Emergency Power Source Research Articles

Multi-Scale Risk-Informed Comprehensive Assessment Methodology for Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are prone to thermal runaway, which can potentially result in serious incidents. These challenges are more prominent in large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage system (Li-BESS) infrastructures. The conventional risk assessment method has a limited perspective, resulting in inadequately comprehensive evaluation outcomes, which impedes the provision of dependable technical support for the scientific appraisal of intricate large-scale Li-BESS systems. This study presents a novel Li-BESS-oriented multi-scale risk-informed comprehensive assessment framework, realizing the seamless transmission of assessment information across various scales. The findings from a previous smaller-scale analysis serve as inputs for a larger scale. The evaluation process of this method is more scientifically rigorous and yields more comprehensive results compared to assessment technologies just relying on a single perspective. By utilizing the proposed comprehensive assessment methodology, this study utilized the emergency power supply of nuclear power plants (NPPs) as an application scenario, demonstrating the complete implementation process of the framework and conducting a comprehensive assessment of Li-BESS feasibility as an emergency power source for NPPs. Our findings propose a novel paradigm for the comprehensive assessment of Li-BESS, which is expected to serve as a scientific foundation for decision-making and technical guidance in practical applications.

Methods for Determining Losses and Parameters of Cylindrical-Rotor Medium-Power Synchronous Generators

This paper presents the analytical and numerical application of a method to determine the parameters and power losses in the core of two medium-power synchronous generators. These generators are used as emergency power sources powered by diesel engines, gas engines, and gas turbines. They cover peak electricity demand but can also be used in traction drives. This article presents a new numerical method for determining losses in the generator core based on the use of a time-stepping solution using the FEM method and calculating these losses using analytical formulas. In calculating the losses for the FEM method, approximations of the loss characteristics of the sheet were used with a wide range of induction values and frequencies. This method is specific to the solution used and was adapted from the authors’ previous work on losses in induction machines. A one-phase winding with alternating voltage was supplied to determine the basic parameters in the form of synchronous reactance. Also, an important novelty is the introduction of a new method of determining the saturation state of the magnetic circuit, which significantly affects the machine parameters. The obtained results were used in analytical calculations and implemented in a computer program that allows for the calculation of electromagnetic parameters, operating characteristics, and core losses, taking into account additional losses, total losses, and efficiency, as well as machine parameters in unsteady operating states and the current characteristics of a three-phase symmetrical short circuit at the machine terminals. The calculations obtained were verified experimentally by measurements of real machines.

Boron Nitride‐Integrated Lithium Batteries: Exploring Innovations in Longevity and Performance

The current global warming, coupled with the growing demand for energy in our daily lives, necessitates the development of more efficient and reliable energy storage devices. Lithium batteries (LBs) are at the forefront of emerging power sources addressing these challenges. Recent studies have shown that integrating hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) nanomaterials into LBs enhances the safety, longevity, and electrochemical performance of all LB components, including electrodes, electrolytes, and separators, thereby suggesting their potential value in advancing eco‐friendly energy solutions. This review provides an overview of the most recent applications of h‐BN nanomaterials in LBs. It begins with an informative introduction to h‐BN nanomaterials and their relevant properties in the context of LB applications. Subsequently, it addresses the challenges posed by h‐BN and discusses existing strategies to overcome these limitations, offering valuable insights into the potential of BN nanomaterials. The review then proceeds to outline the functions of h‐BN in LB components, emphasizing the molecular‐level mechanisms responsible for performance improvements. Finally, the review concludes by presenting the current challenges and prospects of integrating h‐BN nanomaterials into battery research.

Research on Hybrid Vibration Sensor for Measuring Downhole Drilling Tool Vibrational Frequencies

The vibration parameters during drilling play a critical role in enhancing drilling speed and ensuring safety. However, traditional downhole vibration sensors face limitations in their power supply methods, hindering widespread adoption. To address this challenge, our research introduces a novel solution: a hybrid downhole vibration sensor (HDV-TENG) utilizing triboelectric nanogenerators. This sensor not only enables the measurement of low- to medium–high-frequency vibrations using self-power but also serves to energize other downhole devices. We utilized a self-constructed vibration simulator to replicate downhole drilling tool vibrations and conducted a comprehensive series of sensor tests. The test results indicate that the frequency measurement bandwidth of the HDV-TENG spans from 0 to 200 kHz. Especially, the measurement errors for vibrations within the low-frequency range of 0 to 10 Hz and the high-frequency range of 10 to 200 k Hz are less than 5% and 8%, respectively. Additionally, the experimental findings regarding load matching demonstrate that the HDV-TENG achieves an output power level in the milliwatt range, representing a significant improvement over the output power of traditional triboelectric nanogenerators. Unlike traditional downhole vibration measurement sensors, HDV-TENG operates without requiring any external power supply, thereby conserving downhole space and significantly enhancing drilling efficiency. Furthermore, HDV-TENG not only offers a broad measurement range but also amplifies output power through the synergy of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG), and electromagnetic power generator (EMG). This capability enables its utilization as an emergency power source for other micropower equipment downhole. The introduction of HDV-TENG also holds considerable implications for the development of self-powered underground sensors with high-frequency measurement capabilities.

Hydrovoltaic Electricity Generator with Hygroscopic Materials: A Review and New Perspective.

The global energy crisis caused by the overconsumption of nonrenewable fuels has prompted researchers to develop alternative strategies for producing electrical energy. In this review, a fascinating strategy that simply utilizes water, an abundant natural substance throughout the globe and even in air as moisture, as a power source is introduced. The concept of the hydrovoltaic electricity generator (HEG) proposed herein involves generating an electrical potential gradient by exposing the two ends of the HEG device to dissimilar physicochemical environments, which leads to the production of an electrical current through the active material. HEGs, with a large variety of viable active materials, have much potential for expansion toward diverse applications including permanent and/or emergency power sources. In this review, representative HEGs that generate electricity by the mechanisms of diffusion, streaming, and capacitance as case studies for building a fundamental understanding of the electricity generation process are discussed. In particular, by comparing the use and absence of hygroscopic materials, HEG mechanism studies to establish active material design principles are meticulously elucidated. The review with future perspectives on electrode design using conducting nanomaterials, considerations for high performance device construction, and potential impacts of the HEG technology in improving the livelihoods are reviewed.

Current Pulse-Based Measurement Technique for Zinc–Air Battery Parameters

Zinc–air batteries possess advantages such as high energy density, low operational costs, and abundant reserves of raw materials, demonstrating broad prospects for applications in areas like stationary power supplies and emergency power sources. However, despite significant advancements in zinc–air battery technology, a comprehensive measurement model for zinc–air battery parameters is still lacking. This paper utilizes a gas diffusion model to separately calculate the concentration polarization of zinc–air batteries, decoupling it from electrochemical polarization and ohmic polarization, simplifying the equivalent circuit model of zinc–air batteries into a first-order RC circuit. Subsequently, based on the simplified equivalent circuit model and gas diffusion model, a zinc–air battery parameter measurement technique utilizing current pulse methods is proposed, with predictions made for the dynamic voltage response during current pulse discharges. Validation of this method was conducted through single current pulses and step current pulses. Experimental results demonstrate the method’s capability to accurately measure zinc–air battery parameters and predict the dynamic voltage response.

Case Studies for Supplying the Alternating Current Auxiliary Systems of Substations with a Voltage Equal to or Higher than 230 kV

This paper presents case studies for replacing diesel generators (DGs) that are used as the main and emergency power sources for alternating current (AC) auxiliary services in substations (SS) within the transmission network (voltage greater than or equal to 230 kV). The objective of this research is to present a solution that is more reliable, environmentally friendly, and financially viable than DGs. To achieve this, the proposed solutions incorporate Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) with or without the integration of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. These solutions were simulated using the HOMER PRO Version 3.14.5 software for the Messias SS /AL, and the results were analyzed and compared to the DG in terms of reliability, financial viability, and environmental impact. Based on the conducted analyses, the BESS solution with the PV system was found to be the most suitable for the main source. However, in the case of the emergency source, if one of the main sources is a DG/BESS, maintaining the emergency DG is the preferable option. If both main sources are independent, the BESS solution with the PV system is a suitable solution.

Reliable Ship Emergency Power Source: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach to Optimize Remaining Capacity Measurement Frequency for Lead-Acid Battery Maintenance

<div>The development of predictive maintenance has become one of the most important drivers of innovation, not only in the maritime industry. The proliferation of on-board and remote sensing and diagnostic systems is creating many new opportunities to reduce maintenance costs and increase operational stability. By predicting impending system faults and failures, proactive maintenance can be initiated to prevent loss of seaworthiness or operability. The motivation of this study is to optimize predictive maintenance in the maritime industry by determining the minimum useful remaining lead-acid battery capacity measurement frequency required to achieve cost-efficiency and desired prognostic performance in a remaining battery capacity indication system. The research seeks to balance operational stability and cost-effectiveness, providing valuable insight into the practical considerations and potential benefits of predictive maintenance. The methodology employed in this study includes outlining the theoretical development of a fully automated condition monitoring system and describing data cleansing steps to account for environmental effects on system performance. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the remaining useful life prediction to varying measurement frequencies, prediction models, and parameter settings, leading to an estimate of the optimal measurement frequency for the system. The results show that a certain minimum measurement frequency is required to achieve the target prediction accuracy while balancing cost-efficiency and operational stability. Reliable failure prediction with negligible changes in prognostic accuracy can be achieved by performing useful remaining lead-acid battery capacity measurements twice a day or every 5 ship voyage cycles with the underlying utilization.</div>

Coordinated restoration method of transmission and distribution network considering distribution network fault repair scenario

With the development of active distribution network (ADN) technology, coordinated restoration of transmission network (TN) and ADNs has received widespread attention. As an important part of power system resilience, power system restoration should consider the influence of low-probability high-risk events. Such extreme events are often accompanied by component damage, so the coordination of restoration process and repair scheduling needs to be considered. First, the handling of fault repair scenario on TN and ADNs side during black-start restoration (BSR) is discussed. The interaction between the coordinated restoration of TN/ADNs and the fault repair schemes of ADNs is analyzed. Next, the coordinated restoration of TN/ADNs considering the ADN fault repair scenario is modelled in this paper. For the restoration model of TN, the restoration logic relationship of plants/lines, the subsystem division, frequency constraints of the restored system and the power scheduling constraints of source/load are considered. For the restoration model of ADNs, the restoration logic relationship of DGs/lines/buses, the scheduling logic of repair crews and emergency power sources, frequency constraints and the power scheduling constraints of source/load are considered. Then, an analytical target cascading algorithm is used to solve the optimization model. Finally, a TN/ADNs system is constructed by an IEEE_30 bus transmission system and two IEEE_33 bus distribution system, the numerical case study on the TN/ADNs system verifies that the distributed collaborative optimization of the TN/ADNs restoration plan and the fault repair plan of ADNs can improve the overall restoration efficiency during BSR.

Home energy management system for enhancing grid resiliency in post-disaster recovery period using Electric Vehicle

Natural disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, storm etc. can cause power outages and limitations on the grid. Moreover, power limitations or outages up to 24 h can be applied to the disaster area as a precaution, even if there is no damage in the buildings and power system components. The reflection of the power limitations or outages can be vital for sufferers in post-disaster conditions. However, their impacts can be prevented by using electric vehicles as a mobile source in home energy systems. Electric vehicles are offering a promising technology as mobile emergency power source which ensure energy availability for critical demands in disaster conditions. Therefore, in this study a dynamic home energy management system (HEMS) algorithm that classifies all the appliances according to their importance in post-disaster conditions is proposed to enhance grid resiliency via preventing energy interruption of residential buildings. The algorithm utilizes efficient usage of local renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Load curtailment methods are applied considering the worst load consumption for the next 24 h according to the prospective remaining energy (PRE) of the EV battery (EVB). The main objective of the proposed algorithm is to arrange the permitted loads dynamically according to their importance levels in order to prevent energy interruption of a home. The proposed algorithm is verified with case based scenarios in MATLAB®/Simulink® environment by using experimentally gathered load and weather condition data. The energized time of the critical loads are prolonged up to %241 with the proposed algorithm.

A variant of the uninterruptible power supply circuit with double conversion

The article discusses the main structural schemes of three types of uninterruptible power supply sources: backup; interactive; double conversion. The main functions of which are: performing the function of a backup or emergency power source; performing the function of protective devices, improving the quality of the power supply voltage. The features of operation, advantages and disadvantages of three groups of uninterruptible power supplies are also disclosed. New approaches in the structural and circuit design of uninterruptible power supplies based, including on the use of renewable energy sources are disclosed. Based on the analysis, one of the variants of the block diagram of an uninterruptible power supply with a double conversion of the system is presented and explanations and principles of its operation, as well as advantages and disadvantages are given.

PREVENTIVE START-UP OF AN EMERGENCY DIESEL GENERATOR OF THE SHIP’S ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

The development of the method of preventive protection for the purposes of safe operation of the ship’s electric power system in emergency situations associated with malfunctions of its elements that occur during operation is considered in the paper. It has been shown that the existing devices form a command to start an emergency diesel generator at the moment when the voltage on the main switchboard busbars disappears. This circumstance causes a break in the power supply of responsible consumers of electric energy for a time equal to the start time of the emergency source. At the same time, the vessel loses control, and in most cases, the course. In this regard, it has been paid special attention in the paper to the development of a method for the preventive start of an emergency diesel generator, in which the launch command is formed before the vessel is de-energized, but with a real threat of this event. The conditions under which the preventive start of an emergency diesel generator should be carried out are formulated. Within the framework of the proposed approach, the energy state of the entire ship’s electric power system is predicted in the case of a decrease in its generating capacity, and, if necessary, a command to start an emergency source of electric energy is formed. At the same time, the most dangerous situation develops at a time when, in case of a failure of the generator unit of the main power plant, preventive unloading of the network turns out to be ineffective. It has been shown that there are emergency modes of vessel operation, such as flooding or fire in the room of diesel generators, in which the probability of simultaneous failure of all main electricity sources at once is especially high. The application of the proposed method of preventive start-up of an emergency power source will allow, in case of failure of at least one of the generator units of the main power plant operating in parallel, flooding or fire on the ship, to carry out structural adaptation of the system in advance to the malfunction that has arisen and go into a partially operational state, bypassing the emergency situation. At the same time, the interruption in the power supply of responsible consumers ensuring the safety of the vessel operation will either be significantly reduced or it will not happen at all. A functional diagram of a simple device implementing the proposed approach in practice is presented. A brief description of his work is given.

Comparative Study of NCM and NCA Electrode Material for Capacity-Fade Using 1-D Modeling

Today, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are one of the most emerging power sources for almost all modern consumer electronic products. LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi0.3Co0.3Mn0.3O2 (NCM) are projected to be utilized in lithium-ion power batteries as two typical layered nickel-rich ternary cathode materials. Moreover, there is still a need for systematic study from an industrial aspect as to the advantages and drawbacks of these two nickel-rich materials. Hence, a comparative study of NCM and NCA electrode material for capacity-fade has been explored using a 1-D simulated model constructed in the multi-physics software. The capacity of a battery depends on the cell potential, discharge rate, state of charge (SoC), and state of health (SoH). Therefore, the comparison of these parameters and the cycle number of a battery is extremely important. During this comparative study of NCM and NCA electrode material, the capacity fade based on discharge rate, SoC, and SoH over cycle number of a battery has been reported.

A U-shaped kinetic energy harvester for application in a near-zero energy parking system

In the urbanization process, the quantity of parking lots is multiplying with a vast potential to generate electricity. This paper proposes a novel speed bump-based energy-harvesting system to capture the wasted kinetic energy of the vehicles passing through the speed bump and produces electrical power. The kinetic energy harvesting (KEH) system is divided into the following four modules: speed bump module, energy transmission module, generator module, and energy storage module. The speed bump module captures the vibration energy generated by the contact between the vehicle and the speed bump. The energy transmission module converts the up-and-down reciprocating motion of the speed bump into the unidirectional rotational motion of the generator shaft through rack-pinion and screw nut-lead screw structures. The generator module converts the rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy, then stored by the supercapacitor in the energy storage module. The MTS bench test showed that the average output power could reach 15.67 W, and the efficiency could reach 68.41%. The results demonstrate that the proposed KEH system can be used as an emergency and backup power source for loop detector sensors, OLED display, video camera, and small electrical equipment for developing a near-zero-energy parking lot access control system.

Highly adhesive, self-healing, anti-freezing and anti-drying organohydrogel with self-power and mechanoluminescence for multifunctional flexible sensor

Flexible conductive hydrogels have great applications in soft electronic sensing. However, the preparation of multifunctional integrated conductive hydrogel was still very challenging. Herein, an anti-freezing and anti-drying polyacrylic acid/ cellulose nanofibrils-glycerol (PAA/CNF-Gly, PCG) organohydrogel was designed, it integrated high transparency (∼85%), high stretchability (∼980%), high adhesion (25.4 kPa) and self-healing abilities. It not only has excellent sensing property, but also can be assembled into self-powered equipment for sensing and as an emergency power source. Furthermore, the sensor can also specifically recognize the downward/upward bending direction of the legs and elbows. Moreover, the PCG organohydrogel can be combined with the copper doped zinc sulfide/polydimethylsiloxane (ZnS:Cu/PDMS) elastic luminescent layer to realize the visualization of the sensor, and the movement track and position of the object on the composite mechanoluminescent (ML) sensor can be sensed and recorded at the same time, which provides a new high-level security method for anti-counterfeiting.

Energy Router for Emergency Energy Supply in Urban Cities: A Review

Abstract The current emergency power supply (EPS) measures are not perfect and standardised in response to large-scale power failures, such as city-wide ones. This review paper focuses on reasonably using the emergency electric power source to supply power in case of an abnormal urban power grid, to ensure the regular operation of urban electrical equipment and the daily life of the people. This study first introduces the different kinds of main emergency electric power sources and analyses their advantages and disadvantages. The battery of an electric vehicle as a new potential emergency power source is introduced that can also avoid the loss caused by unexpected power failure. Finally, three different EPS methods are explained in detail for different emergency occasions. Among them, the energy router is reviewed comprehensively considering it is the most potential emergency power distribution approach in the future because of its various applications.

Mobile Emergency Power Source Configuration Scheme considering Dynamic Characteristics of a Transportation Network

Recently, with the large scale of power grids and the increase in frequency of extreme weather, the safe and stable operation of power systems is facing great challenges. Therefore, mobile emergency power source (MEPS) are a promising and feasible way to deal with extreme weather and reduce economic losses. However, the current urban power grid and transportation network are closely coupled, and the congested traffic hinders the rapid configuration of MEPSs. Therefore, this paper proposes an MEPS configuration scheme considering real-time traffic conditions. Firstly, the dynamic road traffic index (DRTI) is defined, which can fully describe the dynamic characteristics of traffic. The wavelet neural network (WNN) is used to predict the traffic flow. Then, combined with the knowledge of graph theory, an A-Star algorithm (AS) is used to determine the optimal path. Secondly, the optimal installation location of MEPSs is determined by forward–backward sweep method in distribution network. Finally, the feasibility, accuracy, and time cost of the proposed method are verified by numerical simulations, which can meet the requirements of online application.

Desain dan Implementasi MPPT PSO pada Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga

Indonesia is a large archipelago country with various characteristic areas. Based on a report from the Ministryof Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia's electrification ratio has reached 98.86%. Even though Indonesia'selectrification ratio is close to 100%, it cannot be denied that there are still many remote areas that still do not haveelectricity supply. This can be caused by areas that are difficult to reach, thus hampering the construction of theelectricity network. To meet electricity needs in remote areas and with not too many population, a Diesel Power Plant(PLTD) is usually built, but this type of plant requires fuel oil which of course also requires replenishment everycertain time after the fuel runs out. To solve the above problems, a portable solar power plant (PLTS) is proposedwhich can be easily mobilized to facilitate delivery to remote areas. PLTS portable can also be used as an emergencypower source in areas where electricity facilities have been cut off due to natural disasters. To adjust the output voltageof the solar panels, a single input multi output (SIMO) converter topology is proposed. This converter consists of aflyback converter that can increase and decrease the voltage and has isolation between the input and output sides. Inaddition, this converter also has several outputs so that it can supply two loads (battery and communication equipment)at the same time. To maximize the conversion of solar energy in this system, it is also proposed to use the MPPTcontrol with the PSO method.

Development of a Low Cost Portable Hydro and Wind Power as Emergency Power Source

Many outdoor activities are often carried out by the community. An emergency power is required to recharge the batteries of lighting equipment, communication equipment and other electronic equipment. Power bank as emergency power has a limited capacity so that it is not enough to meet the needs of power for several days. A portable power generation is needed to generate electricity using available natural resources such as running water or wind. The objective of this research is to develop a portable power generation system to meet the needs of electrical energy during outdoor activities. The portable power generation system consists of a small turbine, a small generator, and a battery charger. The prototype was tested in the laboratory and in the field. Tests showed the DC generator generated a voltage of 0.7 - 11.1 V when rotated at a speed of 117 - 1434 rpm. The step up converter produces a voltage of 2.2 - 15.74 V when the input voltage is 1.5 - 12 V. The boost module produces a voltage of 3.19 - 4.38 V when the input voltage is 3 - 12 V. The portable power generation system will generate electricity if the minimum speed of the running water is 4.8 m/s. When tested using wind power with speeds between 4.0 - 10.3 m/s, the portable power generation system produces a voltage of 1.4 - 9.3 V.

Stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with 15.4% efficiency for three-dimensional curved surfaces

Stretchable photovoltaics are emerging power sources for collapsible electronics, biomedical devices, and buildings and vehicles with curved surfaces. Development of stretchable photovoltaics are crucial to achieve rapid growth of the future photovoltaic market. However, owing to their rigidity, existing thin-film solar cells based predominantly on silicon, compound semiconductors, and perovskites are difficult to apply to 3D curved surfaces, which are potential real-world candidates. Herein, we present a stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with a geometrical concentration ratio of 3.5×. When perfectly fitted on a 3D curved surface with a sharp curvature, the prototype module achieves an outdoor power conversion efficiency of 15.4% and the daily generated electricity yield improves to a maximum of 190% relative to a non-concentration stretchable photovoltaic module. Thus, this module design enables high areal coverage on 3D curved surfaces, while generating a higher electricity yield in a limited installation area.