Child Emotion Dysregulation Research Articles

Caregiver Mentalizing and Child Emotional Regulation: A Novel Approach to Examining Bidirectional Impact

ABSTRACT Mentalization theory suggest bidirectional links between a caregiver’s capacity to mentalize their child and emotional regulation in their children. However, there has been little empirical investigation to verify this theory. The bidirectional relationship between caregiver mentalizing and child emotional regulation may be especially important to understand in caregiving contexts where there is greater risk of relationship breakdown or child emotional dysregulation, such as in fostering relationships. This study used a novel time-sequence analysis approach to explore the putative bidirectional relationship between caregiver mentalizing and child emotional regulation in the context of long-term foster care. Existing theories about caregiver mentalizing and child emotional regulation were evaluated and developed by looking at moment-by-moment interactions between a foster carer and a child in her care. The findings of this study gave mixed support for bidirectional relationships between foster carer mentalizing, and child emotional regulation predicted by existing theoretical models. These findings have implications for refining and applying mentalization theory broadly and more specifically in the context of foster care. Furthermore, this study provides a useful example of how time-sequence analysis may be useful for exploring the links between phenomena, such as caregiver mentalizing and child emotional dysregulation, occurring over time in observational data.

Mothers’ negative expressivity and children’s emotion dysregulation: Mediating effect of discipline

BackgroundPrevious studies have revealed that maternal negative emotion expressions are associated with the types of discipline that mothers utilize and that the combination of maternal negative emotions and discipline practices is related to children’s deficits in emotion regulation. Few studies explore the underlying mechanisms of discipline in the impact of maternal negativity on children's emotional dysregulation. ObjectiveThe current study investigated the mediating effects of three types of discipline (corporal punishment, psychological aggression, nonviolent discipline) on the association between mothers’ negative expressivity and toddlers’ emotion dysregulation. Participants and SettingOne thousand six mother–child dyads (children’s mean age = 2.63 years) were recruited from preschools to participate in this research. MethodThe study used mother self-reported data. ResultsThe findings indicated that corporal punishment and psychological aggression partly mediated the relationship between maternal negative expressivity and children’s emotion dysregulation, yet there was no mediating effect of nonviolent discipline on this relationship. ConclusionThe results of the study shed new light on the implications of maternal negative expressivity and discipline on children's emotion dysregulation, and suggest a direction for developmental work by showing the importance of positive discipline in families raising toddlers.

Indirect effect of ADHD on parenting stress through increased child anxiety and decreased emotional regulatory coping.

Parents of children with ADHD experience significantly more parenting stress in comparison to parents of typically developing children due to the emotional and behavioral difficulties related to ADHD. Additionally, approximately 30% of children with ADHD experience co-occurring anxiety. Parents of children with co-occurring anxiety and ADHD report increased stress due to role restriction and isolation compared to parents of children with ADHD alone. Poor emotional regulatory coping in children with ADHD has been linked to elevated negative affect and irritability, which also contributes to increased stress among parents. The present study examined the direct and indirect associations of child anxiety symptoms and emotional regulatory coping on elevated ADHD symptoms and parenting stress. Participants were 203 children aged 7-12-years-old and their parents. Parents completed a self-report measure of parenting stress and measures of their child's ADHD symptoms, anxiety, and emotional regulatory coping. Additionally, children completed self-report measures of emotional regulatory coping. Model testing indicated that the overall model demonstrated excellent fit to the data. Parameter testing supported an indirect effect of child ADHD symptoms on parenting stress through child anxiety symptoms and an indirect effect of child ADHD symptoms on parenting stress through child emotional regulatory coping. These results suggest that child anxiety and emotion dysregulation in children with ADHD have a negative impact on parental stress. The current study adds to the understanding of the important roles emotional regulatory coping and anxiety play in children with ADHD to contribute to increased parenting stress.

Executive functions and emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorders

ABSTRACT Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) present deficits in regulation of their emotions which have a great impact on their mental health and well-being. There are several studies showing the connection between executive functions deficits and emotion dysregulation in the context of an ASD diagnosis. Our study aims to investigate which among the executive functions can predict the emotional dysregulation in children with ASD, if there is an association between the ASD specific characteristics and their ability to regulate their emotions and to identify if there are possible mediators of this relationship. To reach our objective, we enrolled 60 children with ASD (mean age 8.5 years) whose parents completed standardised measurements for executive functions, emotional dysregulation, and ASD characteristics. We found a positive association between ASD characteristics’ severity and emotional dysregulation, as well as some significant predictors among specific executive functions and emotional dysregulation. Moreover, executive functioning mediates the relationship between the ASD characteristics and emotion regulation. Our research provides a better understanding of the relationship between ASD characteristics, executive functions, and emotion regulation.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in a Norwegian Clinical Child Population.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder was included in DSM-5 to accommodate new research addressing aspects of emotional dysregulation in children suffering from disruptive behavior problems. Despite growing interest in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, few studies have looked at prevalence rates in European clinical populations. The primary objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics associated with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in a Norwegian clinical sample. The present study assessed children 6-12 years of age referred to a mental health clinic for evaluation and treatment (N = 218, Mage = 9.6, 60.4% boys) and compared those who did and did not meet Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder diagnostic criteria. Diagnoses were determined using K-SADS-PL 2013. Associated difficulties at home and in school were measured by Achenbach Systems of Empirically Based Assessment battery. In this clinical sample, 24% met the diagnostic criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder were more likely than those without Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder to be male (77% vs. 55%, p = .008), be living in poverty, have multiple mental health diagnoses (79% vs. 53%, p = .001), and have lower global functioning levels as measured by Children's Global Assessment Scale (range 0-100, M = 47, SD = 8.5 vs. M = 57, SD = 11.4, p=<.001). Finally, parents and teachers of children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder reported lower overall competence and adaptive functioning, and higher total symptom load than children with other diagnoses. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is highly prevalent in a Norwegian clinical sample and displays a high symptom load. Our results are in accordance with similar studies. Consistent findings across the world may support Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder as a valid diagnostic category.

Supplemental Material for Childhood Emotion Dysregulation Mediates the Relationship Between Preschool Emotion Labeling and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

Supplemental Material for Childhood Emotion Dysregulation Mediates the Relationship Between Preschool Emotion Labeling and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

Duygu düzenlemenin aile bağlamında incelenmesi: Türkiye'den karma yöntemli bir çalışma

Individuals use different strategies dealing with their negative emotions and these strategies are associated with various adjustment outcomes. In the family context, parental emotion regulation strategies are also linked to the children’s emotion regulation. One aim of the current study was to examine the type of emotion regulation strategies used by parents in the Turkish cultural context. Another aim was to exploratorily investigate whether parents’ emotion regulation processes emerge in a way that predicts their children’s emotion dysregulation. One hundred seven families that had a child attending primary school participated in this study. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the parents at their homes. Child emotion dysregulation was also measured with the Emotion Regulation Checklist. Based on content analysis, the findings revealed four main themes showing a converging pattern among parents, namely non-confrontation, proactive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and dysregulated expression. In the subsequent quantitative part of the study, parental adaptiveness scores for emotion regulation strategies were calculated to examine relationships with children’s emotion dysregulation. The findings of separate hierarchical regression analyses for mothers and fathers indicated that the maternal, but not paternal, adaptiveness level in emotion regulation significantly predicted the child’s emotion dysregulation after controlling for parental education and the child’s age and gender. These qualitative and quantitative findings could contribute to the literature by drawing a comprehensive picture of emotion regulation in the family context in Turkey.

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Addressing Trauma, Anxiety, and Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Addressing Trauma, Anxiety, and Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review

On the risks of secure attachment in infancy: Childhood irritability and adolescent depression predicted by secure attachment and high approach behaviours at 14-months towards a caregiver living with inter-parental violence

Introduction The secure infant turns to a caregiver for comfort when distressed or threatened. Does this level of openness create vulnerability where the caregiver is unsupportive or aggressive? In this study we examined prospectively whether secure attachment in infancy, and approach behaviours on reunion with a parent, were associated with childhood emotional dysregulation (irritability) and adolescent depression among children exposed to inter-parental violence. Methods We followed 219 families recruited from the general population during pregnancy (members of the Wirral Child Health and Development Study; WCHADS), with attachment assessments (Strange Situation Procedure; SSP) at 14 months, maternal interviews about inter-parental violence at 2.5, 5 and 7 years, and parent and teacher rated irritability at 9 years (CBCL). At age 13 years, 199 young people rated their levels of depression (SMFQ). In addition to the standard SSP classification, a latent variable reflecting approach behaviours during reunions was generated from the SSP dimensional scores and a factor score extracted. Analyses used path analysis using the gsem command in Stata. Results There were interactions between attachment security and inter-parental violence for age 9 irritability ( p = .084) and age 13 depression ( p = .039) which arose from greater levels of psychopathology among secure children exposed to inter-parental violence. Similarly, higher approach behaviours during SSP reunions among children exposed to inter-parental violence were associated with irritability (interaction term p = .004) and depression (interaction term p &amp;lt; .001). Among children who were not exposed to partner violence higher approach behaviours in the SSP were associated with lower irritability and depression. Conclusion Infant behaviours characteristic of attachment security in the Strange Situation Procedure may not equip children to deal with exposure to inter-parental violence and associated parental negativity.

Therapeutic update in the treatment of disruptive disorder with emotional dysregulation in children and adolescents : review of the literature

IntroductionDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is a new disorder that has been added to the category of mood disorders in the fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to distinguish chronic non-periodic irritability from the periodic irritability of bipolar disorder. The main characteristic of DMDD is chronic and severe irritability. Because it is a new diagnostic entity, little research has been done on it and the literature on the subject is still expanding.ObjectivesThe purpose of this review article is to gather information on new therapies for the treatment of this disorder in children and adolescents.MethodsThe studies related to the treatment of DMDD were collected and analyzed. This study retrieved related articles from PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, NCBI, The American Journal of Psychiatry, and EBSCO. Use keywords “disruptive” AND “mood” AND “dysregulation” AND “disorder” OR “Treatment” AND “DMDD” OR “Drug” AND “mood” AND “disorder” OR “Treatment” AND “SMD” OR “Treatment” AND “BP” OR “Treatment” AND “ADHD” OR “Antidepressant” OR “Mental”AND “Stabilizer” OR “temper” AND “outburst” OR “aggressive” AND "antipsychotics.ResultsTo date, no medication has been approved by the FDA to treat EDD. Because there are no treatment standards, drug therapy focuses on the primary symptoms of EDD, such as severe chronic irritability, temper tantrums, and comorbidities, such as ADHD. Currently, medications used by clinicians to treat patients with EDD include antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants (methylphenidate), anxiolytics mood stabilizers (sodium valproate) and antipsychotics (haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole in combination with methylphenidate in ADHD-EDD comorbidity), atomoxetine, guanfacine, and amantadine.To date, no medication has been approved by the FDA to treat EDD. Because there are no treatment standards, drug therapy focuses on the primary symptoms of EDD, such as severe chronic irritability, temper tantrums, and comorbidities, such as ADHD. Currently, medications used by clinicians to treat patients with EDD include antidepressants (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants (methylphenidate), anxiolytics mood stabilizers (sodium valproate) and antipsychotics (haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole in combination with methylphenidate in ADHD-EDD comorbidity), atomoxetine, guanfacine, and amantadine.ConclusionsAs a new diagnosis, treatment guidelines for DMDD are still unclear. Preliminary results from this study suggest that clinicians tend to prescribe a variety of psychotropic medications. This heterogeneity in treatment choices may reflect the fact that these patients are on a bridge between disruptive behavior disorders (including ADHD) and mood disorders. The relative merits or demerits of these treatment choices should be evaluated in further studies.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Impact of Parenting on Later Development of the Narcissistic Trait

As people with narcissistic traits increased markedly in population, the researchers focused on the impact of parents' genetics of narcissism, parenting styles, parenting behaviors of overprotection, gender of parents, children's abnormal internal like perfectionism and shame, and children's emotion dysregulation. All of these factors can directly or indirectly lead to the development of narcissistic traits. These factors all influence mutually and contribute to the development of narcissistic traits. Parental genes related to narcissism can be inherited to children, and different parenting styles can orientate the development of different types of narcissistic traits in children. Overprotection of parental behavior leads to positively proportional growth in narcissistic traits of children. Internal emotion dysregulation in children is related with an increased risk of developing narcissistic traits. One of the limitations is that previous studies mainly focused on the influences of these factors individually. Future studies should investigate their impacts more systematically. Future treatment should integrate these influencing factors to develop individualized and comprehensive intervention plans for patients, and the public also needs to be aware of these influencing factors to ensure the psychological health of children. This review can provide some suggestions to the prevention and intervention programs for at-risk children and adolescents at schools.

Associations Between Parents' Cognitions About Child Anxiety and Emotion Dysregulation in Clinically Anxious Children: The Unique Contribution of Fathers.

This study examined the influence of parental cognition, including attitudes, beliefs, and understanding of anxiety, on emotion dysregulation in children with anxiety disorder. A total of 47 clinically anxious children (6-17 years old) and their parents were involved in the current study. The mothers and fathers separately completed a self-reported questionnaire assessing their attitudes, beliefs, and understanding of their children's anxiety, while the children completed a self-report questionnaire assessing emotion dysregulation. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were used for data analysis. The results indicated that only fathers' higher levels of unhelpful attitudes, beliefs, and understanding of anxiety were positively and significantly associated with greater emotion regulation (ER) difficulties in anxious children. Furthermore, fathers' unhelpful cognitions regarding anxiety uniquely predicted their children's emotion regulation difficulties. These findings highlight the importance of including fathers in preventive and therapeutic interventions in promoting ER abilities in children with anxiety disorder.

Emotional Dysregulation among Young Adults: Relationship with Childhood Emotional Abuse

The aim of the present research was to explore the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and emotion dysregulation amongst young adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between childhood emotional abuse and emotion dysregulation. A sample of 253 participants aged 18 to 35 were approached through an online medium utilizing convenience sampling technique. Childhood emotional abuse was measured using Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale (Higgins &amp; McCabe, 2001) and emotion dysregulation was measured by using the Difficulties in Emotional Dysregulation Scale by Victor and Klonsky (2016). The findings of these self-reported scales revealed a significant weak positive relationship between childhood emotional abuse and emotion dysregulation. Moreover, there were also significant differences in emotion regulation based on birth order and marital status. The results of current research can acquaint people about the disturbances of childhood emotional abuse into adulthood. Future researches must try to ascertain mechanisms with which emotional abuse might cause emotion dysregulation.

Emotional dysregulation in childhood and disordered eating and self-harm in adolescence: prospective associations and mediating pathways.

Emotional dysregulation may be a risk factor for disordered eating and self-harm in young people, but few prospective studies have assessed these associations long-term, or considered potential mediators. We examined prospective relationships between childhood emotional dysregulation and disordered eating and self-harm in adolescence; and social cognition, emotional recognition, and being bullied as mediators. We analysed Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data on 3,453 males and 3,481 females. We examined associations between emotional dysregulation at 7 years and any disordered eating and any self-harm at 16 years with probit regression models. We also assessed whether social cognition (7 years), emotional recognition (8 years) and bullying victimisation (11 years) mediated these relationships. Emotional dysregulation at age 7 years was associated with disordered eating [fully adjusted probit B (95% CI)=0.082 (0.029, 0.134)] and self-harm [fully adjusted probit B (95% CI)=0.093 (0.036, 0.150)] at age 16 years. There was no evidence of sex interactions or difference in effects between self-harm and disordered eating. Mediation models found social cognition was a key pathway to disordered eating (females 51.2%; males 27.0% of total effect) and self-harm (females 15.7%; males 10.8% of total effect). Bullying victimisation was an important pathway to disordered eating (females 17.1%; males 10.0% of total effect), but only to self-harm in females (15.7% of total effect). Indirect effects were stronger for disordered eating than self-harm. In males and females, emotional dysregulation in early childhood is associated with disordered eating and self-harm in adolescence and may be a useful target for prevention and treatment. Mediating pathways appeared to differ by sex and outcome, but social cognition was a key mediating pathway for both disordered eating and self-harm.

Childhood emotional dysregulation paths for suicide-related behaviour engagement in adolescence.

This study aimed at identifying the heterogeneous trajectories of emotional dysregulation across childhood and to study the relationship between specific trajectories and adolescent suicide-related behaviour (SRB). Data from the Millennium Cohort Study (N = 13,853 children; 49.07% female, M = 3.13years at baseline, SD = 0.2) were used to identify the emotional dysregulation trajectories from 3 to 8years old, using growth mixture modelling. Moreover, 1992 participants (52.86% female) from the initial sample were used to study the relationship between childhood emotional dysregulation trajectory and engagement in both self-harm and suicide attempt at age 17, using logistic regression. Some other time-invariant and proximal (adolescent) risk factors were incorporated into this analysis. Six emotional dysregulation trajectories were identified. Self-harm at age 17 was significantly associated with the history of self-harm and other proximal factors, but not with emotional dysregulation trajectory membership. Childhood trajectories featured by earlier emotional dysregulation were associated with higher risk of lifetime suicide attempt, as well as other proximal factors (concurrent self-harm). This study found differential risk profiles involved in both SRB forms. A relationship between early emotional dysregulation and suicide attempt engagement in adolescence was identified. Early interventions should be developed to deal with SRB risk factors from childhood.

Young Puerto Rican Mothers’ Cultural Orientation and Parenting Behaviors: Associations with Subsequent Child Emotion Dysregulation

SYNOPSIS Objective. Children of Latinx adolescent mothers are at risk for regulatory difficulties. However, a paucity of research has examined parenting behaviors and children’s early emotional development in such families. Design. Longitudinal associations between observed parenting behaviors (sensitivity, directiveness, child-directed language) at 18 months and children’s emotion dysregulation at 18 and 24 months were tested among young mainland Puerto Rican mothers (N = 123) and their toddlers. Given the cultural variability present in Latinx families, whether mothers’ cultural orientation moderated these associations was also tested. Results. Maternal sensitivity predicted less child emotion dysregulation at 24 months at all levels of cultural orientation. Directiveness was unrelated to dysregulation. Child-directed language predicted lower dysregulation only when mothers endorsed lower levels of American cultural orientation. Conclusions. It is important to consider families’ cultural context when identifying maternal behaviors that are most beneficial to child development.

Intergenerational transmission of risk for PTSD symptoms in African American children: The roles of maternal and child emotion dysregulation.

Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor for many mental health disorders and develops in the context of early trauma exposure. Research suggests intergenerational risk associated with trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such that maternal trauma experiences and related symptoms can negatively impact child outcomes across development. The goals of the present study were to examine child and mother correlates of child PTSD symptoms and the unique roles of child and maternal emotion dysregulation in understanding child PTSD symptoms. Subjects included 105 African American mother-child dyads from an urban hospital serving primarily low-income minority individuals. Correlational results showed that child trauma exposure, child emotion dysregulation, maternal depressive symptoms, maternal emotion dysregulation, and potential for maternal child abuse all were significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms (ps < 0.05). Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that child trauma exposure, maternal depression, and maternal abuse potential accounted for 29% of the variance in child PTSD symptoms (p < 0.001). Both child emotion dysregulation (Rchange² = 0.14, p < .001) and maternal emotion dysregulation (Rchange² = 0.04, p < .05) were significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms independent of other risk factors and potential for maternal abuse was no longer a significant predictor. These results suggest that maternal emotion dysregulation may be an important factor in influencing their child's PTSD symptoms above and beyond child-specific variables. Both maternal and child emotion dysregulation could be valuable treatment targets for improving maternal mental health and parenting behaviors and bolstering child health outcomes, thus reducing intergenerational transmission of risk associated with trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Parasympathetic withdrawal indexes risk for emotion dysregulation in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience significant difficulties with emotion regulation. Theory and empirical evidence suggest substantial biological contributions to regulatory challenges, which may be related to core ASD symptoms. Respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA) is a measure of parasympathetic nervous system activity that serves as a putative biomarker for emotion regulation. Higher baseline RSA and more RSA reactivity (parasympathetic withdrawal; RSA-R) in response to challenge appear adaptive in non-clinical populations, but existing evidence for children with ASD remains inconclusive. The current study examined correlates of observed emotion dysregulation in 61 children with ASD between the ages of 6 and 10 years, including ASD symptom levels as well as both baseline RSA and concurrent RSA reactivity. Consistent with previous research, ASD symptom level was significantly correlated with observed dysregulation whereas additional factors such as child IQ were not. Baseline RSA was unrelated to observed dysregulation, but higher RSA reactivity predicted concurrent dysregulation above and beyond the contribution of child ASD symptoms. Findings contribute to an emerging understanding of dysregulation in these children, raise questions about the utility of traditional baseline RSA measures for this population, and clarify the functional significance of RSA reactivity as a risk factor for emotion dysregulation in children with ASD.

Longitudinal Relationship between Children’s Emotion Dysregulation and Parent’s Negative Experience of the COVID-19 Lockdown in France

"Introduction: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a lockdown was implemented in France, leading to profound changes in families’ life. Studies showed emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adults during this period. However, few research has focused on the longitudinal interactions between children’s emotion regulation and parental emotional experience of the lockdown. Aim: This study aimed to examine the longitudinal bidirectional relationships between children’s emotion regulation and parental emotional experience of the lockdown. Method: One hundred and twenty parents of children aged 5 to 12 answered two online questionnaires, at the start of the first lockdown (Time 1), and one month later (Time 2). Emotional dysregulation in children and parental emotional experience of the lockdown were assessed. Results: The results of the autoregressive cross-lagged analyses revealed that children’s emotion regulation at Time 1 predicted lockdown-related parental emotional experience at Time 2, whereas lockdown-related parental emotional experience at Time 1 didn’t predict children’s emotion regulation at Time 2. Conclusion: This study suggested that parents of children with greater emotion regulation difficulties have had a worse emotional experience of the lockdown, without affecting the emotional regulation of children. Clinical implications and protective factors are discussed."

Predicting children's differential trajectories of emotion dysregulation: A study on the intergenerational transmission of child and caregiver maltreatment

BackgroundChild maltreatment and caregiver history of abuse is negatively associated with the development of emotion regulation, and maltreatment in early childhood may be particularly disruptive. ObjectiveWe examined patterns of emotion dysregulation and the contribution of caregiver victimization and early maltreatment history on the development of distinct emotion dysregulation trajectories. ParticipantsThe current study sample (n = 1354) came from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), a longitudinal study of the antecedents and consequences of child maltreatment. Children had a varied risk of maltreatment from high risk but not referred to child protective services to children who were removed from parental care. MethodWe employed a growth mixture modeling approach to model differential trajectories of children's emotion dysregulation from age four to age ten and assessed whether children's experiences of maltreatment prior to age four and caregiver histories of abuse were associated with children's probable class membership in the identified trajectories. ResultsWe identified three classes of emotion dysregulation trajectories: Well-Regulated, Increasingly Dysregulated, and Highly Dysregulated. Early experiences of multiple maltreatment types and caregiver history of abuse were associated with higher odds that children would be in the Increasingly Dysregulated and Highly Dysregulated classes compared to the Well-Regulated class. ConclusionThe current study extends the literature on the negative associations of caregiver histories of abuse and child experiences of multiple maltreatment types to children's emotion dysregulation, which may be long-lasting. Furthermore, our findings highlight the need for intervening early as a crucial component of breaking the intergenerational impact of maltreatment.