Emigration Patterns Research Articles

Fidelity and breeding probability related to population density and individual quality in black brent geese Branta bernicla nigricans

1. Patterns of temporary emigration (associated with non-breeding) are important components of variation in individual quality. Permanent emigration from the natal area has important implications for both individual fitness and local population dynamics. 2. We estimated both permanent and temporary emigration of black brent geese (Branta bernicla nigricans Lawrence) from the Tutakoke River colony, using observations of marked brent geese on breeding and wintering areas, and recoveries of ringed individuals by hunters. We used the likelihood developed by Lindberg, Kendall, Hines & Anderson 2001 (Combining band recovery data and Pollock's robust design to model temporary and permanent emigration. Biometrics, 57, 273-281) to assess hypotheses and estimate parameters. 3. Temporary emigration (the converse of breeding) varied among age classes up to age 5, and differed between individuals that bred in the previous years vs. those that did not. Consistent with the hypothesis of variation in individual quality, individuals with a higher probability of breeding in one year also had a higher probability of breeding the next year. 4. Natal fidelity of females ranged from 0.70 +/- 0.07-0.96 +/- 0.18 and averaged 0.83. In contrast to Lindberg et al. (1998), we did not detect a relationship between fidelity and local population density. Natal fidelity was negatively correlated with first-year survival, suggesting that competition among individuals of the same age for breeding territories influenced dispersal. Once females nested at the Tutakoke River, colony breeding fidelity was 1.0. 5. Our analyses show substantial variation in individual quality associated with fitness, which other analyses suggest is strongly influenced by early environment. Our analyses also suggest substantial interchange among breeding colonies of brent geese, as first shown by Lindberg et al. (1998).

Population Dynamics and Harvest Characteristics of Wolves in the Central Brooks Range, Alaska

Abstract Our understanding of wolf (Canis lupus) population dynamics in North America comes largely from studies of protected areas, at-risk populations, and wolf control programs, although most North American wolves experience moderate levels of regulated harvest. During 1986–1992, we investigated the population dynamics and harvests of wolves in the newly created Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve in northern Alaska, USA, where wolves were harvested by local residents. Our objectives were to determine wolf abundance, estimate important vital rates (i.e., productivity, survival, emigration), and characterize wolf harvests. We monitored 50 radiocollared wolves in 25 packs over 4 years (Apr 1987–Apr 1991) to assess patterns of dispersal, emigration, survival and mortality causes in the wolf population. We determined pack sizes, home ranges, and pups per pack in autumn (1 Oct) for instrumented wolf packs, and calculated wolf densities in autumn and spring (15 Apr) based on the number of wolves i...

Identity and Image: Refugee Artists from Nazi Germany in Britain (1933-1945)

This book explores the image and identity of emigre painters, sculptors and graphic artists from Nazi Germany in Britain between 1933 and 1945. It focuses on a neglected field of Exile Studies, that of exiled artists in Britain. Methodologies used in this study have been developed by Exile Studies and History of Art, but also by Postcolonialism, scholars of which usually apply their ideas to the Afro-Asian emigration of the second part of the twentieth century. Thus this study represents methodologically a new way of looking at the emigration from Nazi Germany. Identity and Image is divided into five chapters: After an introductory Chapter One (historiography of the topic, methodology of the study, structure of the book), Chapter Two establishes socio-political patterns of emigration and provides an historical framework for Chapters Three and Four, which concentrate on the image and identity of the refugee artist, the former based on written sources and the latter on visual material. In detail, Chapter Three analyses the British image of the refugee artists and their works on the one hand and the emigres' self-representations on the other, the latter exemplified by refugee organisations (the Free German League of Culture/Freier Deutscher Kulturbund, the Austrian Centre, the Anglo-Sudeten Club and the Czech Institute) and institutions founded by emigre artists (Jack Bilbo's Modern Art Gallery and Arthur Segal's Painting School). Chapter Four examines the works produced in internment and those exhibited and produced for the refugee organisations discussed in Chapter Three. Chapter Five discusses the results of this study in the light of three postcolonial concepts: diaspora communities, the notion of home and the gendered identity of the refugee. The appendix lists all painters, sculptors and graphic artists from Nazi Germany in Britain with biographical details. Apart from visual and written sources discussed for the first time, there are two major results of the study: First, although the artists were united as refugees, this unity did not lead to a unity in art - 'refugee art' is a construction put forward by the British press and the refugee organisations, particularly the Free German League of Culture. Second, contrary to claims that modern art was international and formed a universal unity that 'transgressed' nationality, neither the West/Europe nor modernism form unities; instead, in the 1930s and 1940s, cultures in Europe constructed conceptions of other European cultures on the basis of nation-state identities.

Immigration from the Inside Out: Understanding Mexico's Job(less) Situation through the Views of Middle-Class Mexicans

In the wake of presidential elections in Mexico and with immigration reform in the United States still largely undetermined, scholars and politicians on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border are the first to recognize the fundamental need to address Mexico's emigration problem from within. Focusing on the views and experiences of those who stay behind provides important insights on this issue. Although anecdotal evidence suggests that middle-class Mexicans are emigrating in greater numbers as a result of mounting economic pressures, there is little empirical evidence that this is the case. Rather, they have resorted to strategies such as taking second jobs or making substantial cuts in household and leisure expenses. A strong social and cultural investment ties middle-class Mexicans to their country, and this investment has consequences for Mexico's labor market reform and, by extension, its emigration patterns and flows.

Development Economics, Developing Migration: Targeted Economic Development Initiatives as Drivers in International Migration

This paper explores how market liberalization, privatization, and deregulation can result in low economic growth or unequally distributed economic expansion, which may lead to social inequality and new motives for emigration. Mexico's neoliberal policies and their economic and social performances are critically analyzed in comparison to variants of developmental states, where governments choose greater involvement with economic direction. Comparative analysis deepens the understanding of Mexico's economic development difficulties and how such complications impact its people and influence emigration patterns. To understand the differences in state-led or neoliberal development I utilize the example of tourism in Huatulco, Oaxaca. I seek to explain how tourism development in Mexico has not only shifted since the 1982 Debt Crisis, but how this shift, along with greater openness to foreign investment, has resulted in markedly different growth rates among tourist destinations created prior to and subsequent to...

BLUE TITS USE FLEDGLING QUANTITY AND QUALITY AS PUBLIC INFORMATION IN BREEDING SITE CHOICE

Public information (PI), which is the information that can be derived from the behavior and performance of conspecifics, has been demonstrated to be used in many fitness-enhancing decisions. In the context of breeding habitat choice, PI use has been called "habitat copying." We experimentally tested the existence of habitat copying in the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), a nonmigratory, short-lived hole-nesting bird. We manipulated the mean number of fledglings raised locally (quantity) and their condition (quality) as components of PI by transferring nestlings from Decreased (D) patches to Increased (I) patches. Our manipulations caused a negative relationship between fledgling quantity and quality that does not exist naturally: I patches had a higher number of fledglings that were in poorer condition, whereas D patches had a lower number in better condition. Control (C) patches, whether manipulated or not, had intermediate levels in terms of fledgling quantity and quality. Adult emigration the following year was higher from D than from C or I patches. Similarly, adult dispersal distance decreased for individuals coming from D to C to I patches. This suggests that resident breeders rely mainly on fledgling quantity to make emigration decisions. Emigration patterns of juveniles did not vary in relation to our patch manipulation. Immigration rates were higher and similar in I and D patches than in C patches. Hence, immigrant Blue Tits seem to rely on one of the manipulated components of PI and are insensitive to the discrepancy between fledgling quantity and quality. This shows that even nonmigratory species, such as Blue Tits, may use PI in their dispersal decisions but weigh its components differently for emigration and immigration. Differences among species in the importance of PI in breeding habitat choices may be explained by differences in life histories.

Reclaiming Diaspora: The Israeli State, Migration, and Ethnonationalism in the Global Era

This article offers an analysis of Israel’s migration policies toward Soviet Jews and argues, based on patterns it reveals, that “the compression of relations of time and space” characterizing the global era do not necessarily render the nation-state weaker, let alone idle or irrelevant. It discusses Israel’s attempts to construct these potential Jewish migrants, while they were still in the Soviet Union, as its conationals, and to facilitate their arrival in Israel. Israel’s migration policies and practices vis-à-vis this particular population provide a case study of the nexus connecting the nation-state, globalization, diaspora, migration, and ethnic belonging. The article shows that while during the 1970s and 1980s the patterns of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union were less rigid and considerably defied the wishes of the Jewish nation-state, from the end of the 1980s through the 1990s, at a time of accelerating globalization, the patterns of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union heeded the dictates of the nation-state more rigidly. The changing patterns of emigration from the USSR and immigration to Israel provide a compelling case showing that the nation-state may exert more power under global conditions than it was supposed to exert before the ascendance of hyper-globalization that is alleged to dominate the world today. This article contributes to accumulating research on “the state of the state” under global conditions, and argues that the state does not necessarily become weaker in this era—as many contend—but may even grow stronger, at least with respect to some important affairs within its sphere of governance.

Fish emigration from temporary wetlands during drought: the role of physiological tolerance

Fish emigration patterns from four temporary wetlands exposed to drought were studied from May to August 2004 in the Briere Marsh, France. Two wetlands became totally dry, and two experienced severe water level decline and significant changes in physico-chemical characters. Irrespective of the degree of desiccation, emigration patterns of the six most commonly trapped species, representing 98.6 % of the total abundance (Ameiurus melas, Anguilla anguilla, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Lepomis gibbosus, Esox lucius and Gambusia holbrooki), were similar among wetlands. Emigration timing was highly correlated with published physiological tolerance levels for these species, demonstrating a tight linkage between water quality and emigration patterns. Two non-native species (A. melas and G. holbrooki) showed the latest emigration from the temporary habitats, re- flecting a high level of tolerance to drought conditions that may contribute to their success as wetland invaders.

Non-malignant migration of B16 mouse melanoma cells in the neural crest and invasive growth in the eye cup of the chick embryo

Melanocytes originate from the neural crest. In a previous study, we observed that human SK-Mel 28 human melanoma cells resumed neural crest cell migration after transplantation into the chick embryo neural tube. Here, we used transgenic mouse B16-F1 melanoma cells transfected with green fluorescent protein-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein construct to extend these observations. After the injection of a cell suspension into the trunk neural tube of E2 chick embryos, the migration of melanoma cells was followed by live fluorescence microscopy. Within 12 h, the melanoma cells formed clusters in the neural tube at the levels of the intersegmental clefts between somites. After 24 h, a segmental pattern of emigration was visible. Emigrated melanoma cells were identified in serial paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry with ab732 as a marker for melanoma cells and by in-situ hybridization of mouse-specific repetitive genomic sequence mL1. After 24 h, melanoma cells were found along the medial neural crest pathway and in the sympathetic trunk ganglia and, after 48 h, also in the lateral melanocytic pathway. During migration along the neural crest pathways, mouse melanoma cells underwent apoptosis, which was assessed by anti-caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling staining. To prove the ablation of malignant behavior after back-transplantation into the original embryonic neural crest environment, we injected the same cell suspension into the eye cup of the E3 embryo. In this location, invasive melanomas formed.

Gidsland and Human Security

The contemporary world is labelled by many as being posf-Westphalian. Economic globalization, patterns of immigration and emigration, international crime and terrorism, and worldwide environmental degradation make states not only highly interdependent, but highly permeable to the world outside their borders, including in ideational and value terms.States have long been quite permeable. Hoerder and Macklin underline the role of immigration and emigration, which have contributed to the spread of ideas, cultures, and technologies not only across borders, but also across continents.1 What is however notable is that this notion of state permeability sits uneasily with the standard conception of state as a sovereign entity. Nationalism is the ruling paradigm; its highlighting of territorial and cultural-communal contiguity has further entrenched such a view of the state. The homogeneous nation-state has for centuries been held up as the appropriate standard of modern communal existence.The present era exhibits an increased degree of state permeability. This stems from heightened interconnectedness due to globalization, as well as from the development of international/regional institutions and international/cosmopolitan law. The present situation is quite unique in its confluence of factors and processes.2 These are factors and processes that the dominant nation-state paradigm is unable to properly capture: A nation state outlook on society and politics, law and justice and history governs the sociological imagination. To some extent, much of social science is a prisoner of the nation state.1Cosmopolitanism, with its stress on universal history, cosmopolitan right, and world citizenship, stands in sharp contrast to nationalism and state sovereignty. This has implications for how we understand the field of international relations. Robert Fine notes thatThe cosmopolitan paradigm breaks down the categorical distinction within International Relations between the domestic field in which individuals freely submit to the state as to their own rational will, and the international field that is taken to be devoid of all ethical values. It rejects the temporal matrix which declares that inside the state progress can be accomplished over time but that outside there can only be an eternal repetition of power and interest.4Fine no doubt downplays the intellectual breadth of the field. Nevertheless, his statement is a useful reminder to the effect that the sovereign state and the state system are historical fixtures. The state system that emerged at a given point in time can therefore also be transformed or even transcended. The notion that states have become more permeable in their relations to the outside world is shorthand for the breakdown of the distinction between the domestic and the international realms.But in today's world there are great variations in states' degree of permeability in a cosmopolitan direction. It is an assumption with roots in Kantian thought that heightened permeability is particularly pronounced in democracies, which are highly sensitive to normative developments beyond their borders. Democracies have permitted and/or fostered their own incorporation into a comprehensive multilateral/supranational system of organizations and legal rules, which is set up to entrench human rights. Democracies incorporate the norm-sets into their own politico-legal systems, with different degrees and magnitudes of compliance. The notion of human security is a case in point. Initially espoused by the UN, this doctrine has subsequently been adopted by a number of states.We should be careful however not to equate heightened state permeability with dramatic state systemic transformation. While this may come about, recent events-the post 9/11 reactions being a case in point-also reveal the resilience of the state and the state system. States still exert considerable discretion in how they define their relations to others, which shows up in their foreign policy doctrines, traditions, and-more loosely speaking-foreign policy orientations. …

Juvenile Salmonid Use of Freshwater Emergent Wetlands in the Floodplain and Its Implications for Conservation Management

AbstractA recent trend of enhancing freshwater emergent wetlands for waterfowl and other wildlife has raised concern about the effects of such measures on juvenile salmonids. We undertook this study to quantify the degree and extent of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. utilization of enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands within the floodplain of the lower Chehalis River, Washington, and to determine the fate of the salmon using them. Enhanced emergent wetlands contained water control structures that provided an outlet for fish emigration and a longer hydroperiod for rearing than unenhanced wetlands. Age‐0 and age‐1 coho salmon O. kisutch were the most common salmonid at all sites, enhanced wetlands having significantly higher age‐1 abundance than unenhanced wetlands that were a similar distance from the main‐stem river. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in two enhanced wetland habitats, where their specific growth rate and minimum estimates of survival (1.43%/d by weight and 30%; 1.37%/d and 57%) were comparable to those in other side‐channel rearing studies. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and approached the limits lethal to juvenile salmon by May or June each year. Emigration patterns suggested that age‐0 and age‐1 coho salmon emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This observation was further supported by the results of an experimental release of coho salmon. Survival of fish utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased or stranding occurred from wetland desiccation. Thus, our results suggest that enhancing freshwater wetlands via water control structures can benefit juvenile salmonids, at least in the short term, by providing conditions for greater growth, survival, and emigration.

ESTIMATION OF TEMPORARY EMIGRATION IN MALE TOADS

Male boreal toads (Bufo boreas) are thought to return to the breeding site every year but, if absent in a particular year, will be more likely to return the following year. Using Pollock's robust design we estimated temporary emigration (the probability a male toad is absent from a breeding site in a given year) at three locations in Colorado, USA: two in Rocky Mountain National Park and one in Chaffee County. We present data that suggest that not all male toads return to the breeding site every year. Our analyses indicate that temporary emigration varies by site and time (for example, from 1992 to 1998, the probability of temporary emigration ranged from 10% to 29% and from 3% to 95% at Lost Lake and Kettle Tarn, respectively). Although the results provide weak evidence that males are more likely to return after a year's hiatus, a general pattern of state-dependent temporary emigration was not supported. We also hypothesized relationships between temporary emigration and a number of weather variables. While some competitive models included weather covariates, imprecise and variable estimates of the effects of these covariates precluded fully defining their impact on temporary emigration.

New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America

In this remarkable study Jaap Jacobs draws readers into two cultures. The first is that of the Dutch men and women who, within some forty years after 1624, transformed New Netherland from a trading post into a settler society. This transformation occurred slowly and almost never as the result of a long-range vision. Despite the conflict between the centralizing impulses of the West India Company and the independence sought by land-oriented patroons and, later, Manhattan Island burghers, by 1664 possibly eight thousand New Netherlanders had managed to construct cohesive societies across Long Island and along the Hudson and Delaware rivers. Replication of the institutions and mentalité of the republic at home contributed greatly to this cohesiveness and success. Jacobs focuses on the “cultural forms” that channeled Dutch experience in New Nether-land (p. 5). These are presented in seven chapters: early voyaging and settlement, patterns of emigration, systems of justice and government, trade and the economy, religious life, social structures, and, finally, material culture and daily life. In each chapter and wherever possible, Jacobs relies on quantification. Given the paucity of sources, this is a daunting task, and he does not resile from the hard questions—for example, “Were the colonists really better off by going to New Netherland?” (p. 327). His analyses are uncluttered and generally convincing. Moreover, his research either yields much new detail or substantiates in valuable ways conclusions reached by previous historians.

The Korean Diaspora and its Impact on Korea's Development

This paper reviews the history of the Korean diaspora and the emigration of Koreans in different periods and attempts to demonstrate how the Korean diaspora has contributed to the country's development. As of 2003, the overseas Korean population was estimated at 6.1 million distributed in 173 countries. Up until the 1970s, emigration patterns from South Korea corresponded with the country's low level of development. From the 1970s, migration patterns had been more closely associated with development processes. The organized labor export undertaken by Korean labor companies in the 1970s facilitated monetary and trade gains. The contributions of overseas Korean communities and thriving businesses of Korean immigrants to the country's trade, investments and transfer of knowledge and skills provide an alternative view to concerns about brain drain that were much-discussed in the 1960s. Korea's transformation from a labor exporting country to a labor importing one in the late 1980s has had mixed results. On the one hand, it has led to the influx of ethnic Koreans from China, who provide cheap labor. On the other hand, unemployed Koreans, especially highly educated young people, are turning to overseas employment as an option. The Korean diaspora will continue to play important roles in the future development of Korea.

Fujian qiaoxiang diaocha: qiaoxiang rentong, qiaoxiang wangluo yu qiaoxiang wenhua (review)

Reviewed by: Fujian qiaoxiang diaocha: qiaoxiang rentong, qiaoxiang wangluo yu qiaoxiang wenhua (Identities, Networks and Culture: Fieldwork Reports on the Homeland of Overseas Chinese in Fujian) James K. Chin Fujian qiaoxiang diaocha: qiaoxiang rentong, qiaoxiang wangluo yu qiaoxiang wenhua (Identities, Networks and Culture: Fieldwork Reports on the Homeland of Overseas Chinese in Fujian). Edited by Li Minghuan. Xiamen: Xiamen University Press, 2005. 374 pp. A spate of policy and academic studies on qiaoxiang, or homeland of Chinese Overseas, have come into view in China over the past decade, heralding a new trend — the study of Chinese Overseas. Of these, the volume edited by Li Minghuan is the latest and a welcome addition to the scholarship in the field. Unlike previous undertakings, this work is a product of collaboration among scholars from three universities in Fujian Province in South China. A careful reading of the contents pages will reveal that the editor has taken great pains in structuring the book chapters by six authors from four different disciplinary backgrounds, each presenting his/her research findings based on fieldwork conducted at different locales of Fujian qiaoxiang. As indicated by the book title, the editor has skillfully conceptualized their studies in binding the six chapters together under the theme of identities, networks and culture in qiaoxiang. The book is divided into two sections comprising six main chapters and two chapters of introduction and conclusion. While the first section examines three typical qiaoxiang villages and one farm based on case studies, the second section attempts to explore in-depth the social transformation and dynamics of emigration waves in Fujian's qiaoxiang from different theoretical perspectives. The first chapter authored by Liu Chaohui is a particularly interesting study of Xin'an Village, a traditional qiaoxiang village near today's Xiamen (Amoy). Using a cultural, anthropological approach, it studies two lineage temples established by the same Qiu (Khoo) clan in southern Fujian and Penang of Malaysia, and analyzes the relations and interactions between a Chinese community overseas and its ancestral village over the past one and a half centuries. The author vividly shows how qiaoxiang ties can be maintained in an institutionalized way by Hokkiens overseas. What is especially notable is a case study of an unsuccessful real estate investment project initiated by clansmen of the ancestral village in 2000. It convincingly shows that qiaoxiang ties and clan connections sometimes do not necessarily lead to FDI (foreign direct investment) from ethnic Chinese communities overseas even as regular overseas remittances and donations are expected. Economic benefit is usually given priority when Chinese Overseas invest in the Chinese mainland. Unfortunately, while a fairly large part of the chapter is devoted to the description and discussion of the Khoo community in Penang, almost all the discussion on Penang's ethnic Chinese community has been drawn [End Page 289] from the works of a local historian, Teoh Shiaw Kuan, as the author himself has never visited Penang. In addition, it seems he is not familiar with the scholarship on the history of the Chinese in British Malaya, judging from his discussion of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. Unlike the first chapter which is a study of a traditional Chinese qiaoxiang village, a newly emerged qiaoxiang village is purposely chosen for discussion by the editor in the second chapter to present a totally different pattern of emigration from present day China. Zhan Guanqun mines government documents, statistics and personal interviews for a richly detailed account of the formation and development of a new qiaoxiang village in mountainous northern Fujian. The author probes into the current emigration mechanism of rural China with Sha'xi Village as an example and points out that the new emigration waves from China are mainly facilitated by two factors — immigrant network and non-governmental credit system. The editor who was also involved in the fieldwork, emphasizes that the phenomenon of migration in qiaoxiang villages which have mushroomed in South China actually represents a new type of transnational labor movement operating in a non-governmental context and targeting labor markets of developed countries. As she stresses in the introductory chapter, scholars of Chinese migration should view her hypothesis as a basic premise when observing and analyzing current transnational...

Armenian Refugees and Displaced Persons and the Birth of Armenian Social Work

Abstract This article explores the historical and recent patterns of Armenian emigration and immigration and the impact that the population shifts have had and are having. The interconnections between peoples' homeland and new land and the intersection among institutions in the homeland and new land are illustrated. The development of social work as a profession along with a variety of non-governmental organizations in Armenia developed through a unique collaboration between a school of social work in the United States and the major university in Armenia is discussed and illustrated.

Leaving home: Irish press debates on female employment, domesticity and emigration to Britain in the 1930s

Although Ireland has had a long history of female emigration, the 1930s saw an important shift in emigration patterns. In the context of southern Irish nation-building, the emigration of tens of thousands of young Irish women to Britain raised serious questions about the opportunities and roles of women in the Irish Free State. This article analyses the Irish print media of the 1930s as discursive spaces within which female emigration was repeatedly highlighted and debated. Discussions of female emigration were usually related to issues of female education, female employment and the duties of women within the home. These issues need to be located within the specific context of Irish Free State economics and politics. The Conditions of Employment Act (1936) and the Constitution of 1937 were legislative measures that attempted to define and regulate the role of Irish women. But that is not to imply a simple ideological hegemony in the Free State; I argue that the media debates reveal the competing discourses surrounding women's roles in the newly established nation state. For example, one view was that young women and girls should be given training and preparation for emigration, another view was that plenty of jobs were available at home, while a third view was that women should be content to remain within the domestic sphere. The much-repeated view that women would be better off (at home) illustrates the overlapping constructions of home – domestic sphere – and home – the nation. The overlapping and interconnecting of these home spaces signified a blurring of boundaries that meant Irish women were expected to carry the responsibility for national as well as domestic well-being.

Transnationalism, Religion, and Immigration

With the centrality of processes of globalization-economic, political, religious, and cultural-transnational fieldwork, once a clarion call for reform by anthropologists, has increasingly become common in many detailed and focused ethnographies, such as James Watson's 1975 seminal study of the emigration patterns of a Cantonese lineage in Hong Kong and London or Ellen Oxfeld's 1993 study of Chinese entrepreneurs in Calcutta and Toronto. Kenneth Guest's study of Chinese transnational religious communities is a good example of such a transnational ethnography, spanning Fujian province and New York City and the movement of people in-between. The Chinese immigrants who journey to the United States in pursuit of their visions of the good life rely, as Guest concludes, on social networks generated by immigrants through their participation in transnational religious communities. Religious communities serve as the primary area for the mobilization of social capital necessary for people's survival of the immigration process through the exchange of information and financial support in the United States. As a result, religion is a major factor in the identities of Chinese immigrants to the United States. In this ethnography, Guest starts his exploration of the role of transnational religious communities on the social and economic survival of undocumented Chinese immigrants in New York by examining the people involved in a variety of religious communities (Protestant, Catholic, Buddhist, and Daoist) and their connections with communities in China. While the scope of Guest's study is ambitious, he brings in the detailed particularities of these transnational processes by bringing out the voices of these immigrants who live globally, demonstrating the heterogeneity of the so-called ethnic enclave that is usually singularly identified as Chinatown. Immigration and Heterogeneity in By relating the individual experiences and life histories of a number of recent Fuzhou immigrants to New York's Chinatown, Guest situates both the contemporary situation of immigrants (legal and illegal, men and women) from China and the history of in the wider context of American immigration history. Although the social solidarity of an apparent shared Chinese ethnicity helps immigrants survive in a foreign land, Guest documents how the internal dynamics of a socially-stratified community, with its dense networks of social obligations for the immigrants, also serve to establish a socioeconomic hierarchy-a hierarchy where recent immigrants find themselves at the bottom. is not a harmonious place for these recent immigrants, a gateway for them to pursue the American dream; instead, it is a highly-stratified community where differences of regional origin, language, educational background, and other socioeconomic and political markers serve as mechanisms with which elite economically exploit these highly vulnerable newcomers. Herein lies both the weakness and strength of Guest's ethnography in general. Guest clearly states that his focus on immigrants from Fuzhou serves to give voice to the social category most exploited in the process of immigration, as is seen in his critique of the elite aspect of Ong and Nonini's (1997) and Ong's (1999) studies of Chinese transnationalism in chapter two; Guest asserts that Ong and Nonini's focus on the business elite masks the diversity within the social experiences of transnationalism. While Guest convincingly demonstrates the difficult plight faced by immigrants by giving voice to these marginalized newcomers, he does a less thorough job with what he labels as the elite-those more wealthy residents of who had emigrated from other Chinese communities such as Hong Kong or southeast Asia, or had immigrated earlier. For example, while Guest demonstrates the heterogeneity within Chinatown, I was surprised at the relative lack of discussion of Cantonese or Hakka immigrant experiences, and other than allusions to differences in regional association and language, the experiences of these immigrants were homogenized as Chinatown elites. …

The influence of slope aspect and soil type on immigration and emergence of some northern temperate dung beetles

Summary Soil type is a habitat factor that influences both adult habitat choice and reproductive success in tropical dung beetles. However, soil type habitat preferences of northern temperate dung beetles have not been studied, nor has their reproductive success in relation to habitat heterogeneity been investigated. The aim of this study was, firstly, to study the impact of slope aspect (southern vs. northern) and soil type (sand vs. clay) on immigration and subsequent emergence of dung beetle offspring. A second aim was to evaluate whether the soil type selection was reflected in reproductive success. The study was performed with cow dung during early summer in central Sweden. Beetle immigration was estimated using dung-baited pitfall traps and numbers of emerging beetles were assessed using specially designed emergence traps. Immigrating beetles collected represented 11 Aphodius species (Scarabaeidae), three Sphaeridium species (Hydrophilidae), and one Geotrupes species (Geotrupidae). Seven emerging species were caught, all from the genus Aphodius. Immigration was influenced by soil type, i.e. more individuals of A. ater, were caught on clay while more individuals of A. haemorrhoidalis were caught on sand. Slope aspect had no significant influence on immigration. Four species (A. ater, A. fimetarius, A. fossor and A. pusillus) dominated amongst the emerging beetles at both sites. Emergence was earlier on the south-facing slope for A. fimetarius and on both the south-facing slope and on sand for A. fossor. Emergence patterns were dependent on soil type. More individuals of A. ater emerged on clay while more individuals of A. fossor and A. pusillus emerged on sand. Slope aspect did not significantly influence the number of emerging beetles. We conclude that soil type influenced both adult habitat selection and reproduction, while slope aspect had less effect. Patterns of immigration and emigration corresponded for some species but not for others, hence selection of soil type may not directly correspond to reproductive success. Our results also indicate that Aphodius reproduction may be risky in wet clay soils because of mortality in over-wintering individuals.

Channeled East-West Labour Migration in the Frame of Bilateral Agreements

There are various projections concerning the emigration pressure from the accessing countries into the member states of the European Union. The arguments are based mostly on economic considerations supposing that sufficient difference between the economic strength (GDP, wages etc.) of the possible sending and receiving countries would induce considerable migration. Others argue that lessons on previous enlargement experiences of the EU can be of much relevance: the new candidate countries emigration patterns are expected to be similar - or just different - than the previous ones have been. There is not much empirical evidence on East-West labour migration. Mobility under bilateral agreements is a special frame to stimulate the desired labour migration that has gained special importance in the enlargement process of the European Union. The paper is based on empirical research of bilateral labour programmes between Hungary and the countries of the European Union. The present work has been a first attempt to set up and use empirical data to analyse Hungarian labour emigration. We confronted some theoretical considerations concerning bilateral programmes that should influence labour migration into the desired way to the receiving countries with the Hungarian experience of labour migration under the bilateral programmes. We found that programmes were effective to channel labour migration in the desired way. The structure of the labour migration under these programmes coincides, however, the general migration tendencies. Unregulated migration would, presumably, not give a considerable different character to Hungarian labour emigration.