Emergence Of Social Entrepreneurship Research Articles

Local context and post‐crisis social venture creation

AbstractResearch summaryWe investigate the effects of local market and government failure on the creation of social ventures in the context of post‐crisis recovery during the period following the dot‐com crisis and ending before the housing bubble burst across all Ohio counties. Drawing on social embeddedness theory, we posit that social venture creation rates vary across local contexts and are higher in communities characterized by market and government failures. Longitudinal contextual data from 88 Ohio counties indicates that situations characterized by failures of both types are especially conducive to the creation of local social enterprises. We address the shortage of longitudinal quantitative studies focused on the emergence of social entrepreneurship and identify conditions where the relationship between local context and social venture creation is important.Managerial summaryThe purpose of this article is to examine how local context affects the rate of social venture creation in the United States. We study these rates in every county in Ohio in the aftermath of a crisis and find that local government responses and local market conditions singly and in combination lead to increased rates of local social venture creation. Fewer social ventures emerge when transfer (welfare) payments are high. However, rates rise in response to high unemployment, even when welfare payments are high, and are greater when welfare payments are low. This means the extent and type of local market and government failures influence the rate of local social venture creation. Findings advance the study of domestic social entrepreneurship in the aftermath of crises.

Соціалізація економічних суб’єктів як умова реалізації соціальних цілей суспільства

Socialization of the economy is a process that, on the one hand, involves the subordination of economic processes to the interests of man himself, redistribution of production results, improving working and living conditions in the direction of social goals, and, on the other hand, aimed at assimilating and using social norms, values, patterns of behavior and interaction with society in order to ensure normal functioning. Th e authors of the article are convinced that the socialization of economic entities is an objective process of development of a market-type economic system and a way to solve its problems. Th e market transformation of Ukraine’s economy has led to a number of negative consequences in the so cioeconomic life of the country, which necessitates finding mechanisms for optimal participation of economic entities in the implementation of social goals of society. Th e purpose of the article is to identify the main manifestations of socialization of the state and business in the modern economy in order to determine the level of their socialization in Ukraine in the direction of realization of social goals of society. Th e novelty of the article is the further development of the separation of manifestations of socialization of economic entities, which allowed to assess the level of socialization of the state and business in Ukraine as insuffi cient to realize their potential in achieving social goals of society. Research methods: scientifi c abstraction, analysis, scientifi c generalization, dialectical logic, deductive method. According to the authors, the main manifestations of socialization of the state are the development of its social responsibility and socialization of the budget, while the socialization of business is confi rmed by such aspects of economic life as its social responsibility and the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Th e analysis of the mentioned manifestations of socialization of economic entities in Ukraine allowed to state that the level of socialization of the state and business is insignifi cant. Th e latter is due to the fact that: the level of public welfare is low and is confi rmed by Ukraine’s place in international rankings; social expenditures of the state bud get are insuffi cient, the coeffi cient of their socialization is characterized by a declining trend with low living standards; there are no specifi c mechanisms for spreading social responsibility of business, which has almost no interest, no incentives, no experience of successful implementation of winning projects; incentives on the part of the state for the development of social entrepreneurship are insuffi cient and public awareness of its importance in solving socio-economic problems is low.

What Causes Social Entrepreneurship? Emancipation as an Explanatory Framework

What causes the emergence of social entrepreneurship at a societal level? This paper proposes that emancipatory theory (Welzel, 2013) provides an adequate theoretical framework in which to comprehensively understand the emergence of social entrepreneurship as an emancipatory phenomenon (Rindova et al., 2009). We first theoretically identify the elements of the human empowerment process (action resources, emancipative values and civic entitlements, in this sequence) that drive the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Second, we empirically test our propositions by explaining GEM’s SE rate in a panel of countries for the years 2009 and 2015. Our empirical results confirm the relevance of the main elements proposed by our theory.

The emergence of social entrepreneurship in Russia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build a typology of social entrepreneurship in Russian Federation and describe the related models based on a deep understanding of the current institutional context and the positioning of social entrepreneurship in the arena of market and non-market activities. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on secondary data sources including legal documents, annual reports and websites of the social entrepreneurship-related organizations. Findings This paper finds that social entrepreneurship in Russia is located between civil society, the State and the market and it is the State that became a main driving force behind social entrepreneurship development. Originality/value This paper is the first to perceive the social entrepreneurship in modern Russia as a phenomenon with “semi-official” status. The original models and the very typology of social entrepreneurship are based on the newly introduced concept of “social-entrepreneurial mission”.

Political-Economy of Social Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: A Polanyian Approach

This paper attempts to develop a critical analysis on the concept of social entrepreneurship (SE) in Indonesia in comparison to that in the Global North. Departing from Karl Polanyi’s theorization of market society, this paper asserts that the concept of SE embodies a ‘double movement’. It embodies a tension between the ‘dis-embedding movement’ (attempts to organize society according to market rationality) and the ‘re-embedding movement’ (attempts to ensure that the market works to serve society’s interests), that is, between a formal and a substantive approach to the economy. The rise of SE, therefore, is always situated within a particular politico-economic context. Using Indonesia’s experience as a case study, this paper argues that the emergence of SE is strongly influenced by Widodo’s economic nationalism ideology. In this regard, SE is largely a part of Widodo’s strategy for bolstering economic growth, particularly by stimulating the rise of local entrepreneurs. Within such a framework, the nature of SE as a tool for addressing social problems is insufficiently recognized. SE in Indonesia therefore embodies tensions between the dis-embedding and re-embedding movements. The dis-embedding movement, however, prevails in Indonesia.

Social Entrepreneurship in China’s Non-profit Sector

In recent years, civil society organisations in China have increasingly taken entrepreneurial and innovative approaches to enhance their ability to fulfil social missions. How are we to delineate the salient characteristics of non-profits engaging in socially entrepreneurial activities in comparison with their conventional counterparts? Will the emergence of social entrepreneurship in China’s non-profit sector engender new opportunities for grassroots social organisations to overcome the financial and institutional impediments constraining their development? This article tackles these issues through an in-depth case study of a typical social entrepreneurship initiative launched in the process of post-disaster construction after the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008. The findings indicate that socially entrepreneurial non-profits participate in post-disaster reconstruction more innovatively than conventional non-profits in various ways. Nevertheless, they still need to conquer organisational and contextual challenges before evolving into an effective remedy to the development pains of grassroots social organisations in China.

Social Entrepreneurship, Social Entrepreneur and Social Enterprise:A Review of Concepts, Definitions and Development in Malaysia

A decade ago the concept of social entrepreneurship was rarely discussed in Malaysia even though the practice of delivering social values to the population has been around for years. Efforts that combined the concept of entrepreneurship and social development were established years before the emergence of the term. Only in recent years the concept of social entrepreneurship is making a significant breakthrough and attaining more interest not only from social entrepreneurs but also academics and policy makers due to globalized economic system that in turn has resulted in the emergence of social entrepreneurship within a complex framework of political, economic and social changes occurring at the global, national and local levels. Nevertheless, the concept and definitions of social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneur and social enterprise need to be comprehended by those who are involved in the sector to further sustain the development of pertinent initiatives. Therefore, this paper reviews current literature pertaining the concepts and definitions of social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneur and social enterprise and recent development of the sector in Malaysia.

Mitigating South Africa’s HIV Epidemic: The Interplay of Social Entrepreneurship and the Innovation System

With the struggle against apartheid achieved, South Africa faced the new struggle of overcoming the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This paper examines the response of government, the innovation system and civil society in rising to the challenge. The response included a fatal denialism concerning the etiology of AIDS, a fatalism that constitutes political market failure. This political market failure was counteracted through the emergence of social entrepreneurship in the form of the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) that mobilized civil society and like-minded health practitioners and researchers within the innovation system. Dependency Theory coupled with a Quadruple Helix model of the innovation system offer possible explanations of this complex human tragedy and the way that government was compelled to embark on a massive program of providing anti-retroviral therapy that has now significantly improved life expectancy. The paper provides socio-economic context, appraisal of the innovation system, and a sketch of how the Quadruple Helix took form. Of special importance is the independence of South Africa’s ‘Republic of Science.’ Independent courts were critical in allowing TAC to obtain remedy against government, Big Pharma, and AIDS dissident scientists. It is argued that its Republic of Science met its obligation of objectivity by shifting emphasis to the cause of AIDS research in the face of official denialism. In effect, the system of innovation and social entrepreneurs are shown to have acted in concert in constituting a Quadruple Helix.

Connecting the Dots for Social Value: A Review on Social Networks and Social Entrepreneurship

The emergence of social entrepreneurship has been explained at the macro-level (socioeconomic drivers), at the meso-level (concepts such as opportunity), and at the micro-level (motivations and intentions of social entrepreneurs). In this conceptual article, it is argued that the sociology of social networks may contribute to explain how and why social entrepreneurship arises by bridging micro- and macro-levels of analysis. Four different usages of the social network concept in the social entrepreneurship literature are identified: embeddedness of social entrepreneurship, collective social entrepreneurship, networking as a critical skill or activity of social entrepreneurship, and finally networking and the creation of social capital as a goal of social entrepreneurship. Theoretical frameworks explaining the emergence of conventional entrepreneurship with a social network lens are identified. These are evaluated with regard to social entrepreneurship and translated into a set of research proposals to be explored in order to strengthen our understanding of social entrepreneurship emergence.

Connecting the Dots for Social Value: A Review on Social Networks and Social Entrepreneurship

The emergence of social entrepreneurship has been explained at the macro-level (socioeconomic drivers), at the meso-level (concepts such as opportunity), and at the micro-level (motivations and intentions of social entrepreneurs). In this conceptual article, it is argued that the sociology of social networks may contribute to explain how and why social entrepreneurship arises by bridging micro- and macro-levels of analysis. Four different usages of the social network concept in the social entrepreneurship literature are identified: embeddedness of social entrepreneurship, collective social entrepreneurship, networking as a critical skill or activity of social entrepreneurship, and finally networking and the creation of social capital as a goal of social entrepreneurship. Theoretical frameworks explaining the emergence of conventional entrepreneurship with a social network lens are identified. These are evaluated with regard to social entrepreneurship and translated into a set of research proposals to be explored in order to strengthen our understanding of social entrepreneurship emergence.

Beyond Social and Private Enterprise: Towards the Integrated Enterprise

In the past two decades we have witnessed—in conjunction with the rise of civil society—the emergence of social entrepreneurship as a new phenomenon. Such social enterprises have by now established themselves as a new force in societal development. Simultaneously, business and its engagement in society, hitherto termed Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), has become ever more important. However, such CSR and social entrepreneurship remain very separate from each other. Further, both fail to take into account the so called “hybrid” enterprises emerging. In this article we shall briefly analyse the fertile chaos that such a changing face of enterprise represents, and will argue for the need to transcend such current notions towards a more integrated form of enterprise. We illustrate how such a newly integrated form is better equipped to address the burning issues organisations are facing today, than the old economic-and-social ones in turn.