Calculation Of Emissions Research Articles

Wind-powered reservoir management with application to robust multi-objective optimization

This paper addresses the challenge of incorporating offshore wind power into reservoir management. Traditionally, oil and gas production is powered by gas turbines. While stable, gas turbines are a major source of CO2 emissions. In contrast, wind power produces power with minimal emissions. However, due to its high variability and uncertainty, including it in the optimization of operational strategies over extended periods can be challenging. In this paper, the optimization of production strategies over an ensemble of realistic wind power series is investigated. The ensemble is generated by a mathematical model consisting of an autoregressive model with a seasonal trend. The model is conditioned on relevant wind speed data from the North Sea with Bayesian inference. The wind speed data is selected from the open-access NORA10EI dataset. The methodology developed in this paper is applied to a multi-objective optimization problem, focusing on studying the tradeoff between profit and emissions. A benchmark test reservoir model and a detailed CO2 emissions calculator are employed. In this scenario, wind power is combined with traditional gas power, and all results are compared with a reference where only gas power is used. The experiment indicates that it is not possible to reduce emissions by 40% without the use of wind power.

Carbon reduction effective advanced planning and scheduling (C-APS) system: framework, functions and empirical results

PurposeThis study develops a carbon reduction effective advanced planning and scheduling (C-APS) system tailored for the manufacturing industry.Design/methodology/approachThe system integrates a carbon emission calculation module to enhance production efficiency while achieving energy conservation and carbon reduction objectives. In this study, the proposed C-APS system was implemented in five manufacturing companies. The empirical results demonstrate that the system significantly reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions during production, particularly addressing the three categories outlined in the ISO 14064-1 standard.FindingsThe key findings include: (1) an average cumulative carbon reduction rate of 20% per enterprise within five years and (2) notable improvements in equipment utilization and order delivery rates. Additionally, the study highlights the critical influence of data accuracy and infrastructure completeness on system performance.Originality/valueThe proposed C-APS framework offers a practical carbon reduction strategy for the manufacturing sector, enabling companies to balance economic performance with environmental sustainability while advancing toward low-carbon manufacturing and smart transformation.

A practical framework for corporate carbon footprint analysis: a case of emission sources, data collection, and calculations, in carpet industry

The corporate carbon footprint, which is one of the most important parameters to be controlled in the fight against climate change, has become one of the main focal points for organizations in recent years. Corporate carbon footprint calculations comprehensively address the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from activities carried out by businesses (e.g., raw material procurement, transportation, production, and product end-of-life cycle). However, understanding these processes and managing the related data flow can be quite complex for companies. This study aims to provide a practical and reliable framework to guide the carpet industry in efficiently managing the carbon footprint and achieving accurate results. The proposed framework identifies potential emission sources, considering the specific dynamics of the sector, explains how the required data should be collected, and details the documents needed to ensure the accuracy and transparency of this data. At the same time, by addressing existing gaps in data collection processes and emission source identification, the framework provides a systematic approach to facilitate carbon footprint calculations. To demonstrate the practical applicability of the framework, a step-by-step case study of the proposed methodology is included. This case study serves as a guide for sector representatives by concretizing each stage of the process. This study not only facilitates the carpet sector's compliance with regulatory requirements through accurate and transparent carbon footprint calculations but also promotes the adoption of low-carbon practices by providing actionable insights. As a result, it informs the industry and relevant stakeholders about the emission sources that may be encountered in the carpet sector and the areas to focus on.

Transformer based spatially resolved prediction of mechanical properties in wire arc additive manufacturing

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) provides remarkable design and component geometry freedom over various materials. One of the most recent MAM methods is the wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique, which provides a higher deposition rate than other methods. This method also suffered from heterogeneity in location-based thermal profiles, leading to spatial variation in the properties of as-built mechanical properties, which become more complicated in the manufacturing design and process of large parts. To address this, we developed a data-driven spatio-temporal model based on transformer architecture to predict the location-dependent mechanical properties based on the thermal history of fabricated parts with multiple contours. The framework enables the dynamic emissivity calculation of the part for various temperatures and layer ranges to reduce the error of thermal history acquisition. We systematically compared the proposed approach’s performance with other machine learning methods. The results demonstrate that the framework achieves good prediction capabilities using a small dataset. It provides a state-of-the-art methodology for predicting the spatial and temporal evolution of mechanical properties leveraging the transformer architecture. Finally, for model prediction interpretation, we investigated the location-aware morphology with various thermal profiles and mechanical properties, which allowed us to explain the reason behind each prediction.

Construction and Empirical Study of the Quantitative Model of the Whole Process of Building Carbon Emissions

To enable systematic quantification and effective control of carbon emissions in the construction industry, this paper proposes a life cycle-based carbon emission model. Grounded in LCA principles, the model spans four stages: material production, construction, operation, and demolition. It integrates phased accounting with unified aggregation to ensure a closed-loop calculation process. Parameters are derived from the Building Carbon Emission Calculation Standard and the China Life Cycle Database (CLCD). Empirical validation on public buildings in Shanghai demonstrates the models stability and its ability to identify high-emission stages and optimization opportunities. The model proves applicable to carbon verification, green building evaluation, and full-process carbon management, showing strong practical value and scalability.

Peculiarities of the composition of surface and groundwater in eastern Ukraine during the war: assessment of environmental and carcinogenic risks

Russia’s war against Ukraine has devastating humanitarian, social, economic and environmental consequences. To assess them, it is important to monitor environmental pollutants in the eastern regions of Ukraine. This study analyses the chemical composition of surface and groundwater near the frontline in Zaporizhzhia region and justifies the need to develop a state plan for the restoration of damaged areas. Aim. To study the content of environmental toxins, organic compounds and heavy metals in surface and ground waters in the south-east of Ukraine near the frontline and to identify areas of high risk of pollution. Materials and methods. During the period of 2024, 70 drinking water samples were collected and examined from the centralised water supply networks of the city of Zaporizhzhia of the Municipal Enterprise “Vodokanal” and Enterprise of State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine. Groundwater samples were taken by professional hydrogeologists on November 9, 2024, near Tarasivka village (geographical coordinates: 47°46′41′′N 35°26′36′′E / 47.77806°N 35.44333°E) and near Vilne village (geographical coordinates: 47.57286°N 32.61995°E) of Komyshuvakha village, Orikhiv district, Zaporizhzhia region, at a depth of 5, 14 and 190 meters. The water was not preserved and was delivered to the laboratory within a few hours. The chemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory of Ukrkhimanaliz LLC of the Center for Preventive Medicine of the State Administration of Affairs. The presence of heavy metals and organic compounds (50 indicators in total) was studied by atomic emission spectral, photometric, titrimetric, ionometric, colorimetric, chromatographic and calculation methods. Results. Analysis of 70 samples of drinking water in Zaporizhzhia from the centralised water supply networks of the Municipal Enterprise “Vodokanal” and Enterprise of State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine showed that 67–96 % did not meet hygiene standards for trihalogen methanes. Chemical analysis of groundwater showed significant contamination of aquifers at the 5- and 14-meter levels near the frontline due to a significant increase in nitrate and aluminium content. The groundwater was characterized by high levels of salts, sulphates, calcium and magnesium. Such groundwater quality indicators may be related both to the natural features of the area, namely the chemical composition of the soil, and man-made factors caused by the hostilities. The high mineralisation and hardness of the water, and the excessive content of nitrates and heavy metals (aluminium) made the water unsuitable for drinking purposes. At a depth of 190 meters (interstitial water – artesian water), no chemical pollutants were detected, and the organoleptic, sanitary and toxicological indicators met the sanitary and hygienic requirements according to State Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.2.4-171-10 “Hygienic Requirements for Drinking Water Intended for Human Consumption”. Conclusions. Drinking water from centralised water supply networks in Zaporizhzhia in 67–96 % of cases does not meet hygiene standards for trihalogen methanes. Groundwater in Zaporizhzhia region near the frontline at a depth of 5 and 14 meters is highly mineralised, containing high concentrations of nitrates and aluminium, making it unsuitable for drinking. The artesian water in this region does not contain pollutants of man-made and military origin, which indicates that the interlayer is not damaged, and this water is suitable for drinking. High levels of salt and general hardness of groundwater are associated with the geochemical features of the area. The high nitrate content and 1.4 times higher aluminium levels are the result of soil contamination in the area.

Dynamic carbon emission characteristics of air conditioning systems in office buildings based on users’ air conditioning behavior and dual-track carbon reduction strategies

In this study, a spatio-temporal dynamic carbon emission factor model is proposed, and a framework for air conditioning(AC) carbon emission calculation is constructed by coupling dynamic load and real-time energy structure. The spatio-temporal dynamic carbon emission factor model realises the spatio-temporal dynamic calibration of carbon emission by integrating real-time load fluctuation, grid cleanliness level, and power loss, which more accurately reflects the carbon emission characteristics of the regional power grid than the traditional static method. Taking office buildings in hot-summer and cold-winter (HSCW) regions as an example, we quantitatively analyze the impact of users’ AC behaviours on AC energy consumption and carbon emissions. The results show that under the simulated conditions, when the cooling/heating temperature is adjusted from 26/18°C to 16/28°C, the annual energy consumption increases by 4,233 kWh, and the carbon emission increases by 2,186 kgCO2; when the fresh air volume is increased from 0 to 90 m3/h, the energy consumption and carbon emission increase by 5,916 kWh and 3,064 kgCO2, respectively. The synergistic effect of the dual-track carbon reduction strategy (behavioural optimisation + photovoltaic integration) was verified, with a maximum annual carbon reduction of 6,180 kgCO2 (71% efficiency gain compared to a single photovoltaic measure).

Aspects Regarding the CO2 Footprint Developed by Marine Diesel Engines

This study examines the emissions generated by a tall ship of 81.36 m length under various operating conditions, focusing particularly on carbon dioxide emissions at different navigation speeds. The main purpose of the paper is to establish theoretical and practical methods for calculating and measuring the level of CO2 emitted by the ship engines. Additionally, this article compares the results of carbon dioxide emission calculations based on theoretical methods with the results of real measurements. The paper verifies and assesses the carbon dioxide emission calculation methods compared to the emissions measured in real conditions for diesel engines. A comparative analysis of several methods for determining CO2 emissions leads to much more accurate and conclusive results close to reality. The results obtained through empirical and theoretical methods for determining CO2 emissions from the main engine demonstrate that the difference between these values is more accurate at lower engine loads but shows discrepancies at higher loads due to real-world inefficiencies, combustion variations, and model simplifications. The measured CO2 emission values for auxiliary engines at 60% load demonstrate consistency and closely reflect real operating conditions, while analytical calculations tend to be higher due to theoretical losses and model assumptions. Stoichiometric values fall in between, assuming ideal combustion but lacking adjustments for real variables. This highlights the efficiency of the diesel generator and the importance of empirical data in capturing actual emissions more accurately. The investigation aims to provide a detailed understanding of CO2 emission variations based on the ship’s operating parameters, including the study of these emissions at the level of the main diesel propulsion engine as well as the auxiliary engines. By analyzing these methods for determining engine emissions, conclusions can be reached about aspects such as the following: engine wear condition, efficiency losses, or incomplete combustion. This analysis has the potential to guide the implementation of new policies and technologies aimed at minimizing the carbon footprint of a reference ship, considering the importance of sustainable resource management and environmental protection in a viable long-term manner.

The Effect Of Boiler Type, Unit Capacity, And Coal Calorific Value On Co? Emission Factors In Coal-Fired Power Plants: A Multi-Method Calculation Approach

This study analyzed the carbon dioxide (CO?) emission factors of 27 coal-fired power plants in Indonesia using three different calculation approaches sourced from the scientific literature. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of each method and examine the influence of the technical variables of the plant, namely boiler type and specification, unit capacity, and type of coal calories, on the value of specific CO? emission factors. Data were obtained from accredited emission verification institutions and analyzed in a quantitative descriptive manner with ANOVA statistical tests and correlation. The results showed that the energy output-based method (t CO?/MWh) was more representative of the actual generation conditions, with an average emission value of 1.18 t CO?/MWh. Units with supercritical technology and a capacity of >300 MW tended to have lower emission factors. In contrast, the use of low-calorie coal produces significantly higher emissions. This study provides important recommendations for direct calculation-based emission calculations, selection of low-emission technologies, and the formulation of low-carbon energy policies to support the achievement of Indonesia's NDC.

Voyage-Based Emission Profiles and the Impact of LNG as a Marine Fuel in the Environmental Performance of Container Ships Operating on the Same Line Route

Growing international pressure to reduce maritime emissions has intensified the search for cleaner propulsion alternatives within the shipping industry. Focusing on six sister container ships operating transatlantic routes, this research analyses 120 real-world voyages to compare the emission profiles of conventional fuels including Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with alternative fuel Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Daily CO2 emissions using traditional fuels averaged 111.3 tonnes, with nitrogen dioxide (NOX) and sulphur dioxide (SOX) emissions reaching 2,659.9 kg/day and 1,690.4 kg/day, respectively. LNG usage significantly reduced CO₂ by up to 32%, NOX by 86%, SOX by 99.95%, and particulate matter (PM) by over 90% while improving overall emission intensity. However, Methane (CH4) emissions increased notably, averaging 354.2 kg/day, highlighting the need for methane slip mitigation. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) analysis revealed an average 23% reduction in climate impact with LNG. This research analyses different voyages of sister container ships on the same route to obtain realistic and comparable emission values, as well as demonstrating the impact of operational differences on emissions. Another novelty of this research is the not only calculation of emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 but also a range of important harmful pollutants, highlighted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). By integrating fuel-specific emission factors and actual operational data, the study presents robust evidence supporting LNG’s role as a transitional fuel toward achieving maritime sustainability goals. These insights offer strategic guidance for ship operators, regulators, and industry stakeholders navigating the pathway to low-carbon shipping.

A Comparative Study of Carbon Emissions in the Whole Life Cycle of Old Building Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Scenarios

This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of carbon emissions, cost-effectiveness, and disaster risk mitigation between old building rehabilitation and reconstruction scenarios through a full life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, combined with the China Building Carbon Emission Calculation Standard. The results show that the reconstruction scenario has higher carbon emissions and high initial investment but better structural resistance to disasters. In contrast, the retrofit scenario has reduced carbon emissions and initial costs but increases its post-disaster recovery needs. This study highlights the importance of balancing short-term economics with long-term carbon reduction. Future research should extend to different climate zones and building types, incorporate carbon emissions during the demolition phase, and explore carbon trading mechanisms, thus providing policymakers and practitioners with a basis for optimizing building retrofit decisions and contributing to global carbon neutrality goals.

Impact of Digitalization, Technological Innovation, and ICTs on Sustainability Management and Strategies

This study examines the impact of technological innovation, digitalization, and information and communication technologies (ICTs) on trade-related carbon emissions (TAEs) and the role of economic growth in this relationship. Using data from the 15 countries with the highest carbon emissions in the world for the period 1997–2022, analyses were conducted with Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSEs), Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR), and Driscoll–Kraay (D-K) estimators. TAEs provide a more comprehensive environmental assessment than traditional emission calculations by taking into account the impact of international trade on carbon emissions. The findings show that technological innovation, digitalization, and ICTs use increased trade-related carbon emissions, and economic growth further strengthens this effect. These results reveal that sustainable production models and green energy policies should be emphasized more in order to minimize the environmental impacts of technological developments and economic growth. The findings of this study provide important strategic information for policymakers, environmental regulators, and international trade institutions in developing sustainable technology and trade policies to reduce carbon emissions.

3D Monte Carlo calculation of the inverse Compton emission from the Sun and stars in the presence of magnetic and electric fields

The solar steady emission in gamma rays is due to the interactions of Galactic cosmic rays with the solar atmosphere and with the low-energy solar photon field via inverse Compton scattering. The emission is sensitive to the magnetic field nearby the Sun and to the cosmic-ray transport in the magnetic field in the inner Solar System. Modeling the inverse Compton emission in the presence of a magnetic field is, therefore, crucial to better interpret the observations. In a previous work, we have presented a comprehensive calculation of the secondary productions due to the collision of cosmic rays with the solar atmosphere in the presence of magnetic fields. In this paper, we present a general approach to calculate the (anisotropic) inverse Compton scattering in a 3D Monte Carlo simulation, also in the presence of magnetic and electric fields. After a short review of the scattering process of photons with electrons, examples of inverse Compton emission are presented, including the predictions for the Sun. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Development and validation of a gridded emissions inventory for HFC-134a in China.

Development and validation of a gridded emissions inventory for HFC-134a in China.

A Design-Driven Approach to Emission Quantification in Fracturing and Intervention Through Digital and Domain Integration

Summary The energy industry has been taking transformative actions to achieve sustainable growth. Specifically, hydraulic fracturing and associated intervention activities are known to be emissions-intensive. The objective here is to develop a digital tool that enables quick, efficient, error-free carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions footprint assessments for various job types across different phases in the intervention and stimulation life cycle. The architecture is composed of generic modular assessments, such as resource use, site execution, and post-job activities. The user experience (UX) focuses on simple domain workflows in which complex processes are embedded to automate the corresponding emissions calculations. Detailed emissions factors for different fuel types are utilized from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data. The baseline fuel consumption uses historical consumption data, but it goes through a calibration loop based on real-time consumption data tracking. With the emissions factors and fuel efficiency, the engine calculates the CO2 emissions related to the fuel quantity and type. The tool incorporates eight different fuel types and multiple publicly available gas compositions from various basins. The application organically integrates with expansive master data systems such as fluid, proppant, and equipment databases. Moreover, users can seamlessly import design details in one click from other stimulation and intervention design software. Multiple workflows can then be generated to sensitize fluid volume, proppant mass, job type, fuel type, technologies, and digital innovations. The current interface captures detailed workflows for conventional and unconventional operations in land and offshore environments. It also supports the use of an electric fleet. With this digital solution, we are well positioned to (1) accelerate the decarbonizing initiative and (2) position new technology portfolios to transition to cleaner operations. Current implementation showed the impact of technologies such as channel fracturing, retarded acid systems, degradable chemistry, and various predictive models and is positioned to enable smart strategies by integrating sustainability assessment and metrics to drive business growth. Real cases from some geographies show the enablement of 20–30% emissions reduction. The effort is now extended to real-time measurements, post-job actual emissions calibration, and embodied carbon of material to measure the path to net zero.

Lessons learnt from embodied GHG emission calculations in zero emission neighbourhoods (ZENs) from the Norwegian ZEN research centre

Lessons learnt from embodied GHG emission calculations in zero emission neighbourhoods (ZENs) from the Norwegian ZEN research centre

Sustainable Waste Management in Hydropower: A Carbon Footprint Perspective

Abstract This study explores the carbon footprint of waste management practices at the Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Plant in Laos, emphasizing the importance of sustainability in the hydropower sector. Although hydropower is a renewable energy source, the waste it generates can significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The study employs data collection and emission calculation methods to quantify emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from various waste management activities, including transportation, solid waste disposal, biological treatment, incineration, and wastewater treatment. The results indicate that waste management at the hydropower plant is a significant source of GHG emissions, particularly from transportation and treatment processes. The study identifies key emission sources and proposes strategies to reduce the carbon footprint, such as optimizing waste handling and integrating advanced treatment technologies. The conclusions highlight the necessity of incorporating carbon footprint considerations into waste management strategies to enhance the overall sustainability of hydropower operations, providing valuable insights for similar projects and informing effective waste management policies aligned with climate goals.

Campus as a Living Lab (CALL): empowering university campuses to lead Africa’s decarbonisation efforts

Globally, universities have been at the forefront of some of the most impactful climate solutions, and African higher education institutions can follow suit. Due to their mandates for research, knowledge creation, and societal leadership, higher education institutions are strategically positioned to implement sustainable practices on their campuses, transforming themselves into living laboratories for testing, developing, and deploying decarbonization solutions that can be scaled nationwide and across the region. A baseline carbon footprint assessment is the first step for a successful energy transition. However, African higher education institutions face unique structural, environmental, socio-economic and behavioural challenges that require tailored approaches to accurately assess and monitor their carbon footprint. A robust methodology encompassing a conceptual design, the creation of an in-house emissions calculation tool, a structured data collection framework, and an interactive emissions map was developed for assessment and monitoring of the carbon footprint of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). The methodology was tested using the College of Engineering at KNUST as a case study, revealing insights and challenges that offers valuable lessons and actionable policy recommendations for university management across Ghana and the region. The overall goal is to transform universities into living laboratories for implementing climate solutions to inspire and drive national and regional decarbonisation towards a net-zero future.

Environmental impacts of peat extraction site rewetting – Establishing of new intensive monitoring site

Peat extraction and use of peat resources for energy purposes are ending in Finland as part of societal green transition and energy production shift. Former peat extraction areas are often restored by rewetting, but short- and long-term impacts of rewetting actions to water resources and leaching, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and terrestrial and aquatic ecology are currently poorly known. For this purpose, we have established a new intensive monitoring site for Turvesuo-Miehonsuo peat extraction areas at Sanginjoki catchment, close to the City of Oulu. Our mission is to obtain a detailed understanding of hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological impact of the rewetting of the former peat extraction site. Peat extraction at Turvesuo-Miehonsuo ended 2023, and rewetting is planned to be done in 2025/2026. Our monitoring includes: continuous high-frequency in-situ water quality and aquatic gas monitoring, eddy-covariance and chamber measurements of GHG exchanges, extensive drone surveys to measure spatial variability of rewetting impacts, hydrological monitoring of surface and groundwaters, biological monitoring of bacterial communities and algal biomass accrual in surface waters, and detailed vascular plant and bryophyte inventories. continuous high-frequency in-situ water quality and aquatic gas monitoring, eddy-covariance and chamber measurements of GHG exchanges, extensive drone surveys to measure spatial variability of rewetting impacts, hydrological monitoring of surface and groundwaters, biological monitoring of bacterial communities and algal biomass accrual in surface waters, and detailed vascular plant and bryophyte inventories. Together with the City of Oulu, we plan to establish a science nature trail for the education sector, citizens, and others interested. The aim of this presentation is to present a monitoring and measurement setup that will enable monitoring of ecosystem-level changes in a former peat production area. The new comprehensive monitoring system aims to provide accurate scientific data to support land use decisions on peatlands and to provide reference measurements for the calculation of carbon emissions from the land use sector.

Radiation absorbed dose efficacy of 177Lu-DOTATATE in radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine tumors: a hybrid study of patient and simulation.

Recent developments in targeted radiopharmaceuticals offer promising options for diagnosis and treatment by specifically targeting the overexpressed somatostatin receptors in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This study aims to assess the radiation absorbed dose efficacy of 177Lu-DOTATATE in radionuclide therapy of NETs. Four patients were selected for imaging using 177Lu-octreotide or DOTATATE via Single photon emission computed tomography/Computed tomography (SPECT/CT). The absorbed doses were calculated employing the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) method and S-value tables associated with 177Lu, utilizing the GEANT4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) calculation code. The mean percentage differences in the S-values between the GATE and IDAC2.1 calculation methods were-0.7 for S (Spleen→Spleen), -3.5 for S (Kidneys→Kidneys), and 4.9 for S (Liver→Liver). The mean absorbed doses from the GATE were 0.076, 0.20, 0.29, and 0.47mGy/MBq for the liver, kidneys, spleen, and tumors, respectively. Assessment of the results obtained from the GATE code as a voxel-level dose calculation tool in non-uniform media showed that 177Lu-DOTATATE may provide beneficial therapeutic effects.