and stakeholders, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with local populations. The findings indicate that the Independent Workers (TKM) initiative significantly enhances local economic development by empowering micro-enterprises in food production and processing. Challenges faced by TKM, specifically restricted financial access, market entry, corporate governance, and digital marketing, continue to pose substantial barriers. Cooperation among government agencies, commercial firms, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations is crucial for addressing these challenges. This study underscores the necessity for a unified strategy to enhance TKM development, fostering sustainable food systems and economic resilience. This collaborative methodology seeks to produce insights for attaining the sustainable development goals (SDGs) associated with poverty alleviation and hunger reduction in the region.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND VALUE ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

The digital economy has become a pivotal force driving nations towards enhanced competitiveness and customer value delivery, with Malaysia being no exception. Despite this imperative, the pace of digital adoption within Malaysian businesses trails considerably behind the global average. This research endeavours to elucidate the intricate relationship between digital transformation, value architecture, and business performance. Employing a quantitative methodology and random sampling technique, data was gathered through a survey questionnaire administered to 150 respondents from the manufacturing sector. Results revealed significant correlations between digital transformation, value architecture, and business performance. Notably, the manufacturing subsector emerges as a significant influencer on both digital transformation and business performance. These findings underscore the widespread acceptance of digital transformation and value architecture within the manufacturing industry as indispensable tools for augmenting business performance. Consequently, the manufacturing sector assumes a pivotal role in driving economic growth and societal advancement, characterized by employment expansion and export stimulation. Moreover, this study advocates for enhanced operational efficiency, aligning with Malaysia’s strategic initiative, My Digital, aimed at catapulting the nation into a high-income, digitally-driven economy.

Post-pandemic social transformation and labor trends in sellers of repowered items in the city of Huancayo, Peru

The COVID-19 pandemic generated significant social transformations in different sectors of society, one of the most important being the labor market. This research establishes the relationship between these transformations and employment trends among repowered item vendors in the city of Huancayo, Peru. Three key dimensions were addressed: destruction, expansion, and modification of employment. The research adopted a quantitative approach, with an exploratory, descriptive, and correlational design. Validated questionnaires were administered to a representative sample of 331 repowered item vendors. The results indicate a significant relationship between social transformation and employment trends, which is reflected in a reconfiguration of employment in this sector. A loss of job opportunities was evident; however, an expansion of employment was also observed through adaptation to new forms of marketing and the growing demand for repowered products. Likewise, changes in labor dynamics were identified, including the use of new sales strategies and the digitization of processes. In conclusion, the pandemic not only negatively affected employment in this sector, but also encouraged resilience and adaptation strategies.

EMANCIPATORY GERONTOLOGY AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE CITY: NEW INEQUALITIES AND POLICY RESPONSES

Abstract Carroll Estes identifies a central aim of an ‘emancipatory gerontology’ as ‘advancing knowledge and the realization of dignity, access, equity and social justice through individual and collective agency and social institutions.’ Wright argues that the word ‘emancipation’ signals a central moral purpose in the production of knowledge, with ‘the elimination of oppression and the creation of conditions for human flourishing’. But the achievement of these aims has been undermined with the dismantling of the welfare state, extremes of economic inequality, and the expansion of precarious employment. The impact of such trends on groups such as older people continue to be the subject of extensive research. However, of additional concern are divisions created by economic and social forces operating within urban environments. Savage argues that large cities are not just products but drivers of inequality, with many European and North American cities no longer serving people from a wide range of communities, reflected in the decline of affordable housing, and the impact of gentrification. The presentation will consider how a political economy of the city, drawing on research in urban sociology, can re-vitalise a critical gerontology, bringing new perspectives on ageing and the life course. The paper will explore how this approach can be used as a framework for understanding new forms of inequality affecting later life. It will conclude by arguing that different ideas are needed for ‘thinking about’ ageing within cities, highlighting how innovations produced by urban environments can serve as a catalyst for emancipation and liberation from oppression.

Labor migration in the Russian labor market: key problems and approaches to regulation

In the article some controversial theoretical issues and practical regulation of labor migration in Russia are discussed; the scale of external labor migration is assessed, and its place and role in the Russian labor market determined. Based on data from Rosstat and other official bodies, as well as on independent research results, the socio-economic consequences of migration are revealed, such as wage dumping; increased competition for jobs with the local population; expansion of shadow employment; the formation of centers of social tension in places where migrants congregate. In conclusion, some approaches to regulating labor migration are substantiated.

Engineering Training in the Structure of Higher Education and Professional Choice of Youth

The structural elements of the university network of engineers’ training and its demand in different social groups of young people are analyzed using statistical data, monitoring and sociological research results. Recent shift in the choice by school graduates towards engineering specialties is associated, first of all, with the expansion of employment and career opportunities, as well as the growing attractiveness of advanced technical qualifications. The concentration of personnel training for the development of breakthrough technologies in top, selective universities is effected by combining investments from the state budget, large corporations, the development of innovative forms of education, in particular within the framework of the Advanced Engineering Schools project, as well as investments of families with high cultural and economic capital to ensure competitiveness of future students. Successful training in mass engineering education programs in regional universities, where numbers of budgetary admission places have been increased since 2022, is hampered by a keen shortage of well-prepared school students-applicants. The best results are shown under the practice of attracting target social groups of young people while maintaining value of technical labor, for example, in various forms of mobilization via the track “School-SPO-engineering training in higher education institutions”.

Trapped in Flexibility: How Does Precarious Work Affect Gender Wage Gap in China?

Rapid expansion of precarious employment carries risks of exacerbating the gender wage gap in China. This article finds an inverse relationship between flexibility and security in the labor market, disproportionately affecting women workers. Drawing from the Marxist-feminist theory of social reproduction, the study conceptualizes China’s social reproduction regime as developmentalist, characterized by ongoing tension between economic development and social reproduction. Promoting precarious work, which reflects the operational logic of the developmentalist social reproduction regime, is essentially transferring social reproduction cost from capital to labor. This cost is predominantly shouldered by precarious workers, particularly women, resulting in a widened gender wage gap. Using the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey, the study finds empirical support for the theorization that the gender wage gap among precarious workers is significantly larger than among non-precarious workers. The article proposes policies addressing the gap by shifting the cost of social reproduction from labor back to capital. HIGHLIGHTS Gender wage gap is wider among precarious workers in China. Marxist-feminist theories help us to better understand GWG in precarious work. Women in precarious work face income loss risks and heavier domestic responsibilities. Developmentalist social reproduction regime seeks to balance growth and reproduction. The cost of social reproduction should be shifted back to capital.

Resource rents, ethnic fractionalization and redistributive public sector employment

Resource rents, ethnic fractionalization and redistributive public sector employment