Chemical Components Research Articles

Machine Learning-Assisted Discovery of Empirical Rule for Martensite Transition Temperature of Shape Memory Alloys

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) derive their unique functional properties from martensitic transformations, with the martensitic transformation temperature (TM) serving as a key design parameter. However, existing empirical rules, such as the valence electron concentration (VEC) and lattice volume (V) criteria, are typically restricted to specific alloy families and lack general applicability. In this work, we used a data-driven methodology to find a generalizable empirical formula for TM in SMAs by combining high-throughput first-principles calculations, feature engineering, and symbol regression techniques. Key factors influencing TM were first identified and a predictive machine learning model was subsequently trained based on these features. Furthermore, an empirical formula of TM = 82(ρ¯·MP¯)−700 was derived, where ρ¯ and MP¯ represent the weight-average value of density and melting point, respectively. The empirical formula exhibits strong generalizability across a wide range of SMAs, such as NiMn-based, NiTi-based, TiPt-based, and AuCd-based SMAs, etc., offering practical guidance for the compositional design and optimization of shape memory alloys.

Amurselite, A New Uranyl Selenite from the Burro Mine, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA

Abstract Amurselite (IMA2024-062), (NH4)2[(UO2)5(SeO3)3O2(OH)2(H2O)]·8H2O, is a new mineral discovered at the Burro mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA. It was found in a secondary efflorescent assemblage on asphaltite in association with gypsum, natrozippeite, quartz, and a potentially new lithium-uranyl-selenite mineral. Amurselite occurs as yellow prisms or blades. The streak is pale yellow, the luster is vitreous, the Mohs hardness is about 2, the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is irregular or stepped and the cleavages are perfect on {100} and fair on {010}. The mineral fluoresces weak green in 405 nm illumination. It is optically biaxial (−) with α = 1.580(5), β = 1.720(5), γ = 1.725(5) (white light); 2V = 18(3)°; optical orientation: X ^ a ≈ 20°, Y ^ b ≈ 44°; pleochroism: X colorless, Y and Z yellow; X < Y ≈ Z. The calculated density is 4.178 g/cm3 for the empirical formula. Electron probe microanalysis provided the empirical formula (NH4)1.87Na0.07K0.06U6+5Se4+2.98O32H20.07. Amurselite is triclinic, space group , a = 8.598(3), b = 9.088(3), c = 11.071(4) Å, α = 83.644(7), β = 68.776(7), γ = 79.940(8)°, V = 792.9(4) Å3, and Z = 1. In the crystal structure (R1 = 0.0505 for 1210 I > 2σI reflections), UO7 and UO8 polyhedra link by sharing equatorial edges to form chains, which are cross-linked by SeO32− groups to form sheets. The interlayer region contains NH4 and H2O.

Multivariate analysis of DTMS data for elucidating the chemistry behind soft and dripping paint

The problem of soft and dripping oil paint in mid-20th-century paintings was investigated using high-resolution direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) and multivariate data analysis techniques. Nineteen paintings by Asger Jorn, Karel Appel, Pierre Alechinsky and Jean-Paul Riopelle were examined, and selected areas were tested for material properties and water sensitivity. Samples were taken from these areas and subjected to DTMS, and the data collected were analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PCA loadings showed grouping of variables belonging to similar chemical structures, but the scores showed only clear clustering of samples classified as solid and healthy. The other categories showed large variability in chemical composition. No clustering on water sensitivity was found. With PLS-DA, chemical markers were detected for the solid and healthy samples that are correlated to the presence of fish oil. Further investigation showed strong indications for the presence of chemical components related to fish oil in many samples from the other categories as well. Earlier hypotheses on the issue of soft and dripping oil paint, based on observations on a single or small group of paintings, could not be confirmed. In this study, it was also shown that using low resolution DTMS may lead to incorrect conclusions, because different chemical components with the same nominal mass can be anti-correlated.

Chemical Components in the Virgo Overdensity and Hercules–Aquila Cloud: Hints of More than One Merger Event in GSE-like Debris

Abstract Using elemental abundances for 1.26 million K giants in the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope DR8 value-added catalog, we analyze the chemical abundances of the Virgo Overdensity and Hercules–Aquila Cloud. We find two distinct chemical populations in both overdensities, which is in disagreement with the mainstream hypothesis that both overdensities are composed of materials from a single merger event, namely, Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus (GSE). The two populations show different chemical trends: one exhibits low metallicities and high α abundances, and the other shows high metallicities and low α abundances, which are associated with the recently discovered Nereus and Virgo Radial Merger (VRM) components in the local stellar halo, respectively. The Nereus component in these overdensities uniquely exhibits a decreasing trend in the [Fe/H]–[Mn/Fe] plane. Out of all observed Milky Way dwarf galaxies, this trend is only found in the Sculptor dwarf galaxy, which provides clues for the properties of Nereus progenitor. We also find that the velocity ellipses with high anisotropy parameters that is usually considered to be part of GSE are actually a mix of the two components. Both overdensities are well mixed in kinematic spaces, confirming recent claims that the debris of merger pairs are kinematically indistinguishable in a recent simulation. We find that the velocity ellipses of the VRM stars in these overdensities have large inclination angles, which may be an indication of the merger time in simulated merger events.

Strongly confined atomic excitation localization in a weakly-driven atom-waveguide interface

Abstract An atomic array coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide forms a strongly coupled quantum interface, exhibiting various intriguing collective features of quantum dynamics. Here we consider a homogeneous atomic array and theoretically investigate its steady-state distribution when the incident fields drive the atoms from both sides at asymmetric angles. This effectively creates an interface shared by two zones of atoms under different driving angles. This setup introduces a competition between photon-mediated dipole-dipole interactions and the directionality of coupling, while differences of the travelling phases from the incident angles further influence the overall steady-state behavior. Under this asymmetric driving scheme, the presence of strongly confined localization can be identified, where localization can occur either at the interface or at one of edges. Additionally, we examine the size effect on the atomic localization, deriving an empirical formula to predict parameter regimes that favor interfaced localization. We also consider a defect-driving scheme, where a third zone is created by undriven atoms under symmetric travelling phases. This results in strongly confined single-site excitation localization, which can be explained through analytical solutions under the reciprocal coupling. Finally, we propose several methods for precise control of multiple single-site localizations under the defect-driving scheme. Our results provide insights into driven-dissipative quantum systems with nonreciprocal couplings and pave the way for quantum simulation of exotic many-body states relevant to quantum information applications.

Quantitative evaluation and prediction of the relative complexity of Sangshuping coal mine tectonics in the Hancheng mining area

In this paper, the relative complexity of the tectonics in the Sangshuping coal mine was studied. On the basis of the assumption of equal blocks, using entropy function analysis and stepwise regression analysis, an empirical formula for quantitatively evaluating structural relative complexity was established from the structural characteristics in the exposed area, and then the formula was applied to the prediction of relative tectonic complexity in the unexposed area. The results are as follows. First, the main factors affecting the structural relative complexity of the No. 3 coal seam were the number of contour lines, the thickness of the overlying sandstone, the abnormality index of the coal seam thickness, and the lithology of the coal seam roof. Second, the complexity level in the exposed area of the No. 3 coal seam was mainly medium, and the level in the unexposed area was simple. The tectonics in the southern part of the coal mine were more complex than those in the north, and those in the east were more complex than those in the west. Finally, the relative complexity level of the No. 11 coal seam was simple; the tectonics of the northern part were relatively simple, and those of the central and southern parts were moderate.

Relationship Between the Nutritional and Physiological Responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Phytochemical Metabolites in Various Sesame Cultivars

ABSTRACTThe cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the significant economic pests of agricultural crops. In the current study, the nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic activities of H. armigera were assessed on 10 sesame cultivars (Barekat, Mohajer, Shevin, Chamran, Jiroft, Behbahan, Sistan, Dashtestan, Dezful and Hamidieh). Furthermore, specific phytochemical metabolites of sesame cultivars (protein, starch, lipid, phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin) were evaluated to investigate their relationships with the nutritional and physiological responses of the pest. The results revealed that the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and relative growth rate (RGR) values of H. armigera larvae were highest on Mohajer and Barekat. However, the related lowest amounts were obtained on Chamran, Jiroft and Dezful. The highest level of amylolytic activity in H. armigera larvae was detected on Jiroft, whereas the lowest activity was found on Mohajer. The larvae fed on Barekat, Mohajer, Dashtestan and Dezful exhibited the maximum proteolytic activities. Quantifying the biochemical differences of the studied sesame cultivars revealed significant variation. Furthermore, significant negative or positive correlations were found between the nutritional indices with enzymatic activities of H. armigera larvae or both of these traits with the chemical components of the tested sesame cultivars. The cluster analysis results revealed that Mohajer and Barekat were the most suitable cultivars, while Chamran, Jiroft and Dezful were nutritionally unsuitable for H. armigera. Our findings suggest that the selective use of certain sesame cultivars as potential sources of antibiosis against H. armigera could be incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes or used to screen insect inhibitors for developing genetically modified pest‐resistant plants.

Anti-Tumorigenic Effects of Sea Buckthorn Root Extracts on Head and Neck Cancer Cells—A Systematic Analysis

Chemotherapy is a common treatment method for cancer that is often associated with strong side effects. To reduce these, research on extracts from medicinal plants and their active ingredients has been conducted. Although sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a well-established medicinal plant, little is known about the chemical components responsible for its putative anticancer activity. This study focuses on both chemical and medical analyses of methanolic sea buckthorn root extracts. Cell viability measurements were performed on head and neck cancer cell lines, as well as non-tumorigenic control cells. Microwave and classical extractions under reflux were used to prepare the methanolic extracts. LC/MS and NMR were used to determine the structures of the molecules contained within these extracts. The aqueous phase of one sea buckthorn root extract reduced the viability of cancer cells, whereas the viability of non-tumorigenic control cells remained unaltered. The cell cycle phases of cancer cells treated with the extract shifted in comparison to control treatment. After 24 h, the number of cells in proliferative phases had increased. Two fractions of the extract that evoked alterations were identified. After a 48 h treatment, one of the fractions showed a higher number of apoptotic cells than the control. LC/MS and NMR analyses were conducted to attempt to identify the active compounds. We propose that the bioactivity of this extract is caused by a mixture of 2′-hydroxyflavone isomers.

Impact resistance performance of seismic induced pre-damage G-UHPC beams

Engineering structures may be subjected to couple effects of multiple loads under extreme conditions. As a green and high performance concrete, using geopolymer based ultra-high performance concrete (G-UHPC) would reduce CO 2 emissions and improve engineering structure’s safety under extreme conditions. This study investigated the static and pseudo-static behaviors of G-UHPC beams, with a primary focus on the impact resistance characteristics of seismic induced pre-damaged G-UHPC beams. The results indicated that G-UHPC beams pre-damage by 130 kN and below exhibit similar effects on the impact performance, whereas pre-damage by 160 kN has a more significant impact on the impact performance of G-UHPC beams and even change their failure mode. G-UHPC beams with varying levels of pre-damage due to cyclic loading exhibit similar deflection recovery under identical impact loading conditions. With increasing levels of pre-damage from cyclic loading, G-UHPC beams exhibited a slightly stronger energy absorption effect. Finally, an empirical formula has been established to predict the residual deflection of seismic induced pre-damaged G-UHPC beams subjected to impact loading, which exhibits good agreement with experimental data.

Proposal for a New Hybrid Explosive Atmosphere (ATEX) Risk Assessment Approach Using Risk Priority Number and Analytical Hierarchy Process Method

This study aims to highlight the importance of evaluating explosive atmosphere (ATEX) risks and to propose a novel, more accurate and comprehensive risk assessment method compared to traditional existing approaches. To address the limitations of traditional ATEX risk assessment methods, this study introduces a new approach based on three key parameters: occurrence, detection, and severity. These factors are combined using a weighted sum (WS) formula to calculate a modified risk priority number (RPN), enhanced by the analytic hierarchy process. This hybrid methodology provides a more precise and reliable assessment of ATEX risks. Moreover, the findings of the proposed WS-RPN method (and its ATEX-specific version, WS-RATEX) demonstrate superior accuracy and lower duplication rates compared to conventional risk assessment techniques. A sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness, stability, and reliability of this approach, making it a valuable tool for quantifying ATEX risks. It is evident to say that WS-RPN represents a significant advancement in ATEX risk assessments. By integrating a refined calculation model, and factoring in occurrence, detection, and severity, the latter ensures a more systematic and reliable evaluation. Thus, with improved risk prioritization, this approach not only enhances industrial installations’ safety but also serves as a more effective alternative to traditional assessment methods.

Study on the influence of revetment on the evolution law of river channel morphology in the wandering section of Tarim river

The fluvial geomorphology of wandering rivers exhibits distinctive characteristics that distinguish them from other river types. Understanding the mechanisms underlying water-sediment dynamics and bank protection density in the morphological adjustment processes of wandering rivers is of considerable scientific and practical importance. Utilizing multi-temporal remote sensing imagery spanning from 2013 to 2023, this study systematically quantifies the morphological characteristics of a 65-km reach extending from Sanyuankou to Tarim River’s Third Bridge through comprehensive extraction of key geomorphological parameters along the central sandbank line. The investigation employs an integrated approach combining hydrological datasets to elucidate the quantitative relationships governing thalweg migration patterns in successive meander bends under constrained boundary conditions. The analytical results demonstrate that the asymmetric distribution of bank protection density, characterized by relatively low values on both left and right banks during 2013–2017, significantly influenced fluvial geomorphological processes, resulting in irregular variations in the sandbar index () and extensive thalweg migration. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant reduction in the sandbar index () from 4.31 during 2013–2017 to 2.80 in the subsequent period (2018–2022), representing a 35% decrease. With the increase in riparian density, the magnitude of the thalweg oscillations was most substantially franked in typical continuous bend reaches compared to other channel reaches. An empirical formula was developed to predict the thalweg swing width in successive river bends under fixed boundary conditions, taking into account the interplay between water-sediment dynamics and bend revetment parameters. The formula’s validity was confirmed through empirical testing, which demonstrated a strong correlation between the computed results and the observed data. The research results have important reference significance for the prediction of river regime in continuous bends of wandering rivers.

Variations of the chemical components and biological activities of Thymus capitatus essential oil from three regions in Palestine

Thymus capitatus is a widely utilized medicinal plant in Palestine. The main goal of this study was to assess the phytochemical content of T. capitatus essential oils (EOs) from three Palestinian regions using hydro-distillation. Furthermore, the EO extracted from the plant was subjected to biological tests. GC-MS spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the elements in the EOs examined. The DPPH assay and the β-carotene-linoleic acid assay were utilized to determine the levels of antioxidant activity. The plant’s anti-lipase activity was carried out using a pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. α-amylase inhibitory activity of the EOs samples was studied compared with the hypoglycemic drug, Acarbose. An antimicrobial assay was conducted against seven common bacteria and fungi types. Additionally, Hep-G2 cells were used to assess the anticancer activity. The EO components were mainly monoterpenes, thymol, and carvacrol. Chemical components of the EOs varied between districts (Ramallah: carvacrol (31.25%), γ-terpinene (30.94%), Jenin: γ-terpinene (67%), cis-b-terpineol (12.91%), Hebron: thymol (40.35%), b-Caryophyllene (13.23%) were the main components of the EOs in the districts. The antioxidant activity of T. capitatus EOs was shown to be dose-dependent. The results showed that the three districts had nearly the same IC50, a fourth-fold of gallic acid. The Hebron sample of T. capitatus EO showed antibacterial activity with MIC values between 0.1953 and 1.5625 µg/mL. All samples showed anti-lipase activity higher than Orlistat at concentrations equal to or above 200 µg/ml. Furthermore, all three EO samples inhibited α-amylase concentration-dependently. All samples showed promising cytotoxicity results against Hep-G2, with an average percent inhibition of 85% at a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. The chemical composition of the EO of T. capitatus is related to the plant’s origin, soil components, genetic variables, and climatic conditions, which in turn reflect the plant’s biological activity.

The customs supervision of maintenance of measures of technical regulation of imported gel-lacquers as measure of protection of citizen health

The development of industry of modeling and care of artificial nails, conditioned by comfort and aesthetic component for consumers is particularly dynamic. In Russia, this service is relatively new one. Therefore, most of materials are imported from other countries. However, compositions of main material of gel-lacquers from various manufacturing companies contain such harmful substances and chemical components as toluene, formaldehyde and dibutyl phthalate that negatively impact on human health and often causes various diseases and side-effects.The analysis confirmed problematic aspects in current legislation related to import foreign gel-lacquers used in nail modeling, especially in terms of compliance with technical regulation measures to ensure safety of citizens health that is one of main tasks of customs authorities. In this regard, regulatory framework governing strict procedure for import of foreign-made gel-lacquers into territory of the Russian Federation as part of the EAEU analysis was implemented. The relevant conclusions and recommendations were formulated.

On the Penetration of Projectiles into Semi-Infinite Concrete Targets in a Coupled Deforming and Eroding Regime

With the advancement of high-velocity kinetic energy weapons, the impact velocity encountered by concrete protective structures has evolved from low to high velocity ranges, rendering traditional rigid projectile penetration theories inadequate for accurately describing the physical mechanisms of deformation and erosion coupling during penetration. This study establishes a theoretical analytical framework for penetration dynamics under high-velocity conditions with coupled deformation and erosion effects: the critical velocity threshold distinguishing between rigid projectile penetration and hydrodynamic penetration modes is precisely defined based on the initial impact velocity V0. By integrating empirical mass erosion formulas with cavity expansion theory, a theoretical model encompassing coupled deformation and erosion effects has been developed, incorporating both projectile cross-sectional area evolution and penetration depth prediction. Comparative analysis with published experimental data (small-scale projectiles vertically impacting concrete targets) demonstrates the model’s predictive accuracy, showing maximum errors of 9.5% in critical velocity prediction, 17.89% in projectile cross-sectional area prediction, and 24.4% in penetration depth prediction.

Plastic failure and deformation calculation of shaft structure in soil under lateral explosion

This study investigated the failure phenomenon of steel plate-reinforced concrete shaft structures situated in soil under medium-field explosions. Through model experiments and finite element numerical simulations, we analyzed the process of plastic hinge line formation and the deformation characteristics of the structure, and the dimensionless circumferential relative displacement α1 was proposed as an index to measure the structural deformation. According to the damage characteristics, the structural failure modes were divided into standard failure mode and three extension failure mode. The empirical formula of the characteristic size of plastic hinge line is derived from the numerical simulation data. Based on the numerical simulation data and the law of conservation of energy, the empirical formula of the characteristic size of the plastic hinge line was obtained by fitting, the motion field of each plate in the plastic hinge line was analyzed, and the calculation method of the rigid plastic deformation of the shaft structure was established. We compared the discrepancies between the finite element calculation model and the theoretical algorithm and examined the impacts of concrete strength, concrete thickness to radius ratio, steel plate thickness to radius ratio, and charge mass on steel plate displacement. The results showed that increasing concrete strength and the thicknesses of both concrete and steel plates improved the structure’s blast resistance and reduced deformation. And at the same scaled explosive distance, a higher charge mass increased the distance to the structure, leading to greater external work and structural deformation. In cases where concrete thickness to radius ratio greater than 13%, the relative error between theoretical calculations and numerical simulations was below 20%, indicating the computational method’s accuracy in predicting the deformation of steel plate-reinforced concrete shaft under medium-field explosions.

A Rapid Theoretical Approach for Estimating the Energy Losses Induced by Tip Clearance Jets in Centrifugal Pumps

Abstract The semi-open centrifugal pump plays a critical role in energy conversion and fluid transport. However, the formation of the tip clearance jet (TCJ) complicates the flow pattern, leading to a significant reduction in energy conversion efficiency. In practice, an empirical formula is frequently employed to estimate energy losses at the blade tips, but this method is constrained by single-point predictions and low accuracy. This study proposes a rapid theoretical approach based on fluid element forces to more accurately estimate energy losses associated with TCJ in centrifugal blades. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in predicting differential pressure at the blade tip, jet flow rates, and jet energy losses, with average errors of 4.73%, 4.41%, and 5.42% relative to numerical simulations. From a theoretical perspective, we confirm that differential pressure is the primary driving force behind TCJ formation. In engineering cases with gap sizes of 0.5 mm and 1.1 mm, the empirical formula resulted in prediction errors of 20.08% and 16.34%, respectively. In contrast, our theoretical approach achieves a prediction error of less than 4.5% at the design point, with a 72% improvement in accuracy, while maintaining high precision even under off-design conditions. These findings highlight the advantages of our approach, including its multipoint prediction capability and high precision. This study introduces a novel method for estimating energy losses in centrifugal pumps due to TCJ.

GIS-based integration of marine data for assessment and management of a highly anthropized coastal area

Monitoring coastal marine environments by evaluating and comparing their chemical, physical, biological, and anthropogenic components is essential for ecological assessment and socio-economic development. In this study, we conducted an integrated multivariate analysis to assess the descriptors of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive at a regional scale in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), with a specific focus on the densely populated coastal zone of the Campania region. Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected and analyzed in 22 sampling sites during three oceanographic surveys in the Gulf of Gaeta (GoG), Naples (GoN), and Salerno (GoS) in autumn 2020. Our results indicated that these three gulfs were distinct overall, with GoN being more divergent and heterogeneous than GoG and GoS. The marine area studied in the GoN had more favorable hydrographic and trophic conditions and food web characteristics, except for the mesozooplankton biomass, and was closer to socio-economic factors compared to the GoS and GoG. Our analysis helped us find the key ecological features that define different sub-regions and connect them to social and economic factors, including human activities. We highlighted the relevance of primary and secondary variables in terms of the comprehensive ecological assessment of a marine area and its impact on specific socio-economic activities. These findings support the need to describe and integrate multiple descriptors at the spatial scale.

Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction ameliorates lipid disorders in obese mice via inducing browning of white adipose tissue and activating brown adipose tissue

BackgroundObesity has become a critical public health challenge worldwide. Prioritizing prevention and tackling root causes—rather than merely managing symptoms—is critical to curbing this pandemic. Strategies that activate and expand brown adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue increase energy expenditure in animal models and offer therapeutic promise to treat obesity. Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction (SHX) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that possesses several beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties. This study aims to investigate whether SHX can alleviate obesity by promoting the browning process in adipose tissue.MethodsUPLC MS/MS was used to detect the constituents of SHX extraction, as well as the absorbed components of SHX in rat plasma. In vivo, C57BL/6 J mice were fed with 60% calorie high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. 3T3-L1 white adipocyte and HIB-1B brown adipocyte were cultured. Parameters of body weight, food intake, Lee’s index, skin temperature, adipose tissue mass, and blood glucose and lipids of mice were detected. The histological features of BAT and iWAT were observed by H&E staining, and the protein expression of UCP1 in adipose tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry method, and the UCP1 protein expression of 3T3-L1 and HIB-1B cells was tested using immunofluorescence staining. Gene expression of browning markers (e.g. Ucp1, Pgc1α, Prdm16, Cidea, Cd137, Tbx1, and Tmem26), fatty acid oxidation factors (e.g. Cpt-1β, Cyto-c, and Fatp1) and mitochondrial biogenic transcription factors (e.g. Nrf1, Nrf2, and Tfam) of adipose tissue, 3T3-L1 and HIB-1B cells was detected using qRT-PCR method.ResultsA total of 58 chemical components of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction were identified by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn method, which provided the basis for the basic research of SHX pharmacodynamic substances. In vivo, SHX extraction could reduce body weight gain, improve glucose and lipid metabolism, enhance the activity of brown adipose tissue and induce the development of brown-like adipocytes of iWAT in obese mice. Furthermore, SHX extraction improved the gene expression of brown markers including Ucp1, Pgc1α and Prdm16, and mitochondrial biogenic transcription factors including Nrf1 and Tfam, as well as the UCP1 protein levels in white and brown adipocytes.ConclusionsOur study suggested that Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction could be used as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of obesity and its complications by inducing browning of white adipose tissue and activating brown adipose tissue.

Padovan and Perrin hyperbolic spinors

In this study, we intend to bring together Padovan and Perrin number sequences, which are one of the most popular third-order recurrence sequences, and hyperbolic spinors, which are used in several disciplines from physics to mathematics, with the help of the split quaternions. This paper especially improves the relationship between hyperbolic spinors, both a physical and mathematical concept, and number theory. For this aim, we combine the hyperbolic spinors and Padovan and Perrin numbers concerning the split Padovan and Perrin quaternions, and we determine two new special recurrence sequences named Padovan and Perrin hyperbolic spinors. Then, we give Binet formulas, generating functions, exponential generating functions, Poisson generating functions, and summation formulas. Additionally, we present some matrix and determinant equations with respect to them. Besides, we construct some special equations that give relations between Padovan and Perrin hyperbolic spinors and Padovan and Perrin numbers. Further, we give a short introduction for (s, t)-Padovan and (s, t)-Perrin hyperbolic spinors in order to shed light on future studies.

Biothermodynamic Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans: Model of Growth and Metabolism Based on Empirical Formulas, Metabolism Reactions, and Thermodynamic Properties of Living Matter and Metabolism

Caenorhabditis elegans is among the most important model organisms. It has been extensively studied from the perspective of life and biomedical sciences. However, no model of growth and metabolism of C. elegans is available in the literature that is based on biothermodynamics and bioenergetics. Such a model would provide insight into growth and metabolism of C. elegans from the perspective of the fundamental laws of nature. In this research, a chemical and thermodynamic characterization of C. elegans is performed, with the determination of empirical formulas, thermodynamic properties of living matter, reactions of biosynthesis, catabolism and metabolism, thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis, catabolism and metabolism, and phenomenological coefficients. Based on the determined properties, a model of the growth and metabolism of C. elegans is developed. The model is used to discuss the metabolism of C. elegans from the aspect of physical chemistry.