Empirical Background Research Articles

Agricultural Economic Evidence and Policy Prospects under Agricultural Trade Shocks and Carbon Dioxide Emissions.

With the development of the market economy, agricultural trade has become more and more significant for the development of the agricultural economy, which has triggered people's further thinking and exploration on the impact of agricultural trade on agricultural carbon emissions. This paper takes the measurement of trade implied carbon as the carbon dioxide emission index under the impact of agricultural trade and analyzes the impact of trade implied carbon and implied carbon balance on carbon emission. Taking the impact of Sino-US agricultural trade as an empirical background, this paper measures the impact of environmental changes in agricultural trade opening on China's agricultural development and its carbon emissions, so as to predict changes in China's regional agricultural carbon emissions performance. After calculation, it is found that the scale of China's exports has decreased by 0.089%, which is lower than the decline of 0.361% in the United States. The trade conflict has a significant impact on China's import and export structure. Under the scenario of mutual tariffs on agricultural products, China's exports to the United States are expected to decrease by 6.28%, while China's imports from the United States decreased by 13.02%. The Sino-US agricultural trade dispute will reduce China's carbon emissions by 0.013% and the United States' carbon emissions by 0.024%, which is related to the negative impact on the economy. Improving the performance of agricultural carbon emissions is not only the need for the green and sustainable development of the agricultural economy but also conducive to improving the international competitiveness of agricultural products.

The paradoxes of emergency remote teaching

This article presents and discusses some of the paradoxes that teachers in the higher education sector encountered during the COVID-19 lockdowns. It takes a fresh look at data from a previous study involving 3,000 teachers and 20,000 students as the empirical background in the form of both quantitative and qualitative material. Based on a paradoxical-theoretical perspective, the article looks at teachers who had to teach online - some of them for the first time. The article finds that the lockdowns led to didactic situations in an online format that was paradoxically different from both familiar on-site and online teaching.

Legality of Applying Coercive Medical Measures in Criminal Law

The objective of the study was to determine the legality of the application of coercive medical measures and to develop recommendations to improve the legislative regulation of their use. The study included data on the number of offenders with mental disorders; the empirical background was the decision of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of coercive medical measures; provisions of the legislation of 31 countries. Methods of system approach, comparison, descriptive analysis, pragmatic approach, prognosis were used. The national criminal law of most states regulates the application of coercive medical measures to persons who have committed a crime in a state of limited sanity or insanity or have acquired it before sentencing or during the execution of the sentence, but its practical application causes several complications. It is concluded that the legislative definition of coercive medical measures corresponds to human rights legislation. But there are problems with its practical application. Proposals were made to amend national and international legislation: to broaden the range of grounds for the application of coercive medical measures; regulate the possibility of early termination of a coercive medical measure; oblige the courts to determine the appropriate terms.

Nev Jones: fixing a broken system

Nev Jones: fixing a broken system

Interventions and intersections: institutional environment and local level autonomy in LEADER. A comparative study

In 2010, when hope emerged that the new conservative government would improve the governance of the LEADER Programme, the Naturama Alliance, a co-operative network of seven Hungarian LAGs, issued a Declaration that summarised procedural issues to be addressed by a revision[1]. After introducing the alliance, the first chapter was entitled “Decentralisation and Autonomy”, indicating the direction of the desired shift towards a more autonomous operation. The LEADER Programme is scrutinised in this article from the point of view of autonomy and local democracy, exploring to what extent these are linked with or distinct from higher level governance transformations towards decentralisation or recentralisation.
 Theoretical approaches derived from rural and government studies are interpreted in the first sections of the paper, exploring the debate regarding the correlation of autonomy and local democracy and the way it is manifested in LEADER. Most authors regard LEADER as a promoter of local democracy and identify a positive correlation between democracy and an enhanced local autonomy. However, a consensus among scholars also seems to be unfolding from these studies suggesting that the scope of ‘LEADER democracy’ is mostly narrow, restricting participation to more resourceful social groups due both to the ‘thematic filters’ of the Local Development Strategy and to ‘procedural filters’, such as capacities allocated to the staff for animation and assistance to overcome difficulties of application.
 The empirical research background of this article is provided by two case studies, which were conducted in 2018-2019, one in England (Northumberland Uplands) and one in Hungary (Balaton Uplands), two states with complex recent histories and trajectories in terms of devolution of governance to lower levels and local autonomy. The secondary interpretation of these case studies focuses on the degree of participation and autonomy of LAGs. The analysis reveals that the degree of autonomy (and to some extent of participation) declined in both countries in the last iteration compared to the 2007-13 programming cycle. It has also been uncovered that rather than the ‘post transition’, recentralised Hungarian context, it was the British institutional system and governance tradition that permitted more top-down intervention and less autonomy for the LAGs.
 
 
 [1] A NATURAMA Szövetség Akciócsoportjainak javaslatai az UMVP III. IV. tengelye intézkedéseinek
 hatékonyabb megvalósítása érdekében. [Suggestions of the NATURAMA Alliance for the more effective implementation of III-IV axes of the RDP], 2010.
 http://leadercontact.com/images/stories/https___leaderkontakt.pdf

The behavioural immune system and pandemic psychology: the evolved psychology of disease-avoidance and its implications for attitudes, behaviour, and public health during epidemic outbreaks

ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of the “behavioural immune system” – a suite of psychological mechanisms that complements immunological defences by motivating pre-emptive behavioural responses to infection threats – and summarises research documenting its implications for social attitudes and social behaviour. This summary focuses on four domains of phenomena: interpersonal interactions, stigma and prejudice, conformity, and political attitudes. Then, drawing on this conceptual and empirical background, the article discusses consequences that disease outbreaks (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) may have for individuals’ attitudes and actions, and the further consequences that these attitudes and actions might plausibly have for population-level epidemiological and public health outcomes.

The impact of metro-based underground logistics system on city logistics performance under COVID-19 epidemic: A case study of Wuhan, China

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has further exposed deficiencies in city logistics based on human and ground roads, such as poor emergency response capacity and high risk of infection during transportation. Metro-based underground logistics system (M-ULS) may be an innovative approach to deal with this city-level disaster due to its efficient operation, contactless and driverless characteristics. However, the market evolution process and the quantitative calculation framework of comprehensive benefits after the application of M-ULS are still unclear, which has become a problem of mutual restriction with the extensive application of M-ULS. This paper attempts to use the system dynamics method, based on the real-world simulation, to analyze the quantitative relationship between the M-ULS implementation and the city logistics performance under epidemic outbreaks. Wuhan city in China was selected as the empirical background, and five simulation scenarios were set under different implementation strategies of M-ULS in response to the epidemic. Six variables were selected to measure city logistics performance and M-ULS operation status, including demand fill-rate, unit delivery time, total deprivation cost, total transportation cost, total number of susceptible people, and utilization rate of M-ULS. The results show that M-ULS is effective in improving the performance of city logistics and responding to the epidemic. The delivery time and transportation cost have a strong impact on the market share of M-ULS. Finally, a set of incentive policies was designed to promote the adoption of M-ULS. The findings not only provide a method for evaluating the overall performance of M-ULS, but also provide a unique perspective for promoting the implementation of M-ULS and responding to the transportation challenges brought by the epidemic.

ICONOGRAPHY: ON BAROQUE MENTALITY OF UKRAINIANS

Based upon the empirical background of professional and folk baroque icons represented in the Radomysl Castle Museum’s exhibitions, this article reveals the compositional, artistic and ideological characteristics of the Ukrainian baroque icon painting. The coincidence of its images and ideals with the national character and public aspirations of Ukrainians is also described. It is due to this that the Ukrainian baroque icon painting (both professional and folk) in the time of long statelessness and cultural decentralization became the main means of rendering collective reminiscences that are basic for the preservation of ethnic and cultural identity, and social ideals with them. The latter transformed over time into mental models that unconsciously determined the ideological and value priorities of Ukrainians. They, as evidenced by the compositional specification of the baroque icons presented in the Radomysl Castle Museum’s collection, were much influenced by the ideas of the world’s transformation and achieving the Kingdom of Heaven on earth through the ascetic activity of heroes, which was basic for the baroque worldview. For a man of the “Baroque era,” such heroes were not only Orthodox saints, but also religious and political figures. Moreover, it was assumed that they could even ignore the demands of Christian moralists for the sake of promoting the specific vital interests of the people. Their ascetic activity was considered one of the main prerequisites for the transformation of the world, the prototype of which was the Mother of God. For Ukrainians, she was not only a tireless patron for disadvantaged and suffering ones, but also a prototype of the selfless love that would rule the world (“the holy Ukrainian land”), as the result of its transformation. The sincere hope of Ukrainians for the protection of saints, combined with an unshakable faith in the divine “omnipresence” and the fullness of the whole world with God’s wisdom led to the establishment of ontological optimism in the Ukrainian consciousness. This means the belief in the ultimate overcoming of all life obstacles without personal efforts. Ideas and mental models formed and transmitted by Ukrainian baroque icon painting, due to the spiritual leaders of the 19th century’s national revival (with the absolute primacy of Taras Shevchenko and his both literature and art heritage) acquired secular features. They continued to determine the way of thinking and behavior of Ukrainians. Even today, they sincerely believe that the renewal of the world and the formation of new and just order does not require any personal effort and is to be achieved by the forces of some heroes they would call.

Comparative analysis of the legislative support for law enforcement agencies in the post-soviet space and Europe

The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model for regulating law enforcement in Europe and the post-Soviet space, as well as to formulate recommendations for the unification and standardization of legislation in this area. The empirical background was statistics on crime rates, premeditated murders by country; provisions of legislation governing the law enforcement activities of 13 countries and international regulations. Methods of system approach, descriptive statistics, descriptive analysis, generalization and prognosis, system selection, comparative method was used. The activities of law enforcement agencies are aimed at ensuring public order, national security and the protection of human rights, freedoms, and interests. Each state has its own law enforcement system, which is clearly regulated. The main indicator of the effectiveness of law enforcement is the crime rate and the level of security in the country. It is concluded that the most effective is the law enforcement model with its fundamental principles of decentralization of law enforcement agencies.

To persist or not to persist? The dilemma of goal adjustment in chronic pain.

To persist or not to persist? The dilemma of goal adjustment in chronic pain.

Social media, fake news and fake COVID-19 cures in Nigeria

This study investigates the impact of social media ‘fake news’ and fake cures headlines on how Netizens viewed and responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Using data from an online survey (N=254), this study reveals that social media was overwhelmingly the most used type of media for news consumption generally, and the most important source of news about the pandemic. Data further reveal that the impact of extensive exposure to fake news headlines about the pandemic was dangerous and could have a deleterious impact. Crucially, this study finds that recalling and believing fake news headlines and using social media as the main source of news, significantly decreases the likelihood of believing credible and real news stories. Finally, this study offers theoretical and empirical background to frame the debate about factors that influence the believability of fake news headlines by contributing and extending the theorization of the amplification hypothesis.

How cultural distance affects the formation of international strategic alliance – an explanation of the transaction costs theory

PurposeBased on the transaction cost theory, this paper aims to investigate the impact of cultural distance on international strategic alliance formation and its underlying mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the investment of foreign firms in the Chinese Venture Capital market as an empirical background, Obtaining VC data from Zero2IPO Private Equity, CVsource Investment Database (2001–2015). This paper chooses the Logit regression method, according to Lind’s three-step method to test the inverted U-shaped relationship.FindingsThe empirical analysis of foreign venture capital firms invested in China revealed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between cultural distance and the possibility of international strategic alliances. This relationship is the result of two opposing mechanisms, which are the need and the feasibility of international strategic alliances. In addition, this study further examined the moderating effects of social embeddedness and social reputation, revealing the boundary effects on the complex relationship between cultural distance and possible international strategic alliance formation.Originality/valueThis study focuses on cultural difference, which is a key factor leading to a firm’s transaction costs. Based on the transaction cost theory, this paper investigates the impact of cultural distance on international strategic alliance formation and its underlying mechanisms.

Roots of Mistrust: The Legacy of the Slave Trade on Social Entrepreneurship in Africa

The community interest is often at the center of social entrepreneurial action. Yet, few social enterprises invoke the community development approach in attending to social problems. Why do some social enterprises focus on community development, while others do not? Tensions related to the nature of ownership, leadership, and operating environment offer some insight. Yet, few studies consider the influence of historical context of the operating environment, in particular how age-long trauma can define patterns of modern entrepreneurial activity. We hypothesize that exposure to significant historical shocks might tend to fracture social cohesion and trust in societies, and thus will reduce the likelihood of community development enterprises. Leveraging the empirical background of the historic African slave trade that occurred between 1400 and 1900 AD, which resulted in the forced migration of indigenous Africans, we analyze the historical impact of slavery on the pattern of social enterprise in Africa. Our findings highlight how the impact of this historical shock is contingent on family and female embeddedness in the new venture. Given the importance of social enterprises in efforts to develop communities in least developed regions around the world, our research reveals the roots of inhibiting forces in modern societies and identify important caveats in these relationships. We conclude by parsing out implications for research, entrepreneurs, and policy makers.

Penanaman Karakter Peduli Sosial Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

The character of social care is one of the characters that must be developed in the State of Indonesia, strengthening the character (character) in students must be done optimally so that it supports in strengthening the national identity that cares regardless of race and culture or even religion. Several cases of the lack of social care around the community, as Tabi'in explained that the all-digital era encourages individualism, this can be seen when an incident occurs, such as when a friend or other person falls (hit by a disaster), the first thing to do is not help him. However, on the contrary, some individuals are more busy capturing these moments by taking pictures or sharing on social media networks. This study used a qualitative method with an empirical background case study approach at the Muhammadiyah 1 Menganti Gresik Elementary School. The primary data sources in this study were class teachers ranging from grades 1-6. Methods of data collection using participatory observation, semi-structured interviews and documentation at the Muhammadiyah 1 Menganti Gresik Elementary School. In the process of collecting data, researchers used data analysis techniques from Miles and Hubarman, data condensation, display data and recording conclusions. The process of cultivating the character of social care in students, there are two stages carried out by the Muhammadiyah 1 Menganti Gresik Elementary School. First, is the example of the teacher. Second, is habituation that must be carried out continuously. Meanwhile, in strengthening the two stages, Muhammadiyah 1 Menganti Gresik Elementary School, several programs, namely: philanthropy, takjil on the road, donations for victims of natural disasters, social services, distribution of qurban meat and qurban for food safety.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE VALUE OF SOILS IN THE NORTH OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SCENARIOS

The article reports the results of a comprehensive RFBR project which combined research in the fields of soil science, forestry, botany, ecology, microbiology, and economics. The question of monetization of ecosystem services and the challenges that occur when interpreting the results based on the integration of natural sciences and economic approaches in the study of this problem are investigated. This discussion highlights the need for a better statistical tool to shift the focus in measuring economic phenomena to sustainable development. We propose a system of mappings based on model (operational) relationships between functional and structural features of the soil and external data, each of which is characterized by a certain set of interacting processes. The theoretical and empirical background for studying changes in the land-use regime and the carbon balance in ecosystems is explored. Changes in the morphological, basic agrochemical and microbiological properties of soils, as well as the reserves of organic carbon and microbial carbon in the top-meter layer of soil in various land-use scenarios are shown. The total carbon budget was estimated for sites with different land uses on genetically similar soils in the middle-taiga subzone of European Russia. Indicators of the state of the soil system, which can be used for the economic assessment of landuse change are proposed.

Breaking boundaries to creatively generate value: The role of resourcefulness in entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial resourcefulness is a concept that resonates with practitioners and scholars alike from a diverse set of theoretical and empirical backgrounds. Despite the prevalence and promise of this concept, the literature on entrepreneurial resourcefulness is fragmented and lacks cohesion in how it is labeled, conceptualized, measured, and deployed. In many cases, it appears that bringing resources to bear for entrepreneurial purposes is taken for granted, which limits theoretical development of if and how ventures emerge and grow. In this editorial, we explore the theoretical underpinnings of resourcefulness, offer a definition, and provide a roadmap for future scholarship. In addition, we introduce the six articles that comprise the Special Issue on entrepreneurial resourcefulness, discuss their contributions, and explore how they relate to our overall perspective on resources and resourcefulness. It is our hope that this Special Issue will mobilize additional scholarship to enhance our knowledge on resourcefulness, which we view as a fundamental part of entrepreneurship.

Tunisian High School Students and Digital Media Literacy: A Quantitative Study

Digital media literacy has become an intrinsic component in shaping high school students’ knowledge acquisition and critical thoughts. Over the last two decades, internet and computers have been the implemented tools to reach such goals and promote the students’ learning. This article looks for the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Tunisian secondary school students by detecting their technical skills as well as their critical understanding. This quantitative study relies on a self-reporting approach and targets 150 Tunisian secondary students. It proves the necessary consideration of technological and social variables in helping sort out major digital handicaps related to secondary students and displays the interconnectedness between the different dimensions of digital media literacy. It also displays that Tunisian high school students cannot be referred to as digital-media literate people. The study contributes to the field of digital media literacy as it offers a solid empirical background to build on and indicates the necessity of integrating digital media literacy into the school-based initiatives.

내가 지칠 수 없는 이유 직무과부하 - , 에너지, 그리고 과업성과 간의 관계에서 목표성향의 조절효과 -

To date, theory and research on abusive supervision of supervisors has focused on the victim’s perspective, and the third party’s perspective has received little systematic attention. In this study, the third parties’ reactions on employee mistreatment of supervisors were examined under theoretical and empirical background. To examine those relationships, 4 hypotheses were developed and tested using survey data from 184 employees of multiple organizations. Structural equation modeling and multiple regression analysis were used and results showed that abusive supervision had significant positive effect on the third parties’ anger, and the anger emotions experienced by our samples motivated supervisor directed deviant behaviors and coworker support behaviors. The effect of abusive supervision on the third parties’ anger emotions was moderated by the attribution of supervisory responsibility, such that a strong positive relationship between abusive supervision and the third parties’ anger emotions was found when attribution of supervisory responsibility was high. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed in the discussion and conclusion sections.

상사의 비인격적 감독과 제3자의 반응행동, 상사책임귀인의 관계

To date, theory and research on abusive supervision of supervisors has focused on the victim’s perspective, and the third party’s perspective has received little systematic attention. In this study, the third parties’ reactions on employee mistreatment of supervisors were examined under theoretical and empirical background. To examine those relationships, 4 hypotheses were developed and tested using survey data from 184 employees of multiple organizations. Structural equation modeling and multiple regression analysis were used and results showed that abusive supervision had significant positive effect on the third parties’ anger, and the anger emotions experienced by our samples motivated supervisor directed deviant behaviors and coworker support behaviors. The effect of abusive supervision on the third parties’ anger emotions was moderated by the attribution of supervisory responsibility, such that a strong positive relationship between abusive supervision and the third parties’ anger emotions was found when attribution of supervisory responsibility was high. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed in the discussion and conclusion sections.

Teaching repertoires and pedagogical improvisation in music teacher practices

AbstractIn this article, we describe the characteristics of repertoires in music teaching and discuss how these repertoires are related to pedagogical improvisation. The empirical background for the article is classroom observations and interviews with two experienced music teachers. Video-taped examples of teacher repertoires and improvisational teaching practices are included in the article, where we argue that repertoires should be viewed as emerging practices. They can be identified and categorised as ‘techniques’ and ‘teaching acts’ performed by the teachers in constant interplay with the pupils within the context of overall learning activities in the music classroom.