Emigrant Households Research Articles

Socio-economic and Demographic status of Emigrants’ Households of Baghchaur Municipality

This study deals with the “International Labour Migration (A Case Study of Baghchaur Municipality in Salyan District. The primary data was collected from the study area of Baghchaur Municipality. The general objective of the study is to examine the scenario of international labour migration pertaining to study area. Main objectives of the study are to examine the socio-economic and demographic status of emigrant's households, influencing factors, direction and magnitude, and the impact of emigration in the place of origin. The analysis and interpretation of data were carried out by using frequency tables, cross tabulation, with selected dependent and independent variables. International labour migration is seen in direction and destination with increasing volume in study side.
 Methods: Simple random sampling procedure was applied to collect the primary data and information about the emigrants by using questionnaire. Descriptive research design was used and the total number of international labor migrants were 118 from 100 households. There are 118 respondents were found whereas 111 were male and 7 were female.
 Results: India has the highest volume of emigrants and the flow is increasing now towards Malaysia from Nepal. Skilled migrant workers get high paid jobs. Reliability of human resource agencies have also played the crucial role in finding the work and wage. Amount, frequency and regularity of remittances depend upon the types of works, companies and the destination country. International money express, banks, and western union money transfer are mostly used channels for sending money. The rise in income is evident in the emigrant's household but the expenditure increasing. Unemployment, insufficient agricultural land and poverty are the key factors for emigration associated with origin. Due to the low level of education migrant workers get highly paid in destination countries compared to Nepal. Availability of unskilled works in the destination countries seems appealing to the low educated migrant workers.

Impact of Foreign Remittances on Household Welfare in Bangladesh: Evidence from Public and Private Bank

Remittance is the rapidly growing source of income through which most emigrant households fulfill their daily expenditure. The study identifies the effect of foreign remittance and migration on household welfare in Bangladesh. The primary source is the main basis to collect data mostly which is collected from the public and private banks of Bangladesh. The research also considers the secondary data to display the trends of remittances over the past years, the effect of remittances on the gross domestic product (GDP), import payments, export earnings, and balance of payments. The research further applies descriptive statistics to illustrate the demographic features of migrants as well as to show the scenario of migration and remittances. It also applies multiple regression analysis to guess the household spending on education, healthcare, food, and financial inclusion. The estimated outcome from the analysis shows that foreign remittance has a more significant impact on household expenditure. The major portion of remittance is utilized for medical treatment, education, food purchasing, financial burden, and savings. Lastly, the research paper discloses that migrant workers contribute more to the economy of Bangladesh.

Reciprocity between older adults and their care-givers in emigrant households of Kerala, India

AbstractThe felt obligation to return a benefit, termedreciprocity, has been identified as motivating care exchanges between older adults and their younger family members. Within the context of large-scale emigration of young adults from the Indian state of Kerala, this study examines how left-behind older adults and their family care-givers recognise, interpret and give meaning to reciprocal exchanges, expectations and obligations in their care relationship. Employing a social exchange perspective, we qualitatively explore the norm of reciprocity through in-depth interviews of 48 participants (older adults and their care-givers) from emigrant households. Older adults and their care-givers identified reciprocal notions in their care exchange relationship that provided an interpretive framework for describing expectations, motivations, obligations and experiences across care-giving relationships. Spousal care-givers derived reciprocal motives and mutual care obligations through the institution of marriage. Adult children recognised filial duties and responsibilities and were in principle prepared to provide care to their parents. Reciprocating the support received and the likelihood of intergenerational transfers motivated care exchanges from adult children to their older parents. Daughters-in-law executed transferred filial roles from their emigrant husbands and bore a larger burden of care. Primary adult care-givers relied on the ‘demonstration effect’, hoping that children observe the care-giving process and emulate it later. Imbalances and non-reciprocity in the care exchange led to frustrations and threatened the care relationships.

Family caregiving for older adults: gendered roles and caregiver burden in emigrant households of Kerala, India

ABSTRACTThe Indian state of Kerala leads the demographic transition and characteristically showcases emigration of predominantly male adult children, leaving behind parents, spouses and children. When men emigrate, gendered contexts burden women, especially spouses and daughters-in-law, with caregiving duties including elder care. Employing the social exchange perspective and drawing on in-depth interviews of left-behind caregivers to older adults in emigrant households, we explore reciprocal motives, expectations and perceptions of burden. Findings resonate gendered expectations of care and social sanction that ensure women do much of the caregiving. Daughters-in-law sacrificed careers and endured separation from husbands to transition into caregiving roles, costs borne to effectuate their husband's filial role. Perceived non-reciprocity, unbalanced exchanges and unmet expectations increased perceptions of burden for caregivers. Temporary financial autonomy could hardly alleviate perceptions of burden among women caregivers who perceived emotional and functional support exchanges from husbands, older adults themselves or other family members as supportive.

Emigration, remittances and emerging family structure: findings from a household survey in eight selected villages in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Migration from India to the Gulf Countries has increased dramatically in recent years. Does it actually have an impact on the joint family structure? India has been known for prevailing type of joint/extended families. This paper aims to throw new evidences for introducing the concept of “federated family”. Using primary survey data collected from 328 rural emigrant households in eight villages from the district of Kushinagar in eastern Uttar Pradesh in India, this paper contributes to the debate of socio-economic development and impact of international remittances at migrants’ places of origin. It is the first study which addresses the concept of federated family in India. Federated family seems to be a joint family, where all its members stay under the same roof but use separate kitchens.

Socio economic and psychological dimensions of migration-induced exclusion of the elderly in Kerala, India: an empirical analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to link the multifarious problems of the elderly in a socio-economic and psychological framework. Design/methodology/approach – The universe of the sample is elderly left behind in emigrant households in Kerala. In total, 600 samples were mustered using multistage stratified random sampling method. The paper, with the aid of factor analysis, χ2 and correspondence analysis, blemish the principal factors responsible for the migration-induced exclusion of the elderly. Findings – The empirical result derived from the study shows that migration-induced exclusion is all pervasive in Kerala. The elderly left behind yearn for the presence of their children rather than the emigration and concomitant remittances. Research limitations/implications – The findings of the study are helpful to the policy makers to understand the issues faced by the elderly and include all stakeholders concerned to find a solution to tackle these problems faced by the elderly due to emigration of their children. Practical implications – The study is practically relevant in developing appropriate policy framework in Kerala as it illumines the role of the government to overcome the exclusionary trend and other manifold problems of the elderly. Social implications – The study sheds light to a new social problem developing in the state in the form of elderly exclusion owing to emigration of the young working groups in regional dimensions, demographic levels, community angles and the emerging culture of old age home in the Kerala economy and society. Originality/value – The study is a unique one and tries to situate the principal factors responsible for the emigration-induced exclusion of the elderly in Kerala with empirical evidence.

Accounting for Selectivity and Duration-Dependent Heterogeneity When Estimating the Impact of Emigration on Incomes and Poverty in Sending Areas

The impacts of international emigration and remittances on incomes and poverty in sending areas are increasingly studied with household survey data. But comparing households with and without emigrants is complicated by a triple-selectivity problem: first, households self-select into emigration; second, in some emigrant households everyone moves while others leave members behind; and third, some emigrants choose to return to the origin country. Allowing for duration-dependent heterogeneity introduces a fourth form of selectivity—we must now worry not just about whether households migrate, but also when they do so. This paper sets out these selectivity issues and their implications for existing migration studies and then addresses them by using survey data designed specifically to take advantage of a randomized lottery that determines which applicants to the oversubscribed Samoan Quota (SQ) may immigrate to New Zealand. We compare incomes and poverty rates among left-behind members in households in Samoa that sent SQ emigrants with those for members of similar households that were unsuccessful in the lottery. Policy rules control who can accompany the principal migrant, providing an instrument to address the second selectivity problem, while differences among migrants in which year their ballot was selected allow us to estimate duration effects. We find that migration reduced poverty among former household members but also find suggestive evidence that this effect may be short-lived as both remittances and agricultural income are negatively related to the duration that the migrant has been abroad.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND EDUCATION OF LEFT BEHIND CHILDREN IN FUJIAN, CHINA.

This study examines the educational consequences for those children of emigrants who are left behind in Fujian Province, China. Specifically, we compare the school enrollment for children from emigrant households with the school enrollment for children from non-emigrant households. The data are drawn from the 1995 China 1% Population Sample Survey. We find consistent evidence that emigration affects educational opportunity for children in a positive way. First, children from emigrant households are more likely to be enrolled in schools than children from non-emigrant households. Second, emigration also has positive consequences in reducing gender gap in education. Although girls from non-emigrant households still experience a lower enrollment rate, for the emigrant households the overall school enrollment for boys and girls has been approaching convergence.

International Migrants’ Remittances and Welfare Status of the Left-Behind Families in Turkey

In this study, micro implications of remittances are examined based on the data from the 1996 Turkish International Migration Survey (TIMS-96), part of a comprehensive study of Eurostat and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI). Results of the study imply that migrant savings are generally used for satisfying basic consumption needs. Patterns of expenditures suggest that for 12 percent of all the households receiving remittances, about 80 percent used remittances to improve their standard of living. Considering the variation by regions, it is observed that households in less-developed regions spent more on daily expenses than those in developed regions. This suggests that daily expenses of households in less developed regions depend significantly on remittances received by households. Moreover, remittances have a positive impact on household welfare; households receiving remittances are found to be better off than nonremitting households. This suggests that migration and remittances have positive indirect effects on incomes of emigrant households. A considerable part of the relevant literature argues that remittances are mostly spent on consumption, housing and land and are not used for productive investment that would contribute to long-run development. This conclusion often rests on arbitrary definitions of “productive investments.” Access to better nutrition and allocation of more resources to education are, without question, forms of productive investment. Although emigration does not serve as a solution to the problems of national development, it is evident that remittances generate considerable welfare effects, at least for the remittance-receiving population.

The Role of Households in International Migration and the Case of U. S. -Bound Migration from the Dominican Republic

An analysis of the role of households in the process of migration between the Dominican Republic and the United States is presented. Several propositions are explored. "Principal among these is the claim that the structure within which Dominican migration occurs is capital's requirement for a continuous stream of cheap, vulnerable labor and the need of households to reproduce themselves at an historically and culturally prescribed level of maintenance. The article's emphasis on household strategies clarifies several important issues, such as variation in the rates of migration among groups in the same peripheral area, the increased impoverishment of nonmigrant members of sending communities, and the intensified dependency of emigrant households on the core economy."