Emotional Stroop Effect Research Articles

Current oral contraceptive use affects explicit and implicit measures of depression in women.

Some data suggest that increased depressive symptoms may occur in women using combined oral contraceptives (OCs). However, this idea is controversial and the existing evidence is conflicting. The present study compared negative affect in 53 healthy women (M age = 19.9 years) during intervals of active daily OC hormone intake and during the washout week of the contraceptive cycle when no exogenous estrogens or progestins are used. A prospective counterbalanced repeated-measures study design was employed. Depressive affect was evaluated using standard psychometric tests of explicit (self-perceived) and implicit negative affect. Implicit measures are considered less subject to bias related to social expectations, self-awareness, or willingness to disclose. Other than their usual OCs, participants were medication-free and had been using OCs for a median of 12 mo. We found that measures of implicit affect (e.g., Affect Misattribution Procedure, Emotional Stroop Test) displayed a more depressive-like pattern of performance during active hormone intake, particularly among a subgroup of OC users who reported experiencing high levels of depressive affect more generally. In contrast, participants' self-perceptions suggested that they perceived their negative symptoms to be greater during the 'off' phase of the OC cycle, when OC steroids are withdrawn and menses occurs. The present findings reinforce the possibility of depressive mood effects associated with OC usage, and highlight the utility of including implicit measures, but also illustrate the complexity of mood assessment in OC users.

The influence of happiness and anxiety on emotional Stroop effect

The emotional Stroop effect is defined as a delay in reaction time or an increase in error rate while naming the color of emotional words compared to neutral words. The aim of this study was to examine how happiness and anxiety influence the emotional Stroop effect. According to the principle of emotion congruence, information processing is facilitated when its emotional valence matches the individual's mood. In the context of the emotional Stroop task, this implies that emotionally congruent words should be processed more easily, leading to a reduction or even elimination of the emotional Stroop effect. Conversely, processing incongruent stimuli should be more challenging and the impact of word meaning on color naming should be more pronounced. Based on these considerations, the hypothesis was proposed that emotional Stroop effect would be stronger when using stimuli incongruent with the participant's emotional state. We administered the emotional Stroop task with neutral, happy, and threatening words, music for mood induction, and the EmoS-15 questionnaire to assess mood induction effectiveness. The hypothesis was partially confirmed, as the emotional Stroop effect, assessed by error rates, was greater for stimuli incongruent with the emotional state.

Exploring longitudinal changes in implicit awareness of dementia: An investigation of the emotional Stroop effect in healthy ageing and mild dementia.

The aim of the study was to investigate responses to dementia-relevant words in healthy older people and to investigate changes in response over 20-months in people with early-stage dementia. An emotional Stroop task, using colour-naming dementia-relevant words, was used as an indicator of implicit awareness of dementia. Overall, 24 people with dementia and 24 healthy older people completed an emotional Stroop task (T1). People with dementia completed the same task again after 12 (T2) and 20 (T3) months. For people with dementia emotional Stroop performance was contrasted with ratings of explicit awareness based on a detailed interview at T1 and at T2. For healthy older people and people with dementia response times to dementia-relevant words were significantly longer than those for neutral words. The effect was absent for people with dementia at T3. This decline in the emotional Stroop effect was not associated with cognitive decline as measured by the MMSE. Ratings of explicit awareness showed no significant change over time. There was no association between explicit awareness and implicit awareness. Implicit awareness of the condition is evident in early-stage dementia and can be elicited even where there is reduced explicit awareness. The emotional Stroop effect for dementia-relevant words in people with dementia appears to decline over time, independently of changes in MMSE score, suggesting that implicit awareness fades as time progresses.

Melatonin affects cognitive performance to emotional stimuli in emotional stroop task

Melatonin modulates social behaviors including aggression and cognitive performance. Slotten and Krekling (1996) explored how melatonin administration affects cognitive tasks such as logical reasoning. In this study, they found melatonin slowed down reactions in tasks. However, it has been unclear whether basal melatonin modulates cognitive performance using stroop task and emotional stroop task. In this study, we administered three types of light for one hour to normal participants. After that, we collected saliva and participants waited for one hour. They filled out the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) for three times during the experiment to measure the change in mood and sleepiness. After answering the PANAS and SSS for the second time, participants completed the stroop task and emotional stroop task. This study found melatonin modulates performance in emotional stroop task but not stroop task. Melatonin modulates the number of errors, response time to emotional stimuli and emotional stroop effect in emotional stroop task. Melatonin did not affect response time to neutral words. Furthermore, the effect of light on melatonin was not observed, but the effect of time on melatonin was observed. We found that melatonin modulates cognitive performance to emotional words but not neutral words. High melatonin group reduced the number of errors and slowed down response to emotional stimuli compared with low melatonin group. Moreover, melatonin was influenced by time rather than light. It is expected to explore the relationship between melatonin and social behaviors using basal melatonin.

Interference effect of food and emotional stimuli in Stroop-like tasks for children and adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome

ABSTRACT Interference effect of food and emotional stimuli in Stroop-like tasks for children and adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome. The aim of this work was to study the way items related to food or emotion are processed by a population known to have difficulties with dietary restriction, namely individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Given the presence of intellectual disability (ID) in PWS, our experiments were designed to examine whether these difficulties were specific to PWS or linked with their ID. Two modified Stroop tasks (i.e., a food version and an emotional version) were administered to seventy-four children (aged between 6 and 16 years old) divided into three groups (one with PWS, one with ID matched on age and Intellectual Quotient (IQ), and one healthy group matched on age) and to eighty-four adults (aged between 18 and 48 years old) distributed in the same three groups. For both tasks, a picture version was used for the children and a word version for the adults. For the food Stroop task, (Experiment 1), materials were composed of low or high-caloric food items and stimuli not related to food. The results show a food Stroop effect for children and adults with PWS that was absent in the group of healthy participants. Moreover, a food Stroop effect was also significant for adults with ID. For the emotional Stroop task (Experiment 2), materials were composed of negative, positive and neutral stimuli. The emotional Stroop effect was also obtained for children and adults with PWS as well as for the healthy group, but not for the age- and IQ-matched group. For the PWS groups, results show a preservation to process positive pictures for children and difficulties to process negative stimuli for both age-groups. These results suggest that people with PWS have difficulties in disengaging their attention when food stimuli are present in their environment and poorer abilities to process negative ones. These difficulties endure in adulthood.

Modulation of attentional bias by hypnotic suggestion: experimental evidence from an emotional Stroop task

ABSTRACT Hypnosis is considered a unique tool capable of modulating cognitive processes. The extent to which hypnotic suggestions intervenes is still under debate. This study was designed to provide a new insight into this issue, by focusing on an unintentional emotional process: attentional bias. In Experiment 1, highly suggestible participants performed three sessions of an emotional Stroop task where hypnotic suggestions aiming to increase and decrease emotional reactivity towards emotional stimuli were administered within an intra-individual design. Compared to a baseline condition (without hypnotic suggestion), a significant increase in attentional bias was found when a hypnotic suggestion to increase emotional reactivity was administered. In contrast, the bias was eliminated when a suggestion to decrease emotional reactivity was administered. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of session repetition on attentional bias across three successive experimental sessions without hypnosis, and showed that the emotional Stroop effect did not vary across sessions. Hence, session repetition could not account for part of the modulation of attentional bias in Experiment 1. Taken together, the results suggest that specific hypnotic suggestions can influence elicitation of unintentional emotional processing. The implications are discussed regarding the locus of intervention of hypnotic suggestion in cognitive and emotional processes.

Can adult learners sense L2 emotional words automatically? The role of L2 use on the emotional Stroop effect

The present study investigated whether adult learners of second language (L2) can automatically activate emotional connotation during emotional word recognition as compared native (L1) users and whether L2 use plays a significant role in it. The automaticity of activation was measured through the emotional Stroop task. In this task, emotional words and neutral words were displayed in two different colors, and the participants were asked to indicate the color by button press. Results showed a delay in L2 learners’ response to emotional words (the emotional Stroop effect) without significant differences from L1 users’ response, indicating comparable automaticity in activating emotional connotation in performing the task. Further analyses on the effect of L2 use revealed its significant role in increasing the emotional Stroop effect. Specifically, L2 learners with higher amount of L2 use in daily life produced a significant emotion Stroop effect comparable to L1 users, while L2 learners with lower L2 use did not. We discuss the importance of L2 use in actual context in automatic processing of L2 emotional words, especially among adult learners who began L2 learning in adulthood in a case of underrepresented languages as L2.

A p-curve analysis of the emotional Stroop effect among women with eating disorders.

A recent meta-review of attentional bias research in eating disorders suggests that meta-analyses and systematic reviews include many low-quality and underpowered studies (Stott et al., 2021). As such, we examined whether published research examining the link between attentional bias, using the emotional Stroop task, and eating disorders among women with eating disorders has evidential value (ruling out selective reporting of a statistically significant effect) using a p-curve analysis. A p-curve analysis plots statisticall significant p-values onto a curve from .01 to .05 to examine its distribution. We hypothesized that the p-curve would be flat, indicating no true effect. The hypothesis, database search strategy, and data analytic approach were pre-registered. The inclusion criteria were reports that compared control and eating disorder groups, reported inferential statistics, and that used body shape/weight or general threat target words. Fifty published reports were included in the p-curve analyses. Unexpectedly, the half and full p-curves were significantly right-skewed, indicating evidential value. However, the results were not robust to the exclusion of the seven lowest p-values and on average, reports were underpowered. There were also 18 reports with null results (they had a p-value greater than .05), which precluded their inclusion in the p-curve analyses. The findings suggest that most of the evidence from research examining attentional biases using the emotional Stroop task among women with an eating disorder or with elevated eating disorder symptoms is underpowered and so should be interpreted with considerable caution. Concerns have been raised about the low quality of research examining attentional biases among women with eating disorders using the emotional Stroop task. In the current research, we observed that the evidential value of primary research reporting differences between women with and without eating disorders was equivocal and had low statistical power. These results can guide researchers towards conducting more rigorous research on attentional biases among people with eating disorders.

Adaptation of an Emotional Stroop Test for Screening of Suicidal Ideation in Portugal.

Cognitive instruments, especially those with emotional components, may be useful to address the limitations of self-report scales commonly used to assess suicidal ideation. The aim of this study was to develop an emotional Stroop test for screening suicidal ideation in Portugal. The project was developed in five phases using different samples for each phase. The first two phases were focused on the formulation of the potential words that would compose the slides. For this purpose, five biology teachers (neutral slide) and five mental health professionals (positive and negative slides) were invited to help choose the words that were most representative for each slide. The third phase validated the words defined in the previous phase. In this phase, 300 university students participated (Mage = 21.66; SD = 3.67; 68% female). They rated the words on a Likert scale in terms of their frequency of use, familiarity, level of understanding, and degree of image evocation. In the fourth phase, the researchers developed the complete version of the test, which consists of three slides with neutral, positive, and negative emotional stimuli, consecutively. Finally, in the fifth phase, we validated the final version of the test through a comparative study between a clinical group and a non-clinical group, each one composed by 50 participants (Mage = 32; SD = 9.70; 55% female). Results indicated that the clinical group demonstrated significantly higher scores for depression and suicidal ideation and lower scores for the three Stroop tasks. Words related to negative emotions were strongly correlated with suicidal ideation. Finally, the three Stroop slides explained 74.1% of the variance in suicidal ideation. These findings suggest that this test can be a viable complementary measure in the psychological assessment of suicide ideation, and intervention in the field of suicide prevention in Portugal.

Inhibitory control effectiveness can be improved: The role of arousal, subjective significance and origin of words in modified Emotional Stroop Test.

The interference control measured in the Emotional Stroop Task is the phenomenon that gives us an insight into mechanisms of emotion-cognition interactions. Especially the role of dimensions of affect can be easily studied with this paradigm. In the current study, we were interested in the role of the complexity of emotional stimuli (origin). We also aimed at searching for activation-like factors that impair (arousal) or improve (subjective significance) the effectiveness of cognitive control. We have used an orthogonal manipulation of all the above dimensions in words. We expected to find the contrastive effects of arousal and subjective significance on reaction times and Event Related Potential’s amplitudes. On a behavioural level, we observed the reduction of reaction times with increasing subjective significance of stimuli and reflective origin. We also found a correlation between subjective significance and reduction of amplitude polarisation in the N450 component associated with cognitive control execution effort. This experiment shows that subjective significance has an improving role for cognitive control effectiveness, even when valence, arousal and origin levels are controlled. This guides us to conclude that external stimuli may drive not only disruption of control but also its improvement.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness in Attention Bias Toward Food in Overweight Individuals

Background: The increased overweight and obesity levels have been a major concern in current situations. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of a mindfulness intervention on the attentional bias toward food in overweight individuals. Methods: The statistical population in this study consisted of overweight individuals with Body Mass Index (BMI) higher than 25, referred to centers related to weight management in Mashhad. 36 samples were selected using convenience sampling based on inclusion-exclusion criteria and were placed in two experimental and control groups randomly. The method used in this study was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The repeated measures were undertaken by SPSS Software Ver. 22 for attentional bias toward food. The test was done in three 7-week pre-intervention and post-intervention phases of mindfulness and follow-up for three months after the end of the intervention. Results: The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the reaction time of participants to the food Emotional Stroop Test. Conclusion: This result showed the significant effect of a mindfulness intervention on the attentional bias toward food in overweight individuals.

Limitations of cognitive control on emotional distraction \u2013 Congruency in the Color Stroop task does not modulate the Emotional Stroop effect

Emotional information receives prioritized processing over concurrent cognitive processes. This can lead to distraction if emotional information has to be ignored. In the cognitive domain, mechanisms have been described that allow control of (cognitive) distractions. However, whether similar cognitive control mechanisms also can attenuate emotional distraction is an active area of research. This study asked whether cognitive control (triggered in the Color Stroop task) attenuates emotional distraction in the Emotional Stroop task. Theoretical accounts of cognitive control, and the Emotional Stroop task alike, predict such an interaction for tasks that employ the same relevant (e.g., color-naming) and irrelevant (e.g., word-reading) dimension. In an alternating-runs design with Color and Emotional Stroop tasks changing from trial to trial, we analyzed the impact of proactive and reactive cognitive control on Emotional Stroop effects. Four experiments manipulated predictability of congruency and emotional stimuli. Overall, results showed congruency effects in Color Stroop tasks and Emotional Stroop effects. Moreover, we found a spillover of congruency effects and emotional distraction to the other task, indicating that processes specific to one task impacted to the other task. However, Bayesian analyses and a mini-meta-analysis across experiments weigh against the predicted interaction between cognitive control and emotional distraction. The results point out limitations of cognitive control to block off emotional distraction, questioning views that assume a close interaction between cognitive control and emotional processing.

Effects of Chewing Gum Stimuli on General and Emotional Stroop Test

The aim of this study was to determine whether chewing gum affects cognitive function and stress relief. Sixty volunteers (mean age 23.3±3.01 years) without general or neuropsychiatric disease were recruited, and Stroop tests and stress surveys were conducted. Volunteers were administered performed a General and Emotional Stroop test with and without chewing gum, and the response time was recorded. The response time after chewing gum was significantly faster while conducting the General Stroop test. Stimulation of chewing gum may increase blood flow to the brain, which results in increased cognitive function. The response time was longer in the incongruent stimuli test compared to the congruent stimuli test, due to the effect of Stroop interference. However, when the chewing gum stimulus was introduced, the possibility of effectively reducing this effect. Stress index and response time of negative stimuli test showed weak positive correlation. This study suggests that chewing gum may play a positive role in increasing cognitive function and relieving stress.

Cognitive control and emotional response in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder comorbidity with disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

BackgroundThis study investigated cognitive and emotional functioning in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (DICCD).MethodsThirty patients with ADHD, 26 with DICCD, 22 with ADHD+DICCD were recruited from the outpatient department of Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, plus 20 healthy controls (HC). Differences between the groups in cognitive and emotional functioning were examined using Golden’s Stroop and Emotional Stroop tests. For Emotional Stroop Mean reaction time (RT) of positive word (POS) and negative word (NEG) with color congruence (C) or incongruence (I) were recorded as POS-C, POS-I, NEG-C and NEG-I, respectively.ResultsFor Golden’s interference scores (IGs), both errors and RTs in the ADHD group were higher than in the other groups. Longer mean RTs of POS-C, POS-I, NEG-C and neural word (NEU) of the ADHD group, and NEG-I of ADHD+DICCD and DICCD groups were observed compared to HC. After 12 weeks of methylphenidate treatment, differences between ADHD subgroups and HC on Golden’s Stroop RT disappeared, but differences in Golden’s Stroop errors and Emotional Stroop mean RTs remained. The ADHD+DICCD group showed longer mean RTs in NEG-C, NEG-I and NEU of the Emotional Stroop test than the ADHD group.ConclusionsOur study shows that regardless of emotional responding, deficit in cognitive control is the core symptom of ADHD. However, emotionally biased stimuli may cause response inhibitory dysfunction among DICCD with callous-unemotional traits, and the comorbidity of ADHD and DICCD tends to account for the negative emotional response characteristic of DICCD. These deficits may be eliminated by medication treatment in ADHD, but not the ADHD with comorbid DICCD. Our results support the notion that ADHD with comorbid DICCD is more closely related to DICCD than to ADHD.

Polish adaptation of emotional Stroop test in assessment of pedophilia - a pilot study.

A pilot study was conducted in order to construct a Polish adaptation of emotional Stroop test in assessment of pedophilia. The study consisted of two stages. The first stage involved creating test material by ranking words in adequate lists by competent experts. The second stage consisted of empirical verification of the principle of emotional Stroop test in a non-clinical population. Based on the assessment of five competent experts, words were ordered from the most to the least sexually arousing (Kendall's W from 0.368 to 0.693). Six ranked lists were obtained, and the competent experts were subsequently asked to assess whether these lists were suitable for the study (Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio from 0.6 to 1.0). Two categories of words were merged. Five ranked lists were obtained, and the competent experts were subsequently asked again to assess whether these lists were suitable for the study (Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio 1.0). The created lists of words were approved by allcompetent experts. Based on the experimental study conducted on a non-clinical population, it was shown that, in accordance with the principle of the test, the mean response time for sexually related words was longer that for neutral words. The mean response time for children-related words did not differ significantly from response time for neutral words. Based on the study with competent experts and conducted experiments, an initial Polish adaptation of the emotional Stroop test for diagnosis of pedophilia has been created. Further studies with persons with pedophilia are needed to implement the test in clinical setting.

A Comparative Perspective on Three Primate Species' Responses to a Pictorial Emotional Stroop Task.

Simple SummaryAs animals cannot tell us how they feel, we must develop tests to make inferences about how they are feeling to assess their welfare. Here, we adapted a task that has been previously used with humans and chimpanzees to assess how chimpanzees, gorillas, and Japanese macaques respond to pictures of different emotional valences. Specifically, if the primates perceive emotionally arousing photographs differently as compared to neutral photographs, we would expect them to “trip up” more when responding to emotional stimuli. We presented the primates with a touchscreen task in which they had to select one of two differently colored squares. However, the squares always contained either positive photographs (a preferred food), negative photographs (a snake), or neutral photographs (human-made objects). The primates made more errors in selecting the correct square when the squares contained positive or negative photographs as compared to neutral photographs, indicating that they perceived these differentially, and that this caused them to make mistakes. Thus, the primates’ cognitive ability was disrupted by emotional stimuli. This offers important insights into how primates perceive the world around them, and how they process elements that may have negative or positive associations.The Stroop effect describes interference in cognitive processing due to competing cognitive demands. Presenting emotionally laden stimuli creates similar Stroop-like effects that result from participants’ attention being drawn to distractor stimuli. Here, we adapted the methods of a pictorial Stroop study for use with chimpanzees (N = 6), gorillas (N = 7), and Japanese macaques (N = 6). We tested all subjects via touchscreens following the same protocol. Ten of the 19 subjects passed pre-test training. Subjects who reached criterion were then tested on a standard color-interference Stroop test, which revealed differential accuracy in the primates’ responses across conditions. Next, to test for an emotional Stroop effect, we presented subjects with photographs that were either positively valenced (a preferred food) or negatively valenced (snakes). In the emotional Stroop task, as predicted, the primates were less accurate in trials which presented emotionally laden stimuli as compared to control trials, but there were differences in the apes’ and monkeys’ response patterns. Furthermore, for both Stroop tests, while we found that subjects’ accuracy rates were reduced by test stimuli, in contrast to previous research, we found no difference across trial types in the subjects’ response latencies across conditions.

Emotional and cognitive conflict resolution and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in adolescent offspring of parents diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and matched healthy controls

Aims Children of parents with mood disorders have an elevated risk for various psychopathologies. In this study rate of psychopathologies among adolescent offspring of parents with major depressive (MDDoff) and bipolar disorder (BDoff), including disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) along with the offspring ability to resolve cognitive and emotional conflicts were evaluated. Method 12–16 years old children of parents with MDD (n = 31, children= 36), BP (n = 20, children = 26) and controls (n = 25, children = 28) were enrolled. Children and parents were evaluated by using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID); respectively. The parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)-dysregulation profile. The Stroop test-TBAG form and emotional Stroop test were given out to evaluate conflict resolution ability. Results The most common diagnoses among the whole sample were attention deficit and hyperactivity, separation anxiety and oppositional defiant disorders. Five cases (5.5%) of lifetime DMDD were found (three from MDDoff, the rest from BDoff). Completion times for the Stroop test-TBAG form were ranked as: BDoff > MDDoff > Hoff. In the emotional Stroop test, the BDoff responded significantly later and had significantly reduced correct responses. Conclusion Rates of lifetime DMDD were similar in the MDDoff and BDoff groups. BDoff may experience greater difficulties in resolving cognitive and emotional conflicts.

Gender differences in functional connectivity of left-handers during the passage of an emotional stroop task

ntroduction. Neural correlates underlying the processing of emotional information, influence of emotional interference on cognitive control, gender difference in such activities remain a topic of research and discussion.Purpose. To study the connectivity of the brain regions involved in the processing of emotional information in left-handers, based on the EEG data obtained during their passage the emotional Stroop test (EST).Methods. EEG was registered during subjectpassage the EST successively two times. In EST a series including 240 words were presented at the center of the computer screen in one of two colors: red or green, words were emotional (negative) or neutral, shown in pseudorandom order. Some of these stimuli (target words names of animals and plants) participants were instructed to ignore (do not press any keys). Subjects were asked to respond with right hand (pressing P on a keyboard) for words printed in red and with left hand (pressing Q on a keyboard) for words printed in green. It was investigated source level functional connectivity (FC) in two groups of left-handers (17 to 22 years old): women (n=10) and men (n=10). FC was analysed between 21 regions of interest (ROI), selected on the base of fMRI research literature. Connections between ROIs were assessed using lagged phase synchronization (LPS) with eLORETA complex.Results. Statistically significant differences in FC by LPS between men and women groups were found only in first passage of EST. Particularly, FCof women, compared to men was: -higher between anterior cingulate cortex and left middle temporal area in delta band;-lower between left hippocampal formation and right frontal eye fields in beta-1;-and higher in beta-2 between right frontal eye fields and right anterior insula.were shorter for both emotional and neutral words. The interference effect was observed in both tests in women and only in the first test in men. Interference effect also was higher for responses with left hand for both groups. Repeated passage of the emotional Stroop test leads to reducing the effect of interference in men but not in women.Originality.The main neural networks have been identified, which in left-handed women are more involved in the processing of negative emotional information than in left-handed men.Conclusion. Compared to men, women have stronger connections of two areas of the brain involved in processing negatively colored emotional information, with other areas of the brain. The anterior cingulate cortex, which is considered to playan important role in attention and executive functions, is connected to the left middle temporal area, involved in the analysis of visual movement and words processing. Activation of theright anterior insular cortex, which is closely related to emotionalprocessing, is connected to the right frontal eye fields, which are known to play a key role in the goal directed eyes movements.Contrary, area of right frontal eye fields of men is more tightly connected to the contralateral left hippocampus, and is involved in semantic rather than emotional processing of information.Key words: emotional Stroop test;gender differences; left-handers; EEG; functional connectivity

ВИЯВ ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ЕФЕКТУ СТРУПА У СТУДЕНТІВ ПРИ РЕАГУВАННІ НА СЛОВА ІЗ СЕМАНТИЧНОГО ПОЛЯ "АЛКОГОЛЬ"

In practice, psychologists, social workers, forensic scientists, advertisers, etc. have to face the need to reveal hidden, unconscious or knowingly false information from a certain person. The use of the emotional Stroop test (EST), which is based on differences in the latent period (LP) of the reaction (response time) to emotionally colored and neutral words, can help. As a model, emotional words from the semantic field of "alcohol" were used during the EST passage by students. The survey involved students aged 18 to 23, 9 boys and 12 girls. The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) was revealed, namely a longer response time to emotionally colored words compared to neutral ones, which confirms the effectiveness of the EST technique to identify hidden tendencies of the subject. ESE is more pronounced in women than in men, which can probably be explained by more frequent alcohol consumption by men who do not see anything special in such stimuli. The connection between the LP reaction to emotional words and blood groups (according to the ABO system) in women was interesting. Women with the first blood group had longer LP reactions when performing EST compared with women with the second blood group, while women with the third blood group had intermediate values of the LP reaction. That is, like men, women with the second blood group did not see anything extraordinary in words from the semantic field of "alcohol". In women with the first blood group, the ESE was the highest and had the strongest difference between the reaction to neutral and emotional words for the left hand, which indicates the involvement of the right hemisphere in the processing of emotional information. The results obtained require additional research, as the sample was small. However, it can be assumed that the predisposition to alcohol consumption and emotional response to it is associated with blood type and biochemical characteristics of the organism, so further research in this area is promising.

A-158 The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Attentional Bias

Abstract Objective This study aims to investigate the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs, specifically household dysfunction) and attentional bias. Research has shown that ACEs can induce psychological stress and result in greater risk for neuropsychological difficulties among children who experience them (Raver and Blair., 2016). Therefore, we hypothesize that children with higher levels of ACE exposure will show higher levels of attentional bias overall. Data Selection Data was obtained through the longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. The broader dataset was narrowed to include variables related to household dysfunction: Parent Family Environment Scale—Family Conflict Subscale Modified from PhenX and Parent Neighborhood Safety/Crime Modified from PhenX. Attentional bias was measured via the Youth Emotional Stroop Test. Data Synthesis Data was analyzed using a Bivariate correlation between predictor variables and participant latency on incongruent items within the Youth Emotional Stroop Test. Neighborhood crime and response latency were significantly correlated at r(4838) = −.041, p < .001. Neighborhood crime and family conflict were significantly correlated at r(4838) = −.040, p < .001. Additionally, we used linear regression to examine the roles of neighborhood crime and family conflict as predictors of attentional bias (N = 4838). The two variables together significantly predicted attentional bias, F(2, 4835) = 4.50, p = .012, r2 .002. Conclusion Although family conflict was not significantly related to attentional bias, our results support previous research and our hypothesis that higher levels of exposure to ACEs are significantly associated with an increase in attentional bias for environmentally threatening stimuli (Caldwell., Carter., and Minzenberg 2014).