Emotional Behavioral Responses Research Articles

The Context Matters: Women's Experiences of Their Partner's Odor in Intimate and Sexual Encounters.

Research shows that male body odor plays an important role in women's mate choice and that olfactory abilities are associated with women's sexual functioning. What remains unclear is what types of partner's odor actually shape women's experience during intimate activities. This study therefore explored women's experience associated with the partner's various odors and investigated how they affect women's intimate and sexual encounters. We performed semi-structured individual interviews with 20 single women and 20 women in a long-term relationship. Thematic analysis revealed four key natural odor types of the partner: body odor, sweat, genital odor, and semen odor. Further, we have identified three main types of fragrance odor (cologne, shower gel, and laundry agents) and investigated their perception in both intimate (hugging, kissing, cuddling, lying side by side) and sexual (intercourse, oral sex, ejaculation) contexts. Both partner's natural odor and fragrance affected women's emotional state (ranging from pleasant to unpleasant) and behavioral response (ranging from approach to avoidance of partner). Women's odor perception was frequently context-dependent, so that even mostly negatively perceived odors (e.g., semen, genital odor) were often accepted as part of sexual encounter. Finally, women's perception was negatively modified by partner's specific sweat (after workday, workout, or when the partner is ill) during intimate encounters. Our results highlight the complexity and interindividual variability of partner's odor perception.

Pengaruh Kualitas Ruang Terbuka Hijau terhadap Respon Urban Stress Pengunjung Taman di Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Green open space is an important component in cities that can provide benefits in reducing the negative effects of urban stress. This is an important aspect for the City of Jakarta to reduce the effects of urban stress by improving the quality of green open spaces represented by satisfying parks. The objectives of this research are (1) Knowing the correlation relationship urban stressor to the response urban stress park visitors. (2) Knowing the influence of the quality of green open space on the response urban stress. (3) Determine priorities for developing green open spaces. This research method uses a quantitative approach by taking park samples using proportional sampling with a total sample of 22 parks and a sample of respondents using the linear time function method with a total of 330 park visitors. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was analyzed using the importance performance analysis method and multiple linear regression analysis which was processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. To determine priorities for developing green open spaces using spatial analysis using vegetation density, comfort index, and population density which was done by overlapping scoring. (overlay) with ArcGIS 10.8 software. The results of this research found that there was a correlation between several urban stressor variables and the urban stress response variable with a significance value of <0.05 with the highest correlation in the sufficient category, which indicates that the higher the urban stressor, the emotional response and behavioral response will increase. This research shows that there is an influence between the park satisfaction variable on the urban stress response variable with the following regression equation: (1) Ycognitive = 7.462 + 0.044 X1(uses & Activities) + 0.042 X4(Sociability); (2) Yemotion = 13.558 + 0.053 X1(uses & Activities) + 0.040 X2(Access & Linkages) + 0.036 and (3) Ybehavior = 10.010 + 0.041 X4(Sociability) + 0.035 X1(uses & Activities) + 0.031 X3(comfort & image). From the results of the spatial analysis, the highest category area is 52,510.69 ha, which is the second priority for developing green open space.

A Study of Emotions Intelligence, Self-Awareness and Behavioral Response for Student

The present study deals with and effort to reveal the strata-wise differences of emotional intelligence Self-awareness and Behavioral Response student of the students of class 9 to 12 One adapted and standardized questionnaires were administered on a sample of 300 no of students selected by cluster sampling technique to collect the required data. Normality of ratio of the variables is tested. Most of the variables show normality in the data. To investigate the significant difference if any, between tribal and urban students level in terms of emotional intelligence variables, Self-awareness, Empathy, Self-motivation, Emotional stability, Managing relations Integrity, Self-development, Value orientation, Commitment &Altruistic behavior ‘t’ test was used. The descriptive statistics such as Mean and SD were computed for three dependent variables and their levels as per different age groups. These values are used for interpreting

The influence of emotions on online information sharing behavior

Purpose The spread of fake news represents a serious threat to consumers, companies and society. Previous studies have linked emotional arousal to an increased propensity to spread information and a decrease in people’s ability to recognize fake news. However, the effect of an individual’s emotional state on fake news sharing remains unclear, particularly during periods of severe disruptions such as pandemics. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by elucidating how heightened emotions affect fake news sharing behavior. Design/methodology/approach To validate the conceptual model, this study uses a quantitative approach. Data were collected from 212 online questionnaires and then analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. Findings Results of this study show that positive emotions have indirect effects on fake news sharing behavior by allowing users to view the quality of information circulating on social media in a more positive light, and increasing their socialization behavior leading them to share fake news. Negative emotions indirectly impact fake news sharing by affecting users’ information overload and reinforcing prior beliefs, which in turn increases fake news sharing. Research limitations/implications This study identifies several novel associations between emotions and fake news sharing behavior and offers a theoretical lens that can be used in future studies. It also provides several practical implications on the prevention mechanism that can counteract the dissemination of fake news. Originality/value This study investigates the impact of individuals’ emotional states on fake news sharing behavior, and establishes four user-centric antecedents to this sharing behavior. By focusing on individuals’ emotional state, cognitive reaction and behavioral response, it is among the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to offer a multidimensional understanding of individuals’ interaction with news that circulates on social media.

Place de l’imagerie mentale dans la dynamique, l’évaluation et la prise en charge des conduites suicidaires

Recent surveys have shown an alarming increase in suicidal behaviours in adolescents and young adults, a population known to be associated with high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Despite the great improvements made over the years in the way we understand and address suicidality in the clinic, it remains extremely challenging and complex for the clinicians to assess risk and help patients alleviate their suicidal thoughts. In this context, recent studies have shown that a particular form of intrusive mental imagery of suicide, called “flashforwards” in analogy with the flashbacks in PTSD, could play a pivotal role in suicidal behaviour. More specifically, suicidal flashforwards have been shown to be associated with greater severity of suicidal symptoms and a greater likelihood of engaging in actual suicidal behaviour. This in line with the broader evidence of a powerful impact of mental imagery on emotion and behaviour, while in the specific of context of suicidality these flashforwards could be seen as real marker of suicidal risk and severity. Frequent exposure to suicidal scenarios through repeated experience of intrusive imagery may induce habituation to this outcome and thus increase the person's acquired ability to do so. Beyond assessment of suicidal risk, exploring suicidal images offers privileged access to the emotional states, cognitions, and behavioural responses that patients experience when they feel at their most depressed and despairing. Further, recently developed intervention methods designed to specifically target these suicidal images could hold promise in helping patients to deal with their suicidality. These are the subjects that Arnaud Pictet evokes in this interview with Jean-Pierre Bouchard.

Lived Experiences of Mothers with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactive Children: A Phenomenological Approach

Background: This study aimed to investigate the lived experiences of mothers with attention-deficit/ hyperactive children. Methods: The present qualitative descriptive study was conducted based on a phenomenological approach that investigated the experiences of primary caregivers of attention-deficit/ hyperactive children. The population of the study included mothers of attention-deficit/hyperactive primary school students in Tabriz. A total of 13 children were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face, in-depth, and semi-structured interviews with participants. The interviews were conducted in schools and the Hasti Counseling Center. Moreover, Smith’s cognitive phenomenological method was used to analyze the data. Results: The analysis of the data revealed 4 main themes and 25 subthemes including emotional responses (depression, loneliness, anger and rage, embarrassment, desire to have a calm child, stress, confusion, remorse, regret, frustration, anxiety and dread), behavioral responses (self-blame, frequent crying, shouting, aggression, trying to control oneself), physical responses (palpitation, feeling hot water drops on one’s head), and cognitive responses (feeling inhuman, isolation, feeling guilty, embarrassed, and blameful, problems in pregnancy, insanity, feeling hyperactive due to inability to control oneself, feeling accused of lying). Conclusion: The results of this study will pave the way for further research in the field of mental health interventions for mothers of attention-deficit/hyperactive children. Accordingly, it is essential to design and evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy interventions that can cover various dimensions of the problems of this group of mothers.

Investigating the relationships between emotional experiences and behavioral responses amid the Covid‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional survey

The Covid‐19 pandemic produced a complex combination of intense negative emotions among the general public, influencing people's coping reactions toward the pandemic. Yet each discrete emotion may affect people's behaviors in different ways. Unveiling the specific emotion–behavior relationships can provide valuable implications for designing effective intervention programs. Through the lens of the appraisal theory of emotion, we assessed the relationships between negative emotions and pandemic‐related behaviors among the Chinese population midst the early outbreak of the pandemic. An anonymous online survey was distributed to mainland Chinese participants (n = 2976), which assessed individuals' emotional states and behavioral reactions to the pandemic. Consistent with the differential appraisal theme underlying each negative emotion as delineated by the appraisal theory, mixed relationships between emotions and pandemic‐related behaviors were revealed. Specifically, anxiety was positively associated with behaviors of seeking pandemic‐related information, sharing such information, and stockpiling preventive goods, yet, contrary to prediction, anxious people were reluctant to adopt preventive measures, which is maladaptive. Sad people sought information less frequently and exhibited lower intention to stockpile preventive goods; but, opposing prediction, they shared information less frequently. Angry people were more active in sharing information and in stockpiling preventive goods. These findings suggest that public health practitioners can utilize the emotion–behavior relationships to identify the vulnerable individuals who tend to adopt maladaptive coping behaviors, help them address emotional distress, and encourage their adoption of effective coping behaviors.

“I Am Here to Fly, but Better Get the Environment Right!” Passenger Response to Airport Servicescape

This study deploys environmental and positive psychology models to develop and test the influence of substantive and communicative staging of airport servicescape (i.e., SSoS and CSoS) on passengers’ emotional and subsequent behavioral responses. Furthermore, we examined the extent to which the strength of these associations is contingent upon passengers’ travel frequency (passengers’ familiarity with airport facilities and processes). The study’s sample (n = 387) was drawn from passengers departing from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA). The results indicate that airport servicescape robustly engenders passengers’ positive emotion and satisfaction (with SSoS having more potent effects), facilitating intentions to repurchase, recommend, pay more, and partly, spend more. The interaction effects demonstrate that while pleasant CSoS induces higher satisfaction in frequent flyers, pleasing SSoS generates higher satisfaction in infrequent flyers. In addition, positive emotion appears more vital in predicting infrequent passengers’ behavioral intentions to repeat purchase, recommend, and pay more. Passenger satisfaction seems relevant for different passengers regarding their familiarity levels depending on the kind of behavioral response under consideration. Thus, satisfied frequent travelers are more inclined to repeat purchase and pay more; however, satisfied infrequent travelers are more likely to recommend and spend more at airport terminals. The summary, interpretation, and implication of the results conclude the study.

Interaction between corticosterone and PER2 in regulating emotional behaviors in the rat

Circadian rhythms play a prominent role in psychiatric health with disruption in rhythms associated with poor mental health. Corticosterone (CORT) is an important hormone in entraining the biological rhythms of many cells throughout the body and coordinating peripheral rhythms with the central master clock. Here, we tested the hypothesis that excess CORT during the circadian trough would lead to a flattening of period genes (Per1 and Per2) rhythms in limbic brain areas, and thus impact emotional behaviors. Male rats were injected daily with 2.5 mg/kg CORT or vehicle for 21 days at either ZT0 or ZT12 and sucrose preference, open field, and forced swim behaviors measured during the dark phase of the light cycle. After three weeks of injections, a reduction in sucrose preference was observed in animals injected with CORT at ZT0 and the reduction significantly correlated with reductions in Per2 mRNA expression in the central amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). No changes in behavior or period gene expression were observed in animals injected with CORT at ZT12. DsiRNA was used to directly reduce Per2 levels in either the CeA or BNST and behavior was assessed. Despite reductions in Per2 expression in the CeA, no behavioral changes were observed. In contrast, a reduction in Per2 expression in the BNST was sufficient to reduce sucrose preference. The results demonstrate that CORT significantly contributes to the circadian expression of Period genes in certain limbic brain areas and disruption in diurnal CORT or Per2 expression can lead to impaired emotional behavioral responses.

Evaluating Female Experiences of Electronic Dating Violence in Jordan: Motivations, Consequences, and Coping Strategies.

Gender stereotypes can influence electronic dating violence (EDV) because the victims’ experiences with abusers depict crucial social mechanisms concerning relational dependency and unequal power relations between men and women, making it difficult for women to resist, report, or escape cyber abuse. In the Arab context, cyber abuse in romantic relationships has not been sufficiently examined. This study investigated female experiences of EDV through a qualitative exploratory descriptive approach. Participants experienced several short- and long-term negative psychological and emotional behavioral responses. Our findings validate that EDV heightened the probability of intimate partner violence definitively via psychological, emotional, verbal, and physical abuse. Their resistance strategies differed according to the extent and nature of the abuse. None of the participants sought help from family due to fear of being killed or forced out of university, and realizing that they would continue to experience multiple forms of abuse. Rather, they either sought help from female professors at the university or paid the abuser to be left alone. Further, they engaged in protective behaviors to block their abusive partner’s access to them, consulted an Information Technology expert, and secretly requested assistance from the police. Preference for controlling and dominant roles, gaining monetary benefits, sexual exploitation, peer pressure, and revenge and anger due to abandonment were the leading motivations for abuse. Female students in their first year of university, those who lived in a disjointed family environment, or those who suffered abuse from their families were particularly susceptible to being victimized. Moreover, passwords shared with others or accounts left open on others’ devices also enabled EDV. Hence, universities must conduct awareness sessions, for female students, on how to manage emotions and safe communication on social media and build healthy friendships and relationships. Curricula, seminars, workshops, and courses in the Jordanian educational sector should include programs and interventions that challenge perceived gender norms. These results have significant practical and clinical implications that help understand EDV in a poorly understood context and provide the groundwork for further research on the EDV problem in Jordan, addressing a lacuna in the literature on violence against Jordanian women.

BEHAVIORAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY CONTAINED IN SULFIDE ORE PROCESSING WASTE

The accumulation of arsenic and antimony compounds in environmental objects as a result of the development of mineral deposits is a source of public health risk. Arsenic and antimony, when they enter the human body in excess, activate pathophysiological processes at the subcellular, cellular and organ levels, which leads to the development of multiple organ pathology. The study confirmed the effect of arsenic and antimony on emotional-behavioral responses and cellular immune responses in laboratory animals. Four experimental groups of male Wistar rats and one control group were formed. Experienced with free access to drinking water with different concentrations of arsenic and antimony (water from the hydro dump of the sulphide tailing dump in the village of Komsomolsk, Kemerovo region), the control had free access to clean drinking water. On the 7th and 70th days of the experiment, the emotional-behavioral reactions of the experimental animals were investigated in the "open field" and "raised cruciform maze" tests. The assessment of the cellular immune response was performed by the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (HRT). Arsenic and antimony in the studied concentrations have a harmful effect on the central nervous system (CNS) and the cellular immune response of experimental animals, which manifests itself in disorganization of emotional-behavioral reactions, induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Comorbidity between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and major depression: a behavioural and transcriptomic characterization study in mice

BackgroundMajor depression (MD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disease in the population and is considered a prodromal stage of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite both diseases having a robust genetic component, the common transcriptomic signature remains unknown.MethodsWe investigated the cognitive and emotional behavioural responses in 3- and 6-month-old APP/PSEN1-Tg mice, before β-amyloid plaques were detected. We studied the genetic and pathway deregulation in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and amygdala of mice at both ages, using transcriptomic and functional data analysis.ResultsWe found that depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as memory impairments, are already present at 3-month-old APP/PSEN1-Tg mutant mice together with the deregulation of several genes, such as Ciart, Grin3b, Nr1d1 and Mc4r, and other genes including components of the circadian rhythms, electron transport chain and neurotransmission in all brain areas. Extending these results to human data performing GSEA analysis using DisGeNET database, it provides translational support for common deregulated gene sets related to MD and AD.ConclusionsThe present study sheds light on the shared genetic bases between MD and AD, based on a comprehensive characterization from the behavioural to transcriptomic level. These findings suggest that late MD could be an early manifestation of AD.

에어 스트레스(Air Stress)의 개념화와 측정

Despite the fact that consumers frequently face stressful situations on board during air travel, there are very few in-depth studies regarding the stress experienced on board and its responses. Therefore, this study established the concept of air stress experienced on board, developed a measurement tool to effectively measure air stress, and investigated its validity. The results of the research can be summarized as follows. In the first phase, in-depth interview was carried out based on phenomenological method to establish the concept of air stress and structure air stress into multidimensional factors. Through qualitative validation, it was confirmed that air stress consisted of 2 factors, namely, air stressors and air stress responses. And air stressors was composed of three factors: personal factor, social environment, and physical environment, and air stress responses was composed of two factors: emotional response and behavioral response. In the second phase, a quantitative research was conducted to filter the developed measurement items and to verify its reliability and validity. Based on these results, the study provided valuable theoretical and managerial implications and directions for future research.

Skin conductance response and emotional response in women with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures

PurposeRecent etiopathogenic models place emotional dysregulation at the core of psychogenic nonepileptic seizure (PNES). Our purpose was to assess physiological, cognitive, and behavioral emotional responses of PNES patients. MethodsThis study compared three types of emotional responses to visual emotional stimuli between 34 female PNES group and 34 matched healthy controls: physiological response measured by skin conductance response (SCR) (rate, amplitude and latency) and heart rate deceleration; cognitive response measured by valence and arousal elicited by the images; and behavioural response measured by latency of ratings. The groups were characterized on psychiatric comorbidities, traumatic history, alexithymia, and dissociation. ResultsCompared to controls, PNES group displayed lower SCR for all images (p = 0.038), shorter amplitude of heart rate deceleration (p = 0.024) and faster arousal rating for all images (p = 0.019), but no difference on cognitive rating of images. Within-groups analyses showed only in PNES subjects increased rate (+19.35%, p = 0.046) SCR for negative stimuli with strong arousal compared to negative with low arousal. PNES physiological response (SCR and heart rate deceleration) was negatively correlated to dissociation tendency (r=-0.48, p = 0.0083) and alexithymia (r=-0.44, p = 0.012)). For cognitive response, no correlation was found. ConclusionThese results are in favour of a lower physiological emotional response but with an over-reactivity at behavioral level contrasting with similar cognitive assessment. For strong aversive stimuli, PNES might present a trend to overreact at physiological and behavioural levels. Our results suggest that dissociation and difficulty in describing feelings are associated with an altered physiological response in PNES women only.

Poor Disgust Suppression Is Associated with Increased Anxiety in Caregivers of People with Neurodegenerative Disease.

Caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease have high rates of mental health problems compared to noncaregiving adults. Emotion regulation may play an important role in preserving caregivers' mental health. We examined the associations between caregivers' emotion regulation measured in several ways (ability, habitual use, and self-ratings) and their mental health symptoms. Ninety-one caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease participated in a laboratory-based assessment of emotion regulation. In two series of tasks, caregivers were given different instructions (no instruction, suppress) regarding altering their emotional behavioral responses to disgusting films and acoustic startle stimuli. Caregivers' emotional behavior was measured via behavioral coding and caregivers rated "how much emotion" they showed during each task. Anxiety, depression, and habitual use of expressive suppression were measured via questionnaires. Poor emotion regulation in the disgust suppression condition (i.e., greater emotional behavior) was associated with greater anxiety. Associations were not found for the startle suppression condition, depression, or self-report measures of emotion regulation. Findings suggest that caregivers who are unable to suppress emotional behavior in response to disgusting stimuli may be at greater risk for anxiety. Given high levels of anxiety in caregivers, it may be useful to evaluate interventions that improve ability to downregulate emotional behavior.

The role of catecholamines in modulating responses to stress: Sex-specific patterns, implications, and therapeutic potential for post-traumatic stress disorder and opiate withdrawal.

Emotional arousal is one of several factors that determine the strength of a memory and how efficiently it may be retrieved. The systems at play are multifaceted; on one hand, the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system evaluates the rewarding or reinforcing potential of a stimulus, while on the other, the noradrenergic stress response system evaluates the risk of threat, commanding attention, and engaging emotional and physical behavioral responses. Sex-specific patterns in the anatomy and function of the arousal system suggest that sexually divergent therapeutic approaches may be advantageous for neurological disorders involving arousal, learning, and memory. From the lens of the triple network model of psychopathology, we argue that post-traumatic stress disorder and opiate substance use disorder arise from maladaptive learning responses that are perpetuated by hyperarousal of the salience network. We present evidence that catecholamine-modulated learning and stress-responsive circuitry exerts substantial influence over the salience network and its dysfunction in stress-related psychiatric disorders, and between the sexes. We discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the endogenous cannabinoid system; a ubiquitous neuromodulator that influences learning, memory, and responsivity to stress by influencing catecholamine, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Relevant preclinical data in male and female rodents are integrated with clinical data in men and women in an effort to understand how ideal treatment modalities between the sexes may be different.

Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 Provides Olfactory Input Into Limbic Brain Areas and Modulates Emotional Behaviors and Serotonin Transmission.

Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a class of G-protein-coupled receptors found in mammals. While TAAR1 is expressed in several brain regions, all the other TAARs have been described mainly in the olfactory epithelium and the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb and are believed to serve as a new class of olfactory receptors sensing innate odors. However, there is evidence that TAAR5 could play a role also in the central nervous system. In this study, we characterized a mouse line lacking TAAR5 (TAAR5 knockout, TAAR5-KO) expressing beta-galactosidase mapping TAAR5 expression. We found that TAAR5 is expressed not only in the glomerular layer in the olfactory bulb but also in deeper layers projecting to the limbic brain olfactory circuitry with prominent expression in numerous limbic brain regions, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the amygdala, the hippocampus, the piriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. TAAR5-KO mice did not show gross developmental abnormalities but demonstrated less anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in several behavioral tests. TAAR5-KO mice also showed significant decreases in the tissue levels of serotonin and its metabolite in several brain areas and were more sensitive to the hypothermic action of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). These observations indicate that TAAR5 is not just innate odor-sensing olfactory receptor but also serves to provide olfactory input into limbic brain areas to regulate emotional behaviors likely via modulation of the serotonin system. Thus, anxiolytic and/or antidepressant action of future TAAR5 antagonists could be predicted. In general, “olfactory” TAAR-mediated brain circuitry may represent a previously unappreciated neurotransmitter system involved in the transmission of innate odors into emotional behavioral responses.

Infant emotional responses to challenge predict empathic behavior in toddlerhood.

Although emotional responses are theorized to be important in the development of empathy, findings regarding the prediction of early empathic behavior by infant behavioral and physiological responses are mixed. This study examined whether behavioral and physiological responses to mild emotional challenge (still face paradigm and car seat task) in 118 infants at age 6 months predicted empathic distress and empathic concern in response to an empathy‐evoking task (i.e, experimenter's distress simulation) at age 20 months. Correlation analyses, corrected for sex and baseline levels of physiological arousal, showed that stronger physiological and behavioral responses to emotional challenge at age 6 months were positively related to observed empathic distress, but not empathic concern, at age 20 months. Linear regression analyses indicated that physiological and behavioral responses to challenge at 6 months independently predicted empathic distress at 20 months, which suggests an important role for both physiological and behavioral emotional responses in empathy development. In addition, curvilinear regression analyses showed quadratic associations between behavioral responses at 6 months, and empathic distress and empathic concern at 20 months, which indicates that moderate levels of behavioral responsivity predict the highest levels of empathic distress and empathic concern.

The effects of servicescape on the emotional states and behavioural responses of hotel guests

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to reveal the influence of servicescape of hotel businesses on the emotional states and behavioural responses of guests. Data collected from 211 participants, was tested by using Regression Analysis to determine the interaction among identified variables (servicescape, emotional states and behavioural responses). It was found that the servicescape component had a positive effect on behavioural responses, and emotional states of guests played a mediating role between servicescape and behavioural response components. It is important to determine what kind of emotional states along with the influence of servicescape result in behavioural changes in hotels. Hence, determining the emotional states that individuals experience in hotels will make it possible to design a servicescape by considering those emotional states.

GABA neurons of the ventral periaqueductal gray area modulate behaviors associated with anxiety and conditioned fear.

Emotional behavioral responses related to anxiety and fear comprise the negative valence systems domainas defined by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to categorizing related emotional behavioral constructs that are compromised in mental health disorders. Here, we evaluate the role of GABA neurons of the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) in emotional behavioral responses related to anxiety and fear using a chemogenetic approach in Vgat-ires-Cre mice. Functional inhibition of vPAG GABA neurons using selective expression of inhibitory Gi-coupled Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (Gi-DREADDs) enhanced anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark exploration and open-field tests. Functional inhibition of vPAG GABA neurons during the acquisition of conditioned fear impaired later performance of conditioned fear responses to the fear-associated context. No effects on spontaneous freezing behavior, fear generalization, or conditioned fear responses to the fear-associated cue were observed. Together, these data suggest that activity of vPAG GABA neurons underlies emotional behavioral responses related to anxiety and conditioned fear. As such, vPAG GABA neurons are a common neurophysiological correlate of the negative valence system and dysregulation of this population may contribute to the etiology of mental health disorders in which the negative valence systems domain is compromised.