The rapid rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the legal profession worldwide. Rather than replacing lawyers, AI reshapes legal workflows, automating routine tasks such as research, document review, and contract analysis, while enhancing human judgment, ethics, and strategic decision-making. This article examines these changes through theoretical and empirical lenses, focusing on the French legal system. It highlights organizational shifts in law firms, including new governance structures, multidisciplinary teams, and AI management practices ensuring ethical compliance and data security. The article concludes that the future of law lies in human–machine collaboration, where AI augments lawyers’ professional values of responsibility, trust, and justice: from Automation to Augmented Lawyering.

High recidivism rates among juveniles nationwide exemplify the failure of punitive models used to address juvenile crime. While juvenile justice is purportedly focused on rehabilitation, the majority of sanctions imposed by the juvenile justice system are punitive in nature. Detention and other forms of punitive sanctions in the juvenile justice system can impede youth's educational experiences, further exacerbate pre-existing mental health problems and limit youth's potential for healthy development. These adverse consequences illustrate a disconnect between punitive justice systems and the psychological dynamics of adolescent development that is characterized by heightened emotional vulnerability; nonetheless, adolescents exhibit substantial potential for growth and change. This paper will review the application of punitive and restorative justice models to juvenile offending through a developmental, psychological, and empirical lens. This paper will assert that punitive justice models focus on guilt and control and fail to consider the relational or contextual variables that may contribute to juvenile offending. Conversely, Restorative Justice employs a framework centered on responsibility for repairing the damage done to others, empathy toward victims, and reintegration into the community; therefore, Restorative Justice is more closely aligned with the developmental needs of adolescents. This paper will synthesize current research regarding recidivism, mental health, and systematic inequality to evaluate both the potential benefits and drawbacks to implementing Restorative Justice. In conclusion, this paper will argue that there must be a paradigmatic shift from punishing juveniles to restoring them to create a juvenile justice system that promotes accountability, equity and long-term community safety.

Body self-criticism is adolescents’ tendency to harshly evaluate their bodies and internalise perceived flaws, and has become a growing psychological concern in an era defined by filters, comparison, and cultural beauty ideals. Adolescence (13–17 years) marks a period of rapid physical change, heightened peer awareness, and emotional vulnerability, making young people especially susceptible to critical self-scrutiny. This review examines adolescent body self-criticism across cultures through a poetic yet empirical lens, exploring how globalised beauty ideals shape the mirror through which adolescents view themselves. Grounded in Self-Discrepancy Theory and Objectification Theory, the review synthesises research on key predictors like appearance comparison, peer pressure, and internalised body ideals, and traces their effects on self-esteem, emotional well-being, and overall psychological health. Western contexts highlight the influence of celebrity culture, curated social media bodies, and “perfect” aesthetics, while Eastern pressures showcase the rise of K-pop-driven perfectionism. In India, fairness norms, weight-related comments, and familial teasing create a unique ecosystem that intensifies self-criticism. Drawing on qualitative accounts and quantitative evidence from 2010 to 2025, including both global research and India-specific studies, we identify a common thread: adolescents across the world often become their own harshest critics. The review underscores significant public-health implications, including links to depressive symptoms, low self-worth, and disordered eating. The paper concludes with recommendations for school-based interventions, parental sensitisation, media literacy initiatives, and culturally grounded body-positivity curricula. By illuminating the mechanisms and cultural nuances of body self-criticism, this review contributes to bridging India’s research gap and offers pathways for helping adolescents find a gentler, more accepting reflection in the mirror.

This article examines how the emic keyword “human speech” circulates among actors in the asylum procedure and how its situated meanings can inform the design of applied anthropological interventions. Building on research into interpreters’ positionality, institutional scripting, and communicative asymmetries, the analysis foregrounds what “human speech” indexes in interactional and institutional contexts. I argue that positioning linguistic clarity at the center of legal procedure is not merely a stylistic concern but a question of epistemic justice. Ethnographic research conducted in Slovakia (2017–2019) revealed how applicants routinely signed legally binding documents without adequate comprehension or institutional accountability. The notion of “human speech” is examined through an epistemic, pragmatic, and empirical lens, drawing on the perspectives of applicants, interpreters, legal practitioners, and state officials. The article demonstrates how authorship of plain language can be institutionalized as a structural obligation rather than left to ad hoc compromise. An ethnography-informed intervention (2023–2024) shows how the concept of “human speech” guided the intralingual legal-to-plain-language transformation of informed consent templates in the asylum procedure.

This research investigates the operational and competitive effects of Price Transparency Regulation (PTR) in healthcare through both theoretical and empirical lenses. We leverage the launch of Maine’s price transparency website as a natural experiment and construct a Difference-in-Differences model to identify causal effects. Our analysis links patient flow patterns, negotiation dynamics, and revenue management strategies, offering a unique opportunity to unpack the multifaceted impacts of PTR. We quantify three mechanisms. First, PTR reshapes patient flow: With access to price information, patients become more price sensitive and switch to lower-cost providers, explaining nearly half of the observed 2.74–percentage point reduction in average prices. Second, PTR reduces the negotiated claim prices by intensifying market competition (the competition effect) and through its interaction with noncompetitive factors such as provider bargaining power. Competitive factors, particularly insurer size and provider appeal, explain 80.7% of these supply-side reductions, while noncompetitive factors account for the remaining. Third, the benefits are unevenly distributed: Larger insurers capture greater reductions, while providers with strong patient appeal or broad service portfolios preserve pricing leverage. Together, these findings show that PTR reduces costs through both consumer switching and negotiation dynamics but also amplifies existing market imbalances, privileging larger stakeholders.

ABSTRACT Aims To systematically examine how structural vulnerability has been defined and operationalised in United States‐based health research, identify conceptual consistencies and methodological gaps, and propose core dimensions of structural vulnerability along with implications for future application in health research. Design A systematic mixed‐studies review using a parallel‐results convergent synthesis design. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL were searched from first publication through 2024 using the terms ‘structural* vulnerab*’ AND health. Review Methods Peer‐reviewed English‐language empirical studies conducted in the United States that applied the concept of structural vulnerability were identified. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess study quality. Study content was analysed to identify how structural vulnerability was defined and operationalised. Results Thirty‐seven predominantly high‐quality studies published between 2011 and 2024 met inclusion criteria. Structural vulnerability was consistently defined through two interrelated dimensions: as a social positionality (characterised by constrained resilience, limited agency and imposed risks rooted in systemic discrimination and social hierarchies) and as a critical analytic framework for examining structural determinants of health. Quantitative studies predominantly used individual‐level indicators (e.g., income, housing) and cross‐sectional designs. Qualitative studies focused on experiences of structural vulnerability in relation to health outcomes and infrequently translated findings into structural interventions. The most frequently studied outcomes were infectious disease, substance use and mental health. Conclusion Structural vulnerability, as a conceptual and empirical lens, reveals how systems produce—and can potentially reduce—health risks. Findings underscore the need for geographically diverse and longitudinal studies, as well as multidimensional measures. Advancing health equity demands critiquing systemic causes of inequities and pursuing justice‐oriented interventions. Implications for the Profession Nursing, positioned at the intersection of public health, social sciences and policy, is uniquely equipped to engage structural vulnerability as a critical analytic tool to address health inequities, design interventions and advocate for policy reform. Impact What problem did the study address? This study addressed a lack of clarity in the definition and operationalization of structural vulnerability in health research. What were the main findings? The definition of structural vulnerability is consistent across quantitative and qualitative studies, but there are marked variations in its operationalization. Quantitative studies predominantly rely on individual‐level indicators, while qualitative studies use it as a theoretical framework to guide analysis, interpret findings and examine structural determinants of health. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? This review offers a clear framing for integrating structural vulnerability in health research in efforts to advance health equity. Reporting Method PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) reporting guideline. No Patient or Public Involvement This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct or reporting.

Purpose Research on organizational change capability (OCC) is a relatively novel and rapidly growing field of study. Recent advances show that definitions of the concept of organizational change capability are scarce. Furthermore, empirical studies defining the concept of organizational change capability appear absent. This paper addresses these shortcomings. Design/methodology/approach This paper approaches the concept of OCC both via a literature review, and empirically via a multiple case study, mapping how organizations’ change-makers (executive board members, directors, managers and specialists) view the concept of OCC. Findings This paper distinguishes between two neighboring concepts, organizational change capability (OCC) and organizational change capacity. A typology is suggested, where extant definitions of OCC can be categorized into evolving or fixed perspectives. Furthermore, this paper’s multiple case study findings suggest approaching organizational change capability via four clusters of capabilities. Practical implications From a practitioner perspective, the results of this paper provide organizations with much-needed guidance for better assessing and developing their capabilities in change. Organizations and practitioners may now approach organizational change capability via the empirically grounded model of organizational change capability, suggested in this paper. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to approach the concept of OCC through an empirical lens. An empirically grounded model of organizational change capability is suggested, comprising four clusters of capabilities: skilled resources and a culture supporting individuals in change; a functioning framework; change-enabling processes and coordination; and two-way systems. Finally, a novel definition of OCC is suggested.

Congregational culture is a complex phenomenon that evolves in response to shifts in its context. The focus is on the interaction between congregational culture and size to unlock the congregational imagination. Congregational size, as a typology, is used as a theoretical framework. Congregations are described as either family, pastoral, programme or macro congregations. Congregational surveys (CS), as an empirical lens, are used to analyse the relationship between congregational culture and size. Four CSs of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) congregations from 2010 to 2022 are used as a case study to provide a quantitative empirical lens to explain the relationship between congregational size and congregational culture. A missional orientation and strategic leadership play a significant role as variables in relation to changes in congregational size. One size does not fit all, and a single approach or model is not advisable for transforming congregational culture or unlocking the congregational imagination.

This study considers the potential effects of Generative AI on the skills development of ‎professionals in the social media advertising and marketing industry (particularly around ‎creativity and adaptability). More specifically, Generative AI technologies are rapidly disrupting ‎social media platforms and advertising practices; therefore, the need to understand their impact ‎on the professional skills development landscape is essential. To that end, this study employed ‎both qualitative and empirical lenses to identify how advertising professionals respond to ‎Generative AI's increasing presence and the adaptation of their skill development from that ‎recognized role. This research provides significant evidence of the growing skills with social media advertising ‎bequeathed by Generative AI, interconnecting workplace learning theories, industry strategies ‎, and barriers in innovation and the digital realm. It gives practical advice to organizations about ‎basic competencies necessary to develop and the repercussions of relying on generative tools in ‎order to remain competitive. The research identifies Generative AI not only as a strategic ‎investment for the organization, enhancing marketing efficacy and overall performance, but also ‎enhancing innovation and learning. This proves its financial worth with tangible proof of lower ‎campaign costs, faster content production, and greater conversion resulting from organizations ‎putting AI-enhanced tools into operation. In demonstrating that the evolving Generative AI ‎capabilities are indicators of an increase in productivity, measures such as increased marketing return ‎on investment will place inordinate importance on building GenAI skills‎.

BackgroundThe significance of addressing bilinguals’ cognitive expectations in conversation is well established. However, the interplay between conversational presuppositions and cognitive expectations in bilingual contexts-particularly in literary settings—remains under-explored.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study examines how bilinguals negotiate literary conversations in relation to both L1 and L2 cognitive expectations. Through a theoretical and empirical lens, we identify two distinct pathways by which conversational presuppositions operate in bilingual discourse.ResultsThese pathways prove critical for facilitating effective communication in bilingual learning environments. The study underscores the constructive role of cognitive expectations in literary conversation analysis, framed within conversational presupposition theory. Our findings demonstrate that conversational expectations align with a comprehension framework capable of mitigating challenges posed by bilingual cognitive divergence. By extending this framework, we reveal how presupposition mechanisms can resolve issues tied to bilingual cognition, introducing a novel paradigm for enhancing multilingual learners’ understanding of diverse conversational structures.ConclusionThis research provides new insights into how presuppositions facilitate language comprehension and deepens our understanding of literary conversational dynamics. Ultimately, it advances communicative coherence in bilingual contexts and offers a fresh perspective on optimizing cross-linguistic dialogue.

ABSTRACT We examine how financial pressure influences rule enforcement by leveraging a novel setting: NFL officiating. Unlike traditional regulatory environments, NFL officiating decisions are immediate, transparent, and publicly scrutinized, providing a unique empirical lens to test whether a worsening financial climate shapes enforcement behavior. Analyzing 13,136 defensive penalties from 2015 to 2023, we find that postseason officiating disproportionately favors the Mahomes‐era Kansas City Chiefs, coinciding with the team's emergence as a key driver of TV viewership/ratings and, thereby, revenue. Our study suggests that financial reliance on dominant entities can alter enforcement dynamics, a concern with implications far beyond sports governance.

<span lang="EN-US">The New Atheism is emerging and becoming a global phenomenon, especially after 9/11, which was popularized by four well-known authors called the Four Horsemen. One of the new atheist figures, Sam Harris, wrote a book titled ‘<em>The End of Faith Religion: Terror, and the Future of the Reason’</em> that contains critiques on religions, mainly Islam. Harris argues that Islam is dangerous because its Holy Book, the Qur’an, is thought to support jihad, which ultimately leads to acts of terrorism. Based on that, this study aims to critically analyze Sam Harris’s interpretation of theological sources of authority, specifically the Qur’an. This study using a qualitative research method and a hermeneutical approach. These data collection and analysis techniques allow more nuanced discussions on New Atheism as interpreted by Harris. This study argues that understanding religion requires philosophical, theological, and historical interpretation rather than solely a scientific or empirical lens. The findings of this study that Harris’ explanation about the Qur’an is superficial and misleading, primarily due to his limited understanding of Islam and the Qur’an itself. This study contributes to the development of Islamic science which can be studied in a multidisciplinary manner without ignoring the holy book as the main source</span>

This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between geopolitical uncertainty and decentralized finance (DeFi) token prices using a nonlinear, time-series-based framework. Leveraging the GPRD index as a proxy for global risk sentiment, the study examines seven prominent DeFi tokens representing diverse functional roles within the ecosystem. Through a layered empirical strategy - including Transfer Entropy, Mutual Information, Kernel-based Granger Causality, and Structural Time Series. Modeling - the analysis identifies both predictive and structural dependencies between GPRD and token valuations. The results reveal that tokens associated with financial-layer functions such as lending, collateralization, and liquidity rebalancing (e.g., Maker, Aave, BAL) exhibit stronger and more persistent exposure to geopolitical shocks than exchange-layer tokens like Uniswap or PancakeSwap. Kernel Granger causality confirms significant nonlinear predictive power of GPRD across all tokens, while structural decomposition shows that GPRD systematically depresses the long-term trend component of financial DeFi tokens. These findings indicate that global uncertainty operates not only through shortterm volatility, but also as a sustained driver of DeFi asset repricing. By combining information-theoretic and structural techniques, the study provides a comprehensive empirical lens through which to evaluate systemic risk transmission into DeFi markets. The results underscore the heterogeneous macro-financial sensitivity of decentralized protocols and suggest the need for differentiated risk assessment frameworks in crypto-asset research and governance.

Abstract What does empire look like from spaces where multiple imperial projects converge? Through analysis of Molla Nasraddin, a pioneering satirical magazine from the early twentieth-century Caucasus, I reveal local engagements with empire that defy traditional binaries of center versus periphery, indigenous versus foreign, and resistance versus accommodation. While critical scholarship has powerfully demonstrated how imperial power shapes local life—from technologies of rule to cultural categories and patterns of inequality—such analysis is typically conducted through the lens of a single empire. In the Caucasus, where Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian empires overlapped, Molla Nasraddin developed a distinctive blend of visual satire, character types, and multilingual wordplay that functioned as a form of satirical pedagogy, cultivating what I term “inter-imperial literacy”: the capacity to recognize deep connections between neighboring imperial worlds while maintaining critical distance from each. Through sustained correspondence with readers across three empires during their near-simultaneous revolutionary upheavals (1905–1908), the magazine gave voice to a public defined not by fixed identities but by their capacity for protean transformations across imperial boundaries. While nation-states would eventually redraw the Caucasus, Molla Nasraddin provides a window into a moment when historical borderlands—not imperial centers—offered the most penetrating insights into the workings of empire. In these spaces, elements adopted from competing empires become creative resources for local expression, while apparent cultural alignments conceal critical distance, enabling views of empire at once intimate and askance.

Altruism, defined as selfless concern for the well-being of others, is a phenomenon that has intrigued scholars across disciplines for centuries. This paper explores the psychology of altruism through historical, theoretical, and empirical lenses. It examines its philosophical roots, evolutionary significance, and cultural variations while analyzing key psychological mechanisms that drive altruistic behavior. Factors such as empathy, situational influences, and mental health connections are explored to provide a comprehensive understanding of why people engage in self-sacrificial acts. The role of altruism in crisis situations, its challenges, and notable case studies further highlight the complexity of this behavior. By synthesizing existing literature, this study seeks to offer a nuanced perspective on the motivations and consequences of altruistic actions, emphasizing their significance in fostering social cohesion and well-being. Keywords: Altruism, empathy, prosocial behavior, evolutionary psychology, cultural influences, mental health, crisis response, social cohesion.

Abstract Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) have quickly become a key lens for exploring regional entrepreneurial phenomena. Thus far there appears little consensus around the most relevant geographical unit of analysis for examining EEs however, both from a theoretical and an empirical perspective. In this paper, we set out to test whether wider EE geographical units (such as UK regions) have any meaningful relevance to the small firms and their business operations. To address this concern this paper undertakes an empirical analysis of a loan guarantee scheme in the UK, the Recovery Loan Scheme (RLS). Through the empirical lens of the UK SME support scheme, the RLS, we test the relevance of different levels of EE geographical units including NUTS 1, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3. In the case of the UK, which is a diverse collection of nations (England, and three devolved nations, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), we found that the three devolved nations, and also London shows much larger and stronger higher order spatial effects on their lower order constituent spatial levels. This suggests that outside of London, and the devolved nations, simply analysing NUTS 1 regions does not appear to be the appropriate level if we want to understand the inherent spatial dynamics of small firm ecosystems. Rather, we need to go to smaller spatial levels to establish the true nature of the ecosystem relevant to the small firm. The policy implications point toward the need for properly tailored and localised policy formulation.

Rapid regulatory tightening and price volatility force freight carriers to look beyond single-function apps toward cloud ecosystems that weave dispatch, compliance, and finance into one feedback loop. Grounded in socio-technical systems thinking, this article reframes a multi-module SaaS platform from “helpful gadget” to central governance layer for risk-sensitive growth. Methodology – A narrative synthesis blends cross-case pattern matching with secondary meta-analytic estimation of effect sizes reported in eleven peer-reviewed studies (2014–2025). Cost-benefit evidence from Chinese 3PLs, U.S. motor carriers, emerging-market food chains, and Central-European telematics roll-outs is mapped onto a four-stage model: data harmonisation, risk-aware workflow orchestration, adaptive decision dashboards, and closed-loop settlement. No primary experiment is run, yet triangulation through multiple empirical lenses secures analytic rigour. Findings – Firms migrating to integrated SaaS stacks compress operating costs by 18–32 %, mirroring Subramanian’s cost–green gains and Ujlacká’s telematics savings. Blockchain audit trails curb cargo-theft exposure, Alanazi’s 2025 sensor trial forecasts liability reductions of one-third. Algorithmic scheduling drawn from Industry 4.0 work lifts asset-turnover cycles by roughly 20 %. Crucially, risk attenuation and profit uplift appear symbiotic: cleaner data shrink uncertainty windows, tighter windows enable aggressive pricing, and freed margin finances deeper automation-forming a self-reinforcing control loop. Conclusion – The proposed framework unites scattered digitalisation insights into a phased roadmap: start with document-flow digitisation, layer predictive analytics, then unlock margin-centric governance. Scholars gain a cohesive lens linking platform design to logistics-performance theory, while practitioners receive pragmatic guidance for staged adoption amid scarce capital and high compliance pressure.

Abstract How do trust relations evolve in situations of extreme uncertainty, such as during civil war, when both institutions and trust are precarious? Existing research in political science, conflict studies, and International Relations often assumes that trust either precedes institutions or emerges from them, leaving a critical gap in understanding how both develop simultaneously in conditions of systemic rupture, when system trust is suspended. This article addresses this gap by offering a theory-building approach to trust dynamics under extreme uncertainty. It uses the case of ISIS governance in Mosul (2014–2017) as an empirical lens, specifically focusing on the education sector. Drawing on field research, interviews, and primary documents, this study reveals that trust does not simply erode in civil war; rather, it transforms, with different forms of trust gaining or losing importance. While ISIS sought to establish political trust through institutional outputs, its efforts were undermined by civilians’ reliance on preexisting social trust relations and epistemic trust in past institutions and authorities. This study contributes to research on rebel governance by demonstrating that institutional trust is not easily manufactured in the absence of system trust. Furthermore, it shows that interpersonal and legacy-based trust relations can become powerful sources of resistance against new political orders. Finally, it extends IR debates by proposing a research agenda on trust in international systemic ruptures marked by a temporary loss of system trust.

ABSTRACTAs theorized by Reilly, curatorial activism emerged from the Global North within curatorial and museological discourse as a framework to address the exclusion of marginalized artists from the art historical canon. This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on curatorial activism, specifically within the Indian context, by critically examining its application in Indian art institutions. Drawing from critical concepts in New Museology and Reilly's curatorial activism, this study analyzes key exhibitions curated at two prominent art centres—New Delhi and Mumbai—exploring how curators engage with activist art practices and institutional critique. By examining the curatorial strategies employed—specifically, revisionism, area studies, and relational studies—within these exhibitions, the paper investigates how issues of caste, regional identity, and marginalization are addressed, particularly within India's unique sociopolitical context. Through this empirical lens, the study evaluates how curatorial activism operates within Indian art institutions and its implications for reshaping dominant narratives in contemporary art discourse.

Over fifty countries have published national infrastructure and strategy plans on Artificial Intelligence (AI), outlining their values and priorities regarding AI research, development, and deployment. This paper utilizes a deliberation and capabilities-based ethics framework rooted in providing freedom of agency and choice to human beings– to investigate how different countries approach AI ethics within their national plans. We explore the commonalities and variations in national priorities and their implications for a deliberation and capabilities-based ethics approach. Combining established and novel methodologies such as content analysis, graph structuring, and generative AI, we uncover a complex landscape where traditional geostrategic formations intersect with new alliances, thereby revealing how various groups and associated values are prioritized. For instance, the Ibero-American AI strategy highlights strong connections among Latin American nations, particularly with Spain, emphasizing gender diversity but pragmatically and predominantly as a workforce issue. In contrast, a US-led coalition of “science and tech first movers" is more focused on advancing foundational AI and diverse applications. The European Union AI strategy showcases leading states like France and Germany while addressing regional divides, with more focus and detail on social mobility, sustainability, standardization, and democratic governance of AI. These findings offer an empirical lens into the current global landscape of AI development and ethics, revealing distinct national trajectories in the pursuit of ethical AI.