Empirical Identification Research Articles

ОБРАЗ ДОРОСЛОСТІ У СЕМАНТИЧНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ МОВНОЇ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of cognitive-semantic modelling of the subjective image of adulthood by schoolchildren of adolescence. The research procedure involved the use of conceptual analysis methods, analysis of vocabulary definitions, content analysis. Based on the results of 4207 text fragments and respondents’ answers study, quantification units of the semantic field of the studied conceptosphere, the core and the peripheral part were identified. It has been stated that in the formatting of the subjective image of adulthood by schoolchildren of adolescence, there is a transition from empirical identification and awareness of predominantly «external» attributes of adulthood to a generalization of the internal relevant subsystems for assessing the world, oneself and other people.

Empirical Identification of Latent Classes in the Assessment of Information Asymmetry and Manipulation in Online Advertising

This study’s purpose was to perform an identification analysis of the latent class in assessing information asymmetry and manipulation in online advertising. The title problem fits into the current research on sustainability with the focus on sustainable advertising and the role of modern marketing. This article presents the results of a quantitative study (N = 138) conducted among young Poles. The obtained data were subjected to latent class analysis, which allowed for three groups of respondents to be distinguished. It turned out that the respondents differ from each other in terms of susceptibility to manipulation by online advertising and the awareness thereof, which is clearly distinguished by hidden variables. Therefore, in the discussion on information asymmetry in advertising, we should take into account the obvious demographic variables and the factors that respondents often do not declare in surveys and interviews.

Thermal integrity testing of cast in situ piles: An alternative interpretation approach

Integrity testing of deep cast in situ concrete foundations is challenging due to the intrinsic nature of how these foundations are formed. Several integrity test methods have been developed and are well established, but each of these have strengths and weaknesses. A relatively recent integrity testing method is thermal integrity testing. The fundamental feature is the early age concrete release of heat during curing; anomalies such as voids, necking, bulging and/or soil intrusion inside the concrete body result in local temperature variations. Temperature sensors installed on the reinforcement cage collect detailed temperature data along the entire pile during concrete curing to allow empirical identification of these temperature variations. This article investigates a new approach to the interpretation of the temperature variations from thermal integrity testing of cast in situ concrete piles and presents a field case study of this approach. The approach uses the heat of hydration and heat transfer theory and employs numerical modelling using the finite element method. The finite element model can be customised for different concrete mixes and pile geometries. The predicted temperature profile from the numerical model is then compared, in a systematic manner, to the field test temperature data. Any temperature discrepancies indicate potential anomalies of the pile structure. The proposed new interpretation approach could potentially reduce construction costs and increase the anomaly detection accuracy compared to traditional interpretation methods.

Biological research of color and quality evaluation in "quality discrimination by character" of Chinese medicine

In the theories of empirical identification of "arguments on quality" and "five elephants and seven originals", color is regarded as one of the important indicators in the quality evaluation of Chinese medicine. The color of medicinal material including the surface color, the internal color, and the color after processing is caused by the pigment in the cells, which is a characteristic of the "optimal shape". Most pigments have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis, prevention of coronary heart disease, protection of cardiovascular function, enhancement of immunity, etc. Therefore, the "optimal color" of medicinal materials is unified with the "high quality". This article systematically reviews the research status of "quality discrimination by color", the correlation between L~*, a~*, b~* color space and active ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, etc. to explain the "quality discrimination by color" in quantitative characterization. We also summary the research progress on the biosynthesis and regulation of the main pigment components of traditional Chinese medicine, and analyze the biological causes that affect the accumulation of the main pigments. We aim to provide a reference for the theory "quality discrimination by color" in biological knowledge to establish a modern quality control system for Chinese herbal medicines.

Revisiting carbon lock-in in energy systems: Explaining the perpetuation of coal power in Japan

Carbon lock-in hampers the realisation of sustainable energy systems. It occurs when carbon-intensive technologies, markets and institutions co-evolve and become wedded to historical trajectories despite environmentally superior technologies being available. Multiple material and non-material causes are discussed in literature on socio-technical or energy transitions and carbon lock-in. However, these are yet to be synthesised into a comprehensive framework to guide the empirical identification of lock-in factors. Also, empirical understanding into how various causes of lock-in can interact is limited. To deepen understanding into the various types of socio-technical lock-in affecting energy transitions, we develop an encompassing analytical framework accounting for material, human, non-material and exogenous factors. In addition to carbon lock-in and path dependency, we synthesise diverse literature encompassing sustainability transitions, energy policy, innovation and firm management, economics and political economy. The resultant framework provides a finer-grained and more comprehensive understanding of lock-in than previous studies. Using Japan as a case study, we then apply this framework with two questions in mind: (i) What factors are contributing to the perpetuation of coal power in Japan? and ii) What opportunities emerge to overcome these? The empirical analysis is informed by triangulated data involving 46 semi-structured interviews and diverse documents. Our findings reveal a wide array of interacting factors that contribute to the perpetuation of coal-power in Japan and several emerging opportunities to tackle these. They also demonstrate our framework’s utility as a heuristic that scholars could apply to other cases to increase empirical understanding into the multiple causes of socio-technical lock-in.

Ingredients changes in Rehmanniae Radix processing based by HPLC-ELSD specific chromatogram

To establish the HPLC-ELSD specific chromatogram analysis method of Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Prae-parata, and analyze and compare their chemical compositions, so as to reveal the change regularity of compositions during the proces-sing. By HPLC-ELSD method, the chromatographic column for Prevail Carbohydrate ES(4.6 mm ×250 mm, 5 μm) was adopted, with acetonitrile(A)-water(B) as mobile phase for gradient elution, and the evaporative light-scattering detector was used. A total of 23 batches of Rehmannia Radix samples, and 25 batches of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata samples and processing dynamic samples were compared. The established method had a great repeatability, precision and stability. Eight common chromatographic peaks were extracted from 23 batches of Rehmanniae Radix samples, 8 common peaks were extracted from 25 Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, and 7 chromatographic peaks were identified. The composition ratio of Rehmannia Radix was changed greatly during the processing. When the simila-rity≥0.95 and the fructose peak area was more than 2 times of stachyose tetrahydrate or more than 20 times of raffinose, the processing degree conformed to the requirements of empirical identification. The three main oligosaccharides of Rehmanniae Radix were sucrose that was heated to generate fructose and glucose, stachyose tetrahydrate that was heated to generate melibiose, sucrose and fructose, and stachyose tetrahydrate that was heated to generate manninotriose. The change in the index of proportion between monosaccharides and oligosaccharides can be used as the quantitative criterion for the processing quality of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata.

Емпірична ідентифікація креативного класу в українському суспільстві

Institutional shifts in the labour market during the transition to a post-industrial economy have blurred the boundaries of the traditional classes, including the middle class. The emergence of new classes requires their appropriate theoretical and empirical study. The article dwells upon the empirical identification of the “creative class” in modern Ukrainian society. Author suggests a […]

Political dynamics, public goods and private spillovers

Positive and negative spillovers from private activities onto aggregate economic outcomes are empirically significant. How might politics interact with private investment incentives and their externalities? Our theory connects politics to policies which distort private spillovers. This has implications for empirical identification. In our model, for large negative externality there is a unique equilibrium with perpetually high tax rates and majority poor voters. This is a consequence of political manipulation that anticipates private spillovers on forward-looking investment decisions. When positive spillovers are sufficiently large, individuals can coordinate on policies that encourage private investment. This sustains an equilibrium with perpetually low tax rates and majority rich voters. The resulting multiple equilibria can be used to interpret existing conundrums in empirical findings. We can also rationalize an observed cross-country empirical regularity in terms of public funding for knowledge goods and income inequality.

Establishment of Development Zones and Mismatch of Regional Resources：Theoretical Mechanism and Empirical Identification

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a “new era”. Economic development is not biasedly pursuing speed growth but transforming to the improvement of quality. How to give full play to the market allocation of resources is the core driving force that determines the quality of China’s future economic growth. As a government-led important industrial policy, the establishment of development zones will undoubtedly have an important role in promoting local economic growth, but will the implementation of this policy distort the market allocation of resources and lead to resource mismatch? Existing literature is rarely covered.This paper accurately measures the degree of regional resource mismatch from the perspective of enterprise productivity dispersion, based on the data of Chinese industrial enterprises from 2001 to 2009. Specifically, the degree of resource mismatch is measured by the ratio of the productivity of 90% quantile companies in the region to the productivity of 10% quantile companies. While using the data of China Development Zone Website to match the corresponding city by looking up the zip code, this paper aims to establish development zones as a quasi-natural experiment to evaluate the causal relationship between industrial policy and resource mismatch, and analyze its internal mechanism. The research finds that the establishment of development zones exacerbates the degree of regional resource mismatch by distorting market allocation. This conclusion steadily passes the parallel trend test, regional counterfactual test, time counterfactual test, policy exclusion test, measurement error test, etc. In the research process, through the division of eastern cities, central cities and western cities, to identify the heterogeneity of different marketization degrees, the research concludes that the level of marketization eases the policy impact of development zones on regional resource mismatch. Further identifying the institutional efficiency of cities in first-tier cities, second-tier cities, and third-tier cities, it is found in empirical analysis that institutional efficiency slows the impact of the establishment of development zones on regional resource mismatch. At the same time, “mature” development zones have less impact on regional resource mismatch than “growth” and “primary” development zones, while “primary” development zones have the most serious impact on regional resource mismatch. The impact mechanism test shows that the industrial policy set up by development zones will affect the degree of regional resource mismatch through low-efficiency enterprises not leaving the market, intensifying local government competition and distorting the investment structure of the capital market. By establishing a long-term mechanism for market supervision to reduce investment structure distortion, effectively improve the level of marketization, and improve the quality of public goods supply and public services, it is a policy shock to alleviate the mismatch of regional resources in development zones, and promote the effective path of China’s economy to high quality development.

A rapid identification of authenticity and specifications of Chinese medicine Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus based on E-eye technology

The quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets is correlated with clinical efficacy and drug safety, and plays a great role in promoting the development of traditional Chinese medicine. However, the existing traditional artificial identification and modern instrument detection in terms of accuracy and timeliness have both advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, how to quickly and accurately identify the quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets has become a high-profile issue. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of the application of electronic eye technology in the study of rapid identification of traditional Chinese medicine quality. A total of 80 batches of samples were collected and tested by Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus for traditional empirical identification(M_1) and modern pharmacopeia(M_2). The optical data was collected from electronic eyes, and the chemical metrology was used to establish suitable discrimination models(M_3). Four authenticity and commodity specification models, namely identification analysis(DA), minimum bidirectional support vector machine(LS-SVM), partial minimum two-multiplier analysis(PLS-DA), main component analysis identification analysis(PCA-DA), were established, respectively. The accuracies of the authenticity identification models were 82.5%, 90.0%, 96.2% and 93.8%, while the accuracies of the commodity specification identification models were 89.3%, 96.0%, 90.7% and 97.3%, respectively. The models were well judged, the authenticity identification was based on the final identification model of PLS-DA, and the commodity specification was based on the final identification model of PCA-DA. There was no significant difference between its accuracy and M_1, and the time of determination was much shorter than M_2(P<0.01). Therefore, electronic-eye technology could be used for the rapid identification of the quality of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus.

Didactics: Methodological Approaches to Determining the Content of Physical Education Teacher Training

The objective of the study was to develop methodological approaches to determining the content of physical education teacher training. Materials and methods. The study involved 62 students of the School of Physical Education, who studied according to the 2001-2005 curriculum. To solve the tasks set, the study used both philosophical and general scientific research methods, including: dialectical method (principle of historicism, principle of systematicity, principle of dialectical contradiction, principle of unity of quality and quantity, principle of dialectical negation, principle of development, principle of causality); systems approach; factor and discriminant analysis. Results. The results of performance analysis show an average level of proficiency in learning material. By the coefficient of variation, the grades in History of Modern World, Culturology, Gymnastics, TMPE, 3rd year vary considerably (>33%). The students’ performance in Therapeutic Physical Training, Fundamentals of Ecology, Thesis has an average level of variability. By most indicators, the students are assessed as a homogeneous group. The analysis of similarities (h2) showed that the most informative indicators of the quality of students’ training are the grades in the following subjects: Teaching Practice (middle school) (0.817); Biomechanics (0.772); Qualification Examination (0.764); Teaching Practice (senior school) (0.763). Conclusions. Factor and discriminant analysis provided objective information on the quality of physical education teacher training. The results of factor analysis do not confirm the objectivity of empirical identification of four groups of academic subjects of the curriculum. The factor structure of the curriculum indicates the need to change the content of education, aimed at improving the training of highly qualified teachers. The training of a physical education teacher should include the following blocks of subjects: professional theoretical and practical training, natural sciences, theory and methods of physical education of schoolchildren, special training in the chosen sport. The results of discriminant analysis show that physical education teacher training is aimed at developing knowledge, abilities and skills in the sections: 1) Means and Methods of Physical Education; 2) Theory and Methods of Motor Abilities Development; 3) Theory and Methods of Teaching Motor Actions.

The Credibility Revolution in the Empirical Analysis of Crime

I review recent developments in the economic analysis of crime, focusing in particular on organized crime and corruption. I first discuss the main challenges to the empirical identification of causal relationships—namely, measurement error due to endogenous reporting of crime and the fact that randomized controlled trials are rarely an option when studying crime. I then discuss recent advancements made possible by the combination of detailed micro data and quasi-experimental methods.

Risk Attitudes, Sample Selection, and Attrition in a Longitudinal Field Experiment

We evaluate the temporal stability of risk preferences using a remarkable data set that combines sociodemographic information from the Danish Civil Registry with information on risk attitudes from a longitudinal field experiment. Our econometric model accounts for endogenous sample selection and attrition processes that may confound inferences about temporal stability. Our experimental design builds in randomization on the incentives for participation that facilitates empirical identification of the model. In general, we find evidence consistent with temporal stability after correcting for the effects of selection and attrition. When neglected, these effects change our inferences in an economically and statistically significant manner.

A subaltern middle class: The case of the missing “Black bourgeoisie” in America

AbstractA convention, particularly in economics and sociology, for empirical identification of the “middle class” has been to mark off a segment of the population above a lower bound with respect to income, occupational status, and/or educational attainment. Instead, we argue here that wealth constitutes a superior standard for demarcation of the middle class. Wealth is an especially useful standard for identification of the middle class from subaltern communities, communities that have a generally marginalized status. We illustrate the value of the wealth criteria by examining the specific case of America's Black middle class. This alternative approach enables us to demonstrate that the Black middle class is proportionately much smaller than the White middle class and to demonstrate the limitations of several proposals recently advanced to close the racial wealth gap.

Conceptualization of the Subjective Image of Adulthood in the Semantic Space of a Linguistic Personality

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of cognitive-semantic modelling of the subjective image of adulthood by schoolchildren of adolescence in modern sociocultural space. The authors proved that the logical-meaningful constructs of the linguistic picture of the world explicate the sociolect of the subjects of speech and form the conceptual space of the mental continuum, which is especially important for rethinking the semantic indicators of a personality formation in the process of growing up. The image of adulthood is interpreted by the authors as the most personalized systemic structure, which reflects the representation of the subjects of linguistic consciousness about the ideal self in the temporal perspective.
 Research procedure. The research procedure involved the use of conceptual analysis methods, analysis of vocabulary definitions, content analysis. Based on the results of 4207 text fragments and respondents’ answers study, quantification units of the semantic field of the studied conceptosphere, the core (semantic constant) and the peripheral part (its information-content and interpretation segments) were identified.
 Results. Empirically, the characteristics of the conceptual linguization were clarified to indicate the phenomenon of adulthood in the semantic space of the linguistic personality, the psycholinguistic features of the linguistic objectification of the concepts Adult and Becoming an Adult were identified in the consciousness of the subjects of ageing, and trends in the age-related dynamics of the cognitive-semantic nature of the adult concept in the minds of schoolchildren were specified. It has been stated that in the formatting of the subjective image of adulthood by schoolchildren of adolescence, there is a transition from empirical identification and awareness of predominantly «external» attributes of adulthood to a generalization of the internal relevant subsystems for assessing the world, oneself and other people (primarily adults). It is statistically confirmed that the main transformations of the subjective image of adulthood in the semantic space of the linguistic personality occur in adolescence, which should be the object of corrective and preventive interventions in the dynamic context of the psychological support of growing up.
 Conclusions. The results obtained substantially complement the materials presented by the scientific community on the trends in the conceptualization of the indicators of modern youth growing up.

Стратегії ресурсної насиченості особистості

The aim of the article is empirical identification of the strategies of psychologicalrichness of personality.Methods of the study. The psychological survey is applied including thefollowing techniques: personal resourcefulness questionnaire, psychologicalresourcefulness questionnaire, diagnostic questionnaire of existential resourcesindicators, virtue and strength of character questionnaire, crisis copingquestionnaire,psychological well-being questionnaire, methods of assessmentand prediction of psychological development of situations of interpersonalinteraction. The methods of mathematical and statistical analysis, like one-wayANOVA, cluster analysis, classification analysis have been used. The researchwas implemented using the Goldmark’s model, which involved alternativehypotheses and determined the practical and theoretical significance of the results of the research. The methods of verification and interpretation have beenimplemented.The results of the research. According to the results of verification thefollowing strategies of psychological richness are singled out: personalityperfectness, personality maturity, existential perfectness, existential motivation,basic beliefs. The hardiness is shown to be doubtfully defined as the strategyof the psychological richness of personality. According to the results ofthe classification analysis, it is determined that the strategy of personalityperfectness implies the possibilities of life self-fulfillment of personality (thepredictor’s rank is 100%). The analysis of the correlation between strategies ofpersonality’s psychological richness in the structure of personal self-fulfillmentproves the strategy of personality’s perfectness is only 5%, while the strategyof existential fulfillment is 55%, and its predictor’s rank is 23%. The results ofclassification analysis using the k-averages method showed, that there were twotypes of opportunities for personal self-fulfillment that differed in terms of thestrategy of existential fulfillment.Conclusions. The strategies of psychological richness of personality arecharacterized as a reflexively predetermined distribution of psychological factorsin the areas of intentional experience, encompassed by wisdom of a man. Theempirical indicators of strategies of personality’s psychological richness are thesystemic reflection, wisdom, psychological resources of personality. Each of thedefined strategies is interpreted to characterize certain functions in the person’sreflective image of his / her own possible life self-fulfillment. The characteristics ofthe functions of psychological richness of personality are relevant for predictingand analyzing the effectiveness of productive functioning of personality.

Herding and Software Adoption: A Re-Examination Based on Post-Adoption Software Discontinuance

ABSTRACT Informational cascades are theorized as an underlying mechanism of herding. That is, an individual, having observed the actions of those ahead of him/her, chooses to follow the behavior of the preceding individuals even though his/her private information suggests other options. Empirical identification of informational cascades is challenging because individual users’ private information is unobservable. Our study utilizes a unique data set on post-adoption discontinuance of app usage to revisit herding and informational cascades in software adoption. We find that with the download of apps being controlled, a higher software ranking is associated with more post-adoption discontinuance of app usage, which empirically illustrates the decision deficiency of following others’ observed behavior in adopting popular software apps and supports the theoretical perspective of informational cascades. We further show that the association between app ranking and post-adoption discontinuance is stronger for apps with higher ratings and with higher complexity levels. Moreover, as apps become more complex in the app life cycle, updated app versions with a higher level of complexity are associated with a weaker relationship between app ranking and post-adoption discontinuance. Our study contributes to the literature by confirming the informational cascades effect and its interaction with other informational mechanisms (e.g., user rating) and software internal feature (e.g., product complexity) in software adoption. The findings help software vendors gain insights in users’ herding behavior in software adoption and optimize their software releasing strategies and promotional effort allocation.

Hashtag activism and the configuration of counterpublics: Dutch animal welfare debates on Twitter

ABSTRACT Social media platforms provide major opportunities for online activism and the emergence of digital counterpublics. Research on counterpublics has focused on actors and their narrative strategies aiming at deconstructing dominant discourses. Less attention has been paid to how the interplay between actors and platform-specific functions affects the configurations and therewith also the success of digital counterpublics. Existing studies mainly rely on determining up front which topics, actor characteristics, or arguments constitute hashtag activism and digital counterpublics. In contrast, our approach allows for an empirical identification based on how actors position themselves in an online debate toward other actors and their shared hashtags. We argue that online activism is co-constituted by actors and their usage of hashtags, actor mentions, and retweets. Applying a communicative network perspective allows for the integration of semantic and relational research traditions. We combine a recently developed automated network analysis method and content analysis to analyze two Twitter debates about animal welfare issues. Our results show that among Twitter users, citizens and environmental organizations formed a common cluster whereas media actors formed their own sub-clusters in both debates. The findings emphasize the central role of citizens for the configuration of digital counterpublics. The proposed approach can be further adapted and applied more widely for the analysis of online activism and debates.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON CONTEMPORARY BANKING RESEARCH: THE USE OF FIXED EFFECTS TO DISENTANGLE LOAN DEMAND FROM LOAN SUPPLY

With the onset of the financial crisis, disentangling the effects of loan demand and supply in contemporary banking research has become vital for a proper assessment of supply‐related banking shocks. These shocks may negatively affect the real economy through many channels, such as the lending channel of monetary policy transmission, the bank risk‐taking channel or the evaluation of macroprudential policy efficiency. All these rely on separating the two lending components. Empirical identification has largely relied on the use of demand‐related fixed effects, which has also been applied in several analyses within this symposium. (JEL G21)

Positive Health Externalities of Mandating Paid Sick Leave

A growing economic literature studies the optimal design of social insurance systems and the empirical identification of welfare-relevant externalities. In this paper, we test whether mandating employee access to paid sick leave has reduced influenza-like-illness (ILI) transmission rates as well as pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality rates in the United States. Using uniquely compiled data from administrative sources at the state-week level from 2010 to 2018 along with difference-in-differences methods, we present quasi-experimental evidence that sick pay mandates have causally reduced doctor-certified ILI rates at the population level. On average, ILI rates fell by about 11 percent or 290 ILI cases per 100,000 patients per week in the first year.