Some of the salient features pertaining to the taxonomy of a few interesting aquatic angiosperms and their distribution, variability of fruits and seeds, their economic importance, floral biology, anatomy, embryology and cytology are presented here. The varied and diverse pattern of distribution of some Indian aquatic taxa is described with examples. Certain unique embryological features noticed in some aquatic plants are pointed out. Though the data on the cytplogy of Indian aquatic angiosperms is raher meagre, it is evident that from the evolutionary point of view, polyploidy has played an important role in the differentiation of races, varieties and species. The nomenclature of Nymphoides Hill and Necharmndra Planch., is discussed. Finally, the ample scope present for further work for a better understanding of these plants is emphasised.

Recent literature is reviewed and additional evidences presented to support Willis who had split podostemaceae into two families, Podostemaceae sensu stricto and Tristichaceae. In view of the available embryological and anatomical evidences it is suggested that further studies should precede attempts to trace the ancestry of these families to Crassulaceae or Saxifragaceae. Keys and distribution data for the genera of Tristichaceae and Indian Podostemaceae are given.

Janina Wellmann, The Form of Becoming: Embryology and the Epistemology of Rhythm, 1760–1830 (translated by Kate Sturge). New York: Zone Books, 2017, 432 pp. ISBN: 978–1-935,408–76-5

Genetics, as all human activities, is a situated practice. Given its enormous cultural and epistemological influence, the young age of the discipline may be surprising - not even 150 years old. The creation of the science of the heredity and production of traits in organisms responded to 19th century’s epistemological needs in biology, as well as political and social developments: the transmission of characters and their variations throughout generations needed a new theory, the embryological development of organisms had to be explained, the unrest and disastrous living conditions provoked by the industrial capitalism and the colonial project in the West called for a reaction from the elites. The trajectory of genetics is one of permanent co-production between the different ontologies and practices it is situated in. As a science, it draws its legitimacy from the stories it tells (about the world or about itself), the interests it serves and the existing power relations it is part of. Given this background, the present work tries to shed some light on several aspects of the history of genetics that may help clarify its role and impact on our societies. The set of ontological and material transformations it underpins is referred to as the Genetic Order, and this is explored particularly in the context of the irremediable past and present association of genetics with eugenics, the construction of key notions such as heritability and the dichotomy Nature/Nurture, the enormous influence of cybernetics over biology and genetics after the second world war and the alliance between biotechnologies, genetics and neoliberalism in more recent years. One key notion that wanders throughout this text is that of control, over bodies and life in general. This is illustrated by the recent explosion of the genomic prediction industry and its impact on contemporary subjectivities. In the end, it is a world of statistics, algorithms, predestination, risk management and control that the Genetic Order offers, echoing the hegemonic influence of the neoliberal cybernetic project where all that lives must be engineered, modelled, monitored, predictable and transparent.

Ewing’s sarcoma was first distinguished as “diffuse endothelioma of bone”. The cause is still unknown the but mostly theories suggest that these tumors arise from a primitive cell obtained either from an embryologic tissue which is called the neural crest, or from mesenchymal stem cells that are capable to become one of a variety of tissue types. Pathologists have studied that Ewing sarcoma is almost alike to an even rarer soft tissue tumor called primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).ES and PNET were having similar features when observed under microscope, in more than 95% of cases also had a similar genetic abnormality called as translocation. Hence they were grouped into class of cancers entitled Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumor (ESFT).This family includes, Ewing’s sarcoma of the bone, Extraosseus Ewing’s sarcoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET),Peripheral neuroepithelioma, Askin’s tumor and Atypical Ewing’s sarcoma. The translocation in ESFT is between chromosomes 11 and 22 and is referred to as t (11;22). The gene from chromosome 22 encodes the Ewing sarcoma gene (EWS) whose function is not well-understood. The gene FLI1 from chromosome 11, is involved in turning other genes on and off. EWS/FLI is a fused gene, which encodes an altered fusion protein which controls the regulation of other genes that can give rise to cancers when inappropriately expressed.

Basic and Comprehensive Outlines of Cardiovascular Embryology and Morphogenesis

Purpose: The larynx plays a role in swallowing, respiration, and voice production. All three functions change during ontogeny. We investigated ontogenetic shape changes using a mouse model to inform our understanding of how laryngeal form and function are integrated. We understand the characterization of developmental changes to larynx anatomy as a critical step toward using rodent models to study human vocal communication disorders.Method: Contrast-enhanced micro computed tomography image stacks were used to generate three-dimensional reconstructions of the CD-1 mouse (Mus musculus) laryngeal cartilaginous framework. Then, we quantified size and shape in four age groups: pups, weanlings, young, and old adults using a combination of landmark and linear morphometrics. We analyzed postnatal patterns of growth and shape in the laryngeal skeleton, as well as morphological integration among four laryngeal cartilages using geometric morphometric methods. Acoustic analysis of vocal patterns was employed to investigate morphological and functional integration.Results: Four cartilages scaled with negative allometry on body mass. Additionally, thyroid, arytenoid, and epiglottic cartilages, but not the cricoid cartilage, showed shape change associated with developmental age. A test for modularity between the four cartilages suggests greater independence of thyroid cartilage shape, hinting at the importance of embryological origin during postnatal development. Finally, mean fundamental frequency, but not fundamental frequency range, varied predictably with size.Conclusion: In a mouse model, the four main laryngeal cartilages do not develop uniformly throughout the first 12 months of life. High-dimensional shape analysis effectively quantified variation in shape across development and in relation to size, as well as clarifying patterns of covariation in shape among cartilages and possibly the ventral pouch.Supplemental Material S1. Methods.Riede, T., Coyne, M., Tafoya, B., & Baab, K. L. (2020). Postnatal development of the mouse larynx: Negative allometry age-dependent shape changes, morphological integration and a size-dependent spectral feature. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00070

Cor triatriatum dexter (CTD) is a rare congenital heart disease resulting from persistence of the right valve of the sinus venosus. The persistent valve forms a membrane that divides the right atrium into a proximal and a distal chamber. This disorder exhibits varying clinical manifestations depending on the degree of partitioning or septation of the right atrium. In asymptomatic patients, the disease may be discovered during surgical procedures, diagnostic testing such as echocardiography, or hemodynamic monitoring. Severe septation abnormalities may cause right-sided heart failure and elevated central venous pressures due to obstruction of the tricuspid valve, right ventricular outflow tract, or inferior vena cava. Here we report a case of CTD in a patient presenting with symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue, followed by a short discussion of the embryology and clinical implications of this congenital disease, as well as current advances in management. J Med Cases. 2020;11(8):234-238 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3506

Lymphatic involvement in endometrial cancer—an overview of embryological, anatomical and technical aspects

This article is the fourth in a series on the biological basis of child health. It explains the embryological development of the nervous system and describes some of the anatomical and physiological features of the central nervous system, which is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. It also outlines the principles of neurological assessment in infants and children, before detailing the presentation and management of three conditions that can affect the central nervous system in this patient population - seizures, meningitis and raised intracranial pressure.

Embryology of stapes has long been a topic of controversy. There are theories stating a single source to the dual origin of stapes. Chronic otitis media is also known to cause various acquired bony ossicular fixations. We present a case of an 11-year-old female with right chronic otitis media, active squamosal with cerebellar abscess who underwent drainage of cerebellar abscess followed by tympanomastoidectomy as a two-staged procedure. Intraoperatively, there were stapes suprastructure fusion to the fallopian canal and one crural attachment to the promontory. There are no clear criteria to differentiate bony fixation of congenital origin from acquired causes. This case also highlights the need to add a new subclass in the classification of minor middle ear anomalies given by Cremer, and our findings also support the dual origin for stapes development.

Tomographic data and associated computed tomographic models

The principle of complete mesenteric excision (CME) has been applied in colon cancer surgery for ten years. The concept of CME emphasized embryological anatomical complete resection of mesocolon, dissection of the central lymph nodes and high ligation of feeding vessels However, in the subsequent clinical application and promotion, it was found that the principle has not been accurately defined in many aspects, such as the boundary of the central lymph node dissection and the length of the bowel resection in the right colectomy for colon cancer. The quality control standards for CME procedure has also been clarified in the process of continuous practice. This article reviews the definition of extended laparoscopic resection of right colon cancer and the principles of CME operation, and discusses the evaluation criteria of extended laparoscopic resection of right colon cancer. Key words: Colonic neoplasms; Mesocolon; Laparoscopy; Complete mesocolic excision

Situs inversus totalis is a congenital condition characterized by the transposition of the thoracic and abdominal organs to the opposite side of the body. Situs inversus totalis is typically asymptomatic, however, these individuals are susceptible to certain defects and malformations such as vascular anomalies and mal-positioned viscera, which can result in a shortened lifespan. There are reports on penetrating abdominal injury in patients with situs inversus. In addition, the presence of pathology of thoracic and abdominal organs in situs inversus patients have been reported. However, from the literature reviewed, there is a paucity of reports on penetrating chest injuries in patients with situs inversus. Hence, we present a case of a patient who presented with a stab chest with situs inversus totalis and a brief discussion on the embryology of the condition.

Objective To study the vascular anatomy of duplex kidney and to provide a scientific basis for surgical resection of the renal segment. Methods From February 2012 to April 2018, the clinical data of 84 children with renal duplex kidney disease admitted to our hospital, were reviewed and analyzed. Among them, 75 cases (89.3%) were unilateral and 9 cases (10.7%) were bilateral. According to the preoperative CT+ CTA and the duplicated renal morphology, size, location, and anatomical relationship of the kidney segment, combined with the branches and passage of the renal artery which supplies the upper moiety, it described the blood supply of the upper renal moiety. At the same time, it analyzed various types of embryological related factors and gender differences and summarized the tips for laparoscopic surgery. Results Of the 93 duplex kidneys, 69 (74.2%) were supplied with 1 artery, and 25 (26.9%) were supplied with 2 or more arteries. Based on the shape and orifice of artery, they were divided into 3 types. The most common type was that the renal artery separated into two or more arteries near the renal parenchyma. The upper and lower renal poles were respectively supplied, which could be summarized as early branching, a total of 71 sides (76.3 %). The second type was the arteries from abdominal aorta or its branches, directly flowing into the upper renal pole, which was classified into the sub-renal artery, a total of 18 sides (19.4%). The others (4 sides, 3.3%) were less common, and most of them were a combination of the above-mentioned two types, and one of them whose upper pole was supplied by branches of adrenal artery. Based on the classification of vascular variability, no significant difference was found between males and fenmals, or left and right sides. Conclusions The upper renal moiety are mainly supplied by one branch of renal artery, and the most common type of this artery is prehilar branch, without gender difference. The determination of vascular variability before surgery can avoid bleeding during surgery and avoid accidental injury of normal blood vessels. Key words: Duplex kidney; Vascular anatomy; Laparoscopic surgery

Objective To discuss the application of blending learning based on MOOC in Histology and Embryology, so as to improve students' learning effectiveness. Methods Nursing undergraduates in class one of 2017 grade were randomly selected as experimental group (n=47), and nursing undergraduates in class two as control group (n=48), with blending learning and traditional teaching model adopted, respec-tively. SPSS 19.0 was applied to processing the data and T test were used to compare the results of the final exam of this course and the evaluation scale of students' independent learning ability in two groups. Results The experimental scores [(24.22±5.08) vs. (18.49±4.65)], paper test scores [(52.37±6.24) vs. (47.15±5.99)], and total score [(76.61±7.22) vs. (62.83±7.36)], which shows the scores of experimental group were statistically higher than those of the control group. According to the evaluation scale of students' inde-pendent learning ability, the self-learning ability of the experimental group was better than that of the control group, with significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Blending learning can be applied to the teaching of Histology and Embryology, which can effectively improve learning quality, with satisfactory teaching effects to both teachers and students. Key words: Massive open online courses; Blending learning; Histology and embryology; Tea-ching quality

Remembering Ülo Hussar – Estonian professor of histologyand embryology

Review of the Embryology of the Teeth

An appreciation of Professor Maciej Zenkteler, architect of plant in vitro culture and experimental embryology in Poland

Embryology and Evolution: A Re-examination of the Evidence