Emotional Exchange Research Articles

Physical, Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Mediators of Activity Involvement and Health in Later Life

The current study tests the indirect effect of activity-related physical activity, cognitive activity, social interaction, and emotional exchange on the relationship between activity involvement and health (physical and emotional) in later life. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 5,442) were used to estimate a series of linear regression models. We found significant indirect effects for social interaction and benefit to others (emotional exchange) on emotional health (depressive symptoms) and indirect effects for use of body and benefit to others (physical) on physical health (frailty). The most potent indirect effect associated with emotional and physical health was experienced by those engaged in all four domains (use of body, use of mind, social interaction, and benefit to others). While effect sizes are small and results should be interpreted with caution, findings shed light on ways in which public health interventions aimed toward increasing role engagement in later life could be improved.

YouTube and bereavement vlogging: Emotional exchange between strangers

Through a qualitative study of YouTube bereavement vlogs and posts by young people about parental death, this article examines the rise and significance of intimate mourning between strangers. An unexpected finding of this research has been the speed with which young people create vlogs or post messages of their bereavement; very often within hours of a death. The question of time in relation to bereavement grief is thus a feature of this article’s analysis. The article argues that YouTube, like other social media, exposes and contests the disenfranchising of grief in offline social settings and relationships while, at the same time, enfranchising disaffected and excluded bereavement discourse via media sociality. It also argues, conversely, that YouTube, like other social media, is now a primary social space (not secondary or supplementary); it provides the where and how and who to connect with regarding personal grief and bereavement.

Signal and Noise in the Perception of Facial Emotion Expressions: From Labs to Life.

Human interactions are replete with emotional exchanges, and hence, the ability to decode others' emotional expressions is of great importance. The present research distinguishes between the emotional signal (the intended emotion) and noise (perception of secondary emotions) in social emotion perception and investigates whether these predict the quality of social interactions. In three studies, participants completed laboratory-based assessments of emotion recognition ability and later reported their perceptions of naturally occurring social interactions. Overall, noise perception in the recognition task was associated with perceiving more negative emotions in others and perceiving interactions more negatively. Conversely, signal perception of facial emotion expressions was associated with higher quality in social interactions. These effects were moderated by relationship closeness in Greece but not in Germany. These findings suggest that emotion recognition as assessed in the laboratory is a valid predictor of social interaction quality. Thus, emotion recognition generalizes from the laboratory to everyday life.

Attachment Representations and Early Interactions in Drug Addicted Mothers: A Case Study of Four Women with Distinct Adult Attachment Interview Classifications.

Drug addiction is considered a major risk factor that can influence maternal functioning at multiple levels, leading to less optimal parental qualities and less positive interactive exchanges in mother-child dyads. Moreover, drug abusers often report negative or traumatic attachment representations regarding their own childhood. These representations might affect, to some extent, later relational and developmental outcomes of their children. This study explored whether the development of dyadic interactions in addicted women differed based on attachment status. The longitudinal ongoing of mother-child emotional exchanges was assessed among four mothers with four different attachment statuses (F-autonomous, E-preoccupied, Ds-dismissing, and U-unresolved/with losses). Attachment representations were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (George et al., 1985), while mother-child interactions were evaluated longitudinally during videotaped play sessions, through the Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, 2008). As expected, the dyad with the autonomous mother showed better interactive functioning during play despite the condition of drug-abuse; the mother proved to be more affectively positive, sensitive, and responsive, while her baby showed a better organization of affects and behaviors. On the other side, insecure mothers seemed to experience more difficulties when interacting with their children showing inconsistency in the ability to perceive and respond to their babies' signals. Finally, children of insecure mothers showed less clear affects and signals. While differences between secure and insecure dyads appeared clear, differences between insecure patterns where less linear, suggesting a possible mediating role played by other factors. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The Effect of Emotional Intergenerational Exchange Patterns on The Attitude of Remarriage among Single Elderly: The Mediating Effect of The Parent - child Relationship Satisfaction

The Effect of Emotional Intergenerational Exchange Patterns on The Attitude of Remarriage among Single Elderly: The Mediating Effect of The Parent - child Relationship Satisfaction

She more than he: gender bias supports the empathic nature of yawn contagion in Homo sapiens.

Psychological, clinical and neurobiological findings endorse that empathic abilities are more developed in women than in men. Because there is growing evidence that yawn contagion is an empathy-based phenomenon, we expect that the female bias in the empathic abilities reflects on a gender skew in the responsiveness to others’ yawns. We verified this assumption by applying a linear model on a dataset gathered during a 5 year period of naturalistic observations on humans. Gender, age and social bond were included in the analysis as fixed factors. The social bond and the receiver’s gender remained in the best model. The rates of contagion were significantly lower between acquaintances than between friends and family members, and significantly higher in women than in men. These results not only confirm that yawn contagion is sensitive to social closeness, but also that the phenomenon is affected by the same gender bias affecting empathy. The sex skew, also found in other non-human species, fits with the female social roles which are likely to require higher empathic abilities (e.g. parental care, group cohesion maintenance, social mediation). The fact that female influence in social dynamics also relies on face-to-face emotional exchange raises concerns on the negative repercussions of having women’s facial expressions forcibly concealed.

The Effect of Emotional Closeness and Exchanges of Support Among Family Members on Residents’ Positive and Negative Psychological Responses After Hurricane Sandy

Introduction: This study examines how changes in emotional closeness and exchanges of support among family members after Hurricane Sandy affected residents' psychological outcomes both positively and negatively.Methods: The working sample included 130 family ties reported by 85 respondents recruited from community and shelter residents on Staten Island after it was seriously damaged by the 2012 Hurricane Sandy. Regression with robust standard errors was used to examine how changes in emotional closeness and exchanges of support with adult family members affected respondents' posttraumatic psychological distress and posttraumatic growth.Results: Results showed psychological distress was significantly increased with higher levels of instrumental support received from family members; whereas posttraumatic growth was significantly increased with greater improved emotional closeness with family members. In addition, having higher levels of education was associated with lower levels of psychological distress and respondents from shelters showed higher levels of posttraumatic growth than those who were from the community.Discussion: It is suggested that after a significant disaster, although a family may be the best to take care of its members' emotional needs, it should not be expected to satisfy the instrumental needs of its members. In addition, posttraumatic psychological distress and growth are not necessarily opposite to each other; the psychological well- being of residents after a disaster needs to be carefully examined from both perspectives.

The Governance and Management of Child Care Centres

This study explores the management and governance interaction in a child care setting. Globally the importance of women in the workforce and the education of young children has shone the spotlight on child care. Most child care research focuses on the education of the child. However, the management and governance of the centres can influence the staffing, resources and culture of the centre, which in turn can affect the care of the children. Further, limited government funding in the sector also heightens the need to understand the impact of management and governance. The findings, from a participant-observer research approach, highlight the tensions between the management and governance functions and that the reliance on formal systems moderate the emotional exchanges that are part of the day to day social fabric of a child care centre.

Transnational Support of Asian Indian Elderly in India: Examining Patterns of Exchanges.

Using a mixed methods approach, the provision of support exchanges between family members across national borders was examined. Specifically, this project examined transnational support among Asian Indian elderly residing in India whose children resided outside India. Seventy adults participated in this project in the cities of Bangalore and Mumbai. Individuals participated in either a focus group meeting or completed a survey to examine their transnational family support experiences. Most seniors were educated, of middle-income category or higher, socially active, enjoyed good health, and were not keen to live in multigeneration households. Survey findings suggest that transnational care is reciprocal in nature and that communication technology has enhanced intergenerational contact. The older adults' report of support exchanges provided and received between generations showed significant differences on certain types of support. Undoubtedly, in today's rapidly growing global economy, a great deal of emotional support, communication, and exchanges takes place between adults and their elderly parents across national borders.

For better or for worse? Transformation of social network relations due to long-term illness

This paper explores whether, and if so how, long-term illness affects and changes personal social relations and how these transformations are related to diagnosis, length of the sick leave, age and gender. It is based on qualitative in-depth interviews (N = 10) and a broader representative survey among long-term ill people (n = 319). The results reveal that illness affects the social relationships in both positive and negative directions. On the one hand, the proximity and mobilization of support from family and friends increases during the period of illness and new relationships are included in the networks. On the other hand, the distance within some relationships increases, and some disappear or become less support-rewarding. While the need for social relationships seems, for the majority, to be essential and constant, the results show that the circle of close personal relationships is shifting and that emotional intensity and reciprocal exchange vary.

Reciprocity in therapeutic relationships: A conceptual review.

Reciprocity has generally been understood as a process of giving and taking, within an exchange of emotions or services, and has long been recognized as a central part of human life. However, an understanding of reciprocity in professional helping relationships has seldom received attention, despite movements in mental health care towards more collaborative approaches between service users and professionals. In this review, a systematic search of the published papers was conducted in order to explore how reciprocity is conceptualized and understood as part of the dyadic therapeutic relationship between professionals and service users. Eleven papers met our inclusion criteria and a narrative synthesis was used to synthesize the key concepts of reciprocity. The concepts of: 'dynamic equilibrium', 'shared affect', 'asymmetric alliance', and 'recognition as a fellow human being' were recurrent in understandings of reciprocity in professional contexts. These conceptualizations of reciprocity were also linked to specific behavioural and psychological processes. The findings suggest that reciprocity may be conceptualized and incorporated as a component of mental health care, with recurrent and observable processes which may be harnessed to promote positive outcomes for service users. To this end, we make recommendations for further research to progress and develop reciprocal processes in mental health care.

Digital Narrating for Contentious Politics: Social Media Content Curation at Movement Protests

Digital Narrating for Contentious Politics: Social Media Content Curation at Movement Protests

The commerce and crossover of resources: resource conservation in the service of resilience.

Conservation of resources (COR) theory was originally introduced as a framework for understanding and predicting the consequences of major and traumatic stress, but following the work of Hobfoll and Shirom (1993), COR theory has been adopted to understanding and predicting work-related stress and both the stress and resilience that occur within work settings and work culture. COR theory underscores the critical role of resource possession, lack, loss and gain and depicts personal, social and material resources co-travelling in resource caravans, rather than piecemeal. We briefly review the principles of COR theory and integrate it in the crossover model, which provides a key mechanism for multi-person exchange of emotions, experiences and resources. Understanding the impact of resource reservoirs, resource passageways and crossover provides a framework for research and intervention promoting resilience to employees as well as to organizations. It emphasizes that the creation and maintenance of resource caravan passageways promote resource gain climates through resource crossover processes.

Evaluating Orbital-Ventral Medial System Regulation of Personal Attention: A Critical Need for Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention

Attention to self and environment form the basis of effective social exchange and relationships. Although implicit in this basic social competency is the ability to be self-aware and responsive to the circumstances of others, many neuropsychologists have yet to understand or measure its basic functions, let alone recognize the brain–behavior relationships that govern this area. Several years ago, interest in “emotional intelligence” rose to the forefront of popular psychology, but we are still unraveling the cortical, subcortical, and neurocellular interactions that produce this nebulous construct, and we are determining how dysfunctional frontal-subcortical and cortico-cerebellar circuitry can lead to aberrant social dynamics and ultimately psychopathology when maladaptive patterns become routinized. In this article, we explore the orbital-ventral medial circuitry thought to govern emotional attention, personal self-regulation, social concern and exchange, and affective aspects of interpersonal relationships. Our examination notes both the dearth of and need for neuropsychological research on the biological basis and measurement of executive regulation of emotional attention, behavioral regulation, and social competence. We conclude with a call for development of neuropsychological measures and methods that can foster differential diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies for children with orbital-ventral medial circuit dysfunction.

Spiritual Homosociality in The Tempest: Magic and Moral Superiority

This paper explores stage monarchs’ spiritual and homosocial relations with their subjects and rivals. Focusing on Shakespeare’s The Tempest, this paper describes spiritual homosociality as one of the ways in which male Renaissance stage monarchs strengthen authority. To examine ruling power through the lens of spiritual homosociality is to reveal inherent difficulties in the humanity of rulers of a society saturated with supernatural environments. Particularly, psychological and supernatural elements of a sovereign’s emotional exchange with his subjects in a spiritually saturated realm contribute to his self-empowerment. Prospero’s spiritual and homosocial relations, the elements of spiritual homosociality in the resultant representation of politics, happen partly in a human realm stripped of divine association, and partly in a spiritually saturated realm full of occult connections. Therefore, Prospero’s attempt to be a morally influential ruler in his territory presents spiritual homosociality as a necessary quality for successful rulers in the interpersonal and institutional relations, but it also reflects Shakespeare’s theatrical representation of the extent to which early political science overlaps with political theology and the supernatural.

Verbal and gestural communication in interpersonal interaction with Alzheimer's disease patients

Communication can be defined as a verbal and non verbal exchange of thoughts and emotions. While verbal communication deficit in Alzheimer's disease is well documented, very little is known about gestural communication, especially in interpersonal situations. This study examines the production of gestures and its relations with verbal aspects of communication. Three patients suffering from moderately severe Alzheimer's disease were compared to three healthy adults. Each one were given a series of pictures and asked to explain which one she preferred and why. The interpersonal interaction was video recorded. Analyses concerned verbal production (quantity and quality) and gestures. Gestures were either non representational (i.e., gestures of small amplitude punctuating speech or accentuating some parts of utterance) or representational (i.e., referring to the object of the speech). Representational gestures were coded as iconic (depicting of concrete aspects), metaphoric (depicting of abstract meaning) or deictic (pointing toward an object). In comparison with healthy participants, patients revealed a decrease in quantity and quality of speech. Nevertheless, their production of gestures was always present. This pattern is in line with the conception that gestures and speech depend on different communicational systems and look inconsistent with the assumption of a parallel dissolution of gesture and speech. Moreover, analyzing the articulation between verbal and gestural dimensions suggests that representational gestures may compensate for speech deficits. It underlines the importance for the role of gestures in maintaining interpersonal communication.

A Markov Chain Analysis of Emotional Exchange in Voice-to-Voice Communication: Testing for the Mimicry Hypothesis of Emotional Contagion

Mimicry is a central plank of the emotional contagion theory; however, it was only tested with facial and postural emotional stimuli. This study explores the existence of mimicry in voice-to-voice communication by analyzing 8,747 sequences of emotional displays between customers and employees in a call-center context. We listened live to 967 telephone inter-actions, registered the sequences of emotional displays, and analyzed them with a Markov chain. We also explored other propositions of emotional contagion theory that were yet to be tested in vocal contexts. Results supported that mimicry is significantly present at all levels. Our findings fill an important gap in the emotional contagion theory; have practical implications regarding voice-to-voice interactions; and open doors for future vocal mimicry research.

A Study on the Supervisor Role of the University Students’ Mentoring for Multicultural Family Children

After 2000 in Korea society, multicultural family is constantly increasing through international marriages. Their interest in child-rearing and education is also followed. The learning mentoring for multicultural children has its own purpose on the learning skill, psychological and emotional support. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology contracts this business out to Korean Student Aid Foundation, and it has awarded scholarships to university students who participate in learning mentoring for them. In present, 47 universities are participating in multicultural mentoring. This study is to focus on the role of supervisors who instruct Inha university students engaging in the multicultural mentoring. This was one of the business developed by The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology on 2011. Multicultural learning mentoring focuses on enhancing teaching skill of pre-teachers and learning skill of multicultural students. There are a plenty of studies on enhancement of learning skill and mentoring actives, however, studies on the supervisor is insufficient. In this point, the researcher took a look at the role of supervisor in the learning mentoring for multicultural children. Therefore, this study made in-depth interviews with three heads of business in each university. Also, research material includes interview with 00 number of university students participating in this mentoring.As a result, the supervisors should following skills; network application ability for smooth communication, multicultural citizenship, multicultural sensitivity toward various cultures, counseling skills for mentally supporting mentors, and so on. For the mentors, they can extend the emotional exchange, counsel their problems, and give emotional support. Administrational support should include effective supervision matching.

Los adultos con discapacidad motriz y sus familiares: la organización del hogar, los afectos y el trabajo

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las percepciones de los adultos con discapacidad motriz mayores de 50 años y sus familiares acerca de las principales dificultades que encuentran en su desempeño laboral, familiar y en la organización del hogar, según aspectos económicos y sociales en el Gran Buenos Aires. Para cumplir con este objetivo se desarrolló un abordaje metodológico de tipo cualitativo. Se entrevistó a 39 personas con discapacidad motriz y a 17 familiares. Los resultados indicaron que la edad en que acontece la discapacidad, el nivel socioeconómico y la situación de dependencia de las personas son determinantes para poder sortear, en mayor o menor medida, la marginación económica y el descrédito simbólico que las perjudica. Las familias brindan intercambios afectivos y apoyos materiales para la resolución de la vida diaria, mientras que la salud emocional de sus integrantes, su reproducción material y proyectos se ven modificados por las dificultades que la sociedad impone a las personas que relega al lugar de la anormalidad.

Design Developing an Early Model of Cat Robot for the Use of Early Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

The purpose of this research is to design develop an early model for the use of early treatment that will improve the social interactions of children with ASD. Researchers from the department of social welfare, electrical engineering, industrial design, and fashion design carried out a fusion research for this purpose. The department of social welfare conducted a survey with professional therapists in order to first find out the necessary treatment components of the cat robot. The department of electrical engineering gave technical suggestions on the practical functions of the robot such as movements and emotional exchanges with humans. In addition, the department of industrial design proposed the robot’s exterior, movement, and character designs. Considering that the robot will be used as a therapeutic medium for children, they also developed an eco-friendly material in order to prevent infection and other hygienic problems and also improve the therapeutic effects of the robot. According to the result of FGI’s analysis, elements of function and motion have to be prepared for a cat robot was grasped. In consideration of these elements, guidelines to the construction of shape and motions for the design of the cat robot were established. By applying these guidelines, the design of outer shape of the cat robot was developed. And a cat robot’s structures, electrical circuits, and driving program for the treatment of children with ASD were suggested. Design of the cat robot’s Outer shape has to be developed to match inside structure of the cat robot, and the early model of the cat robot has to be completed to match these criteria.