Ellipsoid Formula Research Articles

The relationship between ultrasonographically measured testicular volumes and cord blood inhibin B concentrations in healthy term male neonates

Serum inhibin B (INHB) concentrations are associated with testicular volumes (TV) in all periods of childhood. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between TV measured by ultrasonography (US) and cord blood inhibin B and total testosterone (TT) concentrations, stratified by mode of delivery. In total 90 male infants were included. Testes of healthy, term newborns were evaluated by US on the third day after delivery. TV were calculated using two formulae: The ellipsoid formula [length (mm) × width (mm2) × π/6] and Lambert formula [length (mm) x width (mm) x height (mm) x 0.71]. Cord blood was taken for the determination of total testosterone (TT) and INHB. TT and INHB concentrations were evaluated according to TV percentiles (<10th, 10th-90th, >90th). There was a strong positive correlation between mean TV calculated with both formulae by percentile group (r = 0.777, r = 0.804, r = 0.846; p < 0.001). Cord blood INHB, but not TT were significantly lower in newborns with TV < 10th percentile compared to those with TV between 10 and 90th percentile and > 90th percentile (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between left and right TV calculated by either formula, and cord blood INHB (r = 0.212, 0.313, 0.320, 0.246,p < 0.05), not TT. There was no significant difference between hormones and TV when grouped by mode of delivery (p > 0.05). The Lambert and ellipsoid formulas are equally reliable in calculating neonatal testicular by ultrasound. INHB concentration is high in cord blood and positively correlated with neonatal TV. Cord blood INHB concentration may be an indicator for early detection of testicular structure and function disorders in neonates.

Ultrasonografi ile Splenomegali Tespiti: Tek Ölçüm mü Yoksa Hacim Hesabı Mı?

Introduction Splenomegaly is an important finding for many diseases. Splenic long axis greater than eleven cm are investigated and sometimes invasive examinations are performed. Splenic size may differ depending on the age, gender, body mass index and racial differences. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between splenic dimensions and volume in the patients attended to gastroenterology outpatient clinics Material and Method Patients without a known disease and applied to gastroenterology outpatient clinic needed basic evaluation with ultrasonography are included in the study. A single skilled radiologist performed ultrasonographic measurements. Splenic volume is calculated by prolate ellipsoid formula (length × width × depth × 0.523). Results/Findings A total of 245 patients (146 female, 99 male) were enrolled in the study. In correlation analysis of spleen volume was positively correlated with height (r=0.505; p&amp;lt;0.05), weight (r=0.367; p&amp;lt;0.00), waist circumference(r=0.208; p&amp;lt;0.05), and body surface area (r=0.269; p&amp;lt;0.05) and negatively correlated with age (r=-0.269; p&amp;lt;0.05). ın logistic regression analysis, the main determinants of maximal length were found to be body surface area (BSA), age, and weight. Conclusion Splenic volume measurements are the mostly correlated with width of spleen. Splenic volume decreases with age and correlated with BSA and weight. Measuring splenic volume may be helpful in detecting splenomegaly.

#5172 ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RENAL VOLUME, PAIN, DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY IN PATIENTS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Abstract Background and Aims The most prevalent hereditary kidney disease is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Multiple cysts developing in the kidneys are a defining feature of this systemic, progressive disease. The quality of life, psychosocial load, and discomfort associated with renal volume in people with ADPKD have not been well studied. This study aimed to examine the relationship between renal volume, psychological issues brought on by pain and the burden of the disease, and deteriorating sleep quality in ADPKD patients. Method The study included sixty patients who were being treated in the nephrology clinic at the Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. The ADPKD Pain and Discomfort Scale (ADPKD-PDS), Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were assessed. The computed tomography ellipsoid formula was used to determine the total kidney volume, and kidney volume adjusted for body size was obtained for each patient. The eGFR values computed using the CKD-EPI algorithm and the patients' baseline biochemical parameters were recorded. Results The mean age at diagnosis was 31±13, and the mean total kidney volume (TKV) was 1526.35±1595.90. Eight (13.3%) individuals were determined to have mild mood disorders, whereas seven (11.7%) patients had borderline clinical depression. Four individuals (6.7%) were found to have severe anxiety. It was shown that 25% of the patients had poor sleep quality. There was no statistically significant difference in kidney volume between the depression groups or between the pain and discomfort scale sub-dimensions. (Table-1) Conclusion It was shown that, in accordance with the literature, the severity of depression increased as the patients' sleep quality declined in ADPKD patients. However, there was no significant relationship between kidney volume and the degree of anxiety, depression, pain or discomfort.

Neoclitoral location may affect sexual function in transgender women: a preliminary pelvic MRI study.

Assigned female at birth with anorgasmia possess a smaller clitoral glans and clitoral components farther from the vagina lumen than women with normal orgasmic function. There are no studies evaluating this correlation in operated transgender women. We evaluated whether differences in MRI measurements of neoclitoris volume and distance between the neoclitoris and the neovagina were correlated with differences in sexual function. We recruited for a prospective survey study 40 operated male to female patients (oMtF) who had undergone genital gender affirming surgery and postoperative pelvic MRI. Individual pelvic MRIs were reviewed by two blinded investigators, the three axes of the neoclitoris were measured and the volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula. The distance between the neoclitoris and the neovagina was also measured. Sexual functioning was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the operated Male to Female Sexual Function Index (oMtFSFI). Mean scores differences in FSFI, oMtFSFI were examined; associations with clitoral size, location, sexual functioning and demographical variables were investigated as well. The response rate was 55%, 11 MtFs operated with pubic neoclitoris technique (PNT) and 11 with neo-urethroclitoroplasty according to Petrović (NCP). The NCP group presented a neoclitoris mean volume of 1.04 (SD 0.39) cc vs 1.31 (SD 0.78) cc of the other group (p = 0.55). The mean distance between neoclitoris and neovagina was 4.20 (SD 0.57) cm in the PNT group and 2.55 (SD 0.45) in the NCP group (p < 0.001). Patients who had undergone NCP achieved a higher FSFI and oMtFSFI mean Total Score than those operated with the previous technique (FSFI 25.81 SD 3.02 vs 18.62 SD 9.92 p = 0.08; oMtFSFI 37.63 SD 8.28 vs 43.36 SD 13.02 p = 0.23). According to pelvic MRI measurements, this study suggests a correlation between neoclitoral location and oMtF sexual satisfaction.

Studying the effect of donor kidney volume ratios to recipients' body surface area, body mass index, and total body weight on post-transplant graft function.

The goal of this study was to retrospectively investigate the relationship between renal transplanted volume indexes (Total kidney volume (TKV)/Body surface area (BSA), Renal parenchymal volume (RPV)/BSA, Renal cortical volume (RCV)/BSA, RPV/Body mass index (BMI), RCV/BMI, RPV/Weight, RCV/Weight), and short- and long-term function of the graft. One-hundred and twelve live donor-recipient pairs from 2017 to 2018, whose donors underwent preoperative renal computed tomography angiography and recipients survived during 12months of follow-up, were included in this study. The crude and adjusted linear regressions for the effect of volume measurements by voxel and ellipsoid methods on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at different post-transplantation times demonstrated that the RPV/weight ratio had the most substantial crude effect on the eGFR 12months and 4 years after renal transplant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for six different renal volume ratios demonstrated no significant difference between these ratios in terms of discriminative ability (p value < 0.05). A strong direct correlation between TKV calculated by the ellipsoid formula with RPV and RCV measured using OsiriX software was noted. Analysis of ROC curves for renal volume indices has demonstrated fair to good discriminative ability of our cut-off points to estimate 4-year post-transplantation eGFR > 60mL/min. Renal transplant recipients' volume indices, such as RPV/weight, had strong correlations with eGFR at different points in time, and renal transplant recipients with the volume ratios higher than our cut-off points had a good chance of having a 4-year post-transplantation eGFR higher than 60mL/min.

Measuring pituitary tumor volume: a comparison of the simplified and non-simplified ellipsoid equation with the 3D planimetric volume assessment.

The ellipsoid equation came in an attempt to facilitate the estimation of tumor volume, by measuring the height, width, and anteroposterior length of the lesion. The estimated tumor volume can sometimes be different between methods, thus, it is of extreme interest to evaluate if the methods are significantly different, as well as to discuss the main limitations of each one. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. A systematic review of the literature was also performed in order to discuss the results observed in the present study. A total of 82 patients (43 males and 39 females) ranging in age from 15 to 78 years (mean 47.95 ± 14.76) were included in the study. Seven patients were classified as Knosp grade 0 (8.5%), 36 Knosp grade 1 (44%), 14 Knosp grade 2 (17%), 20 Knosp grade 3 (24.4%), 5 Knosp grade 4 (6.1%). The tumor volume estimated by 3D planimetric assessment, non-simplified ellipsoid equation, and simplified ellipsoid formula averaged 10.68cm³, 10.36cm³, and 9.9cm³ respectively. A simplified form of the ellipsoid equation increases the divergence between the measurement obtained in planimetry, and should be discouraged, in view of the new automated methods of performing quick calculations using periodic digits. The non-simplified form underestimated the tumor volume by 2.9% on average but did so regularly. In clinical practice, measurement should be accompanied by an evaluation of tumor morphology.

Comparison of prostate volume measured by transabdominal ultrasound and MRI with the radical prostatectomy specimen volume: a retrospective observational study

BackgroundFew studies have compared the use of transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure prostate volume (PV). In this study, we evaluate the accuracy and reliability of PV measured by TAUS and MRI.MethodsA total of 106 patients who underwent TAUS and MRI prior to radical prostatectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The TAUS-based and MRI-based PV were calculated using the ellipsoid formula. The specimen volume measured by the water-displacement method was used as a reference standard. Correlation analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were performed to compare different measurement methods and Bland Altman plots were drawn to assess the agreement.ResultsThere was a high degree of correlation and agreement between the specimen volume and PV measured with TAUS (r = 0.838, p < 0.01; ICC = 0.83) and MRI (r = 0.914, p < 0.01; ICC = 0.90). TAUS overestimated specimen volume by 2.4ml, but the difference was independent of specimen volume (p = 0.19). MRI underestimated specimen volume by 1.7ml, the direction and magnitude of the difference varied with specimen volume (p < 0.01). The percentage error of PV measured by TAUS and MRI was within ± 20% in 65/106(61%) and 87/106(82%), respectively. In patients with PV greater than 50 ml, MRI volume still correlated strongly with specimen volume (r = 0.837, p < 0.01), while TAUS volume showed only moderate correlation with specimen (r = 0.665, p < 0.01) or MRI volume (r = 0.678, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that PV measured by MRI and TAUS is highly correlated and reliable with the specimen volume. MRI might be a more appropriate choice for measuring the large prostate.

MP24-02 CLUSTER ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY CLINICAL PHENOTYPES

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP24-02 CLUSTER ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY CLINICAL PHENOTYPES Matthew Simmons, Nathaniel Taylor, W Carter Reed, Pablo Santamaria, Zachary Klaassen, Sherita King, and Martha Terris Matthew SimmonsMatthew Simmons More articles by this author , Nathaniel TaylorNathaniel Taylor More articles by this author , W Carter ReedW Carter Reed More articles by this author , Pablo SantamariaPablo Santamaria More articles by this author , Zachary KlaassenZachary Klaassen More articles by this author , Sherita KingSherita King More articles by this author , and Martha TerrisMartha Terris More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003249.02AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is a heterogeneous disease that is affected by multiple variables including infection, genetics and inflammation. This study assessed whether hierarchical cluster analysis could better characterize BPH patients. METHODS: Patients who underwent TURP or simple prostatectomy between January 2017 to August 2022 were reviewed. 92 patients who had CT imaging within 18m of surgery were selected. CT-based prostate volumes (PV) were calculated using the ellipsoid volume formula (L*W*H*(π/6)). Metabolic syndrome score (MetX) was calculated by adding normalized BMI score to the number of metabolic syndrome-related diseases present (i.e., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes mellitus each disease given a score of 1). Data were scaled using Z transformation. Hierarchical clustering was conducted with Heatmapper software using average linkage and Pearson distance measurement methodology. RESULTS: Mean age of the cohort was 68 (SD=8.5), and 40% were African American. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia and type II diabetes mellitus were present in 73%, 58% and 32% of patients, respectively. Mean prostate volume was 84 ml (SD=56). Median lobes (ML) were present in 26%. Intraprostatic calcifications (IPCs) were present in 37%. Clustering revealed three clear groupings. Group 1 cnsisted of men with IPCs. These men had lower than average age, PV, and MetX scores. Group 2 consisted of men with either MLs or high PV without concomitant high MetX score. Two categories of men were included in Group 2 - younger than average men with MLs; and older than average men men with high PVs. Group 3 consisted of men with high MetX score. Age and PV was lower than average in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster analysis identified three distinct clinical phenotypes of BPH. Classification of BPH subtypes may allow for improved diagnosis and therapy. Future studies will correlate molecular subtyping data and clinical outcomes data to further validate findings. Source of Funding: Medical College of Georgia © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e317 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Matthew Simmons More articles by this author Nathaniel Taylor More articles by this author W Carter Reed More articles by this author Pablo Santamaria More articles by this author Zachary Klaassen More articles by this author Sherita King More articles by this author Martha Terris More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

MP24-13 PROSTATE SHAPE AND INTRAVESICAL PROSTATIC PROTRUSION ASSESSED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ARE RELATED TO URINARY SYMPTOMS

MP24-13 PROSTATE SHAPE AND INTRAVESICAL PROSTATIC PROTRUSION ASSESSED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ARE RELATED TO URINARY SYMPTOMS

Indian Knowledge System’s Taxonomical, Iconic, &amp; Infographic ‘Chaitanyatma Model’ Depicting Research Levels

The present study validly connects modern scientific research &amp; the subjective truth. The rich Indian knowledge system’s ‘Chaitanyatma Research Levels Model’ is constitution of the manifest plus un-manifest Brahman in a single, reality based iconic infographic- The Shivalinga. By knowing the simplistic hierarchical model of creation &amp; evolution in the first place, modern researchers may be able to position &amp; correlate their research in the backdrop of the whole universe. Similar to Maharishi Kanad, the Set theory to classify the multi-level &amp; multi-dimensional elements was adopted, &amp; the Shivalinga shape derived based on the ellipsoid formula. Mathematical modelling method used to construct the empirical model. It resulted in the research based &amp; scientific form of Shivalinga. Bit similar in use to Mendeleev’s periodic table for Chemistry, yet, additionally, the proposed model extends to the broader research fields to specify, order, categories, &amp; acknowledge them. The taxonomy generated in the study can facilitate many integrated researches. Few examples of using the resultant model &amp; the latent connection of researches also explained here. It can be orienting the research to be more meaningful, precise, &amp; worthy to cherish the ideal of ‘science for the society’.

Is transrectal ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging better at estimating prostatic volume for patients with prostate cancer?

314 Background: Determining the correct size (volume) of the prostate is imperative for patients with prostate cancer. Prostate size can affect many parameters in patient care such as cores in a biopsy taken and available treatment options. Traditionally, most patients underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) during prostate biopsy to estimate prostatic volume. While TRUS is still used to estimate prostate volume, more recently prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has also come into favor. Current literature indicates MRI is more accurate than TRUS for prostate size, but few studies exist, and whether differences in the two are clinically significant remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to compare prostate volumes from TRUS and MRI to gross specimens after prostatectomy. Methods: Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer between 2017–2022 were identified. TRUS and MRI measurements closest to the date of surgery were obtained. These were compared to gross prostate specimens after surgery, which was considered the gold standard. All TRUS volumes were recorded by a urologist during prostate biopsy using the ellipsoid formula (L*W*H*(π/6)). MRI measurements were done by a radiologist also using the ellipsoid formula. The weight and dimensions of gross specimens were measured by a pathologist. Ellipsoid formula was then used to calculate final volume measurements in gross specimens. Paired samples t-test was used to compare averages of TRUS and MRI to the gross specimen. Results: 83 patients were included in the study with an average age at prostatectomy of 65.47 years. TRUS volume significantly differed from gross specimen volume by an average of –4.56 mL (p=0.017) and gross specimen weight by -14.31 g (p &lt;0.001). MRI volume was not significantly different from gross specimen volume, by an average of –0.56 mL (p=0.771) and was significantly different from prostate weight by –10.32 g (p &lt;0.001). When compared to one another, TRUS and MRI significantly differed on average by –4 mL (p=0.033). Conclusions: MRI is more accurate than TRUS to estimate prostate volume. Both MRI and TRUS underestimate prostate weight. Urologists should be aware of potential inaccuracies when assessing preoperative prostate volume with TRUS, and recognize MRI is the best predictor of size. While imperfect, TRUS is still relatively accurate measuring prostate volume, and given its ease of availability and cost, we feel it is a useful modality to determine prostate size. [Table: see text]

Renal Functional Response-Association With Birth Weight and Kidney Volume

Renal functional response (RFR) is the acute increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after a protein load. Low RFR is a marker of single nephron hyperfiltration. Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with reduced number of nephrons, lower kidney function, and smaller kidneys in adults. In the present study, we investigate the associations among LBW, kidney volume, and RFR. We studied adults aged 41 to 52 years born with either LBW (≤2300 g) or normal birth weight (NBW; 3500-4000 g). GFR was measured using plasma clearance of iohexol. A stimulated GFR (sGFR) was measured on a separate day after a protein load of 100 g using a commercially available protein powder, and RFR was calculated as delta GFR. Kidney volume was estimated from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images using the ellipsoid formula. A total of 57 women and 48 men participated. The baseline mean ± SD GFR was 118 ± 17 ml/min for men and 98 ± 19 ml/min for women. The overall mean RFR was 8.2 ± 7.4 ml/min, with mean RFR of 8.3 ± 8.0 ml/min and 8.1 ± 6.9 ml/min in men and women, respectively (P= 0.5). No birth-related variables were associated with RFR. Larger kidney volume was associated with higher RFR, 1.9 ml/min per SD higher kidney volume (P= 0.009). Higher GFR per kidney volume was associated with a lower RFR,-3.3ml/min per SD (P< 0.001). Larger kidney size and lower GFR per kidney volume were associated with higher RFR. Birth weight was not shown to associate with RFR in mainly healthy middle-aged men and women.

Prostatic zonal parameters and lower urinary tract symptoms as quantified via magnetic resonance imaging.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common diagnosis among aging males; however, the relationship between prostate volume and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) severity is imperfect. The goal of this study was to comprehensively investigate the relationship between various prostate zone-based parameters measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and LUTS. Data were retrospectively collected for 144 patients who underwent MRI between 2015 and 2017 at a single institution. Prostate volumes were measured on sagittal and axial T2 weighted using the prostate ellipsoid formula. Only transition zone thickness (TZT) correlated with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (Pearson's=0.33; p=0.007). The intraprostatic protrusion (IPP) component (rho 0.261; p=0.036), transitional zone volume (TZV) (rho 0.264; p=0.034), and TZT (Pearson's correlation 0.422; p<0.001) all correlated with worsening QoL scores. In total, 97.9% of men had the presence of an IPP (>0 mm) and larger IPPs were found in older men with higher postvoid residual volumes. Larger peripheral zone volume (PZV) (odds ratio [OR] 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-12.30, p<0.05), TZV (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.69-21.35, p<0.05), and TZT (OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.17-13.69, p<0.05) were predictive of developing severe LUTS; however, IPP (p=0.122) was not. TZV, TZT, and IPP all demonstrated a role in the evaluation of LUTS with predictive capabilities. IPP is very common but not always clinically significant. Clarifying more precise zonal parameters and their relationship with LUTS may ultimately help clinicians guide the need for surgical intervention more precisely.

Is the Ellipsoid Formula Reliable in Prostate MRI?

Our study seeks to study the accuracy of the ellipsoidal formula in prostate MRI of different sizes and to establish the limits of its use. The study included 31 patients with a well-visualized, intact prostatic capsule, excluding malignantly transformed prostates, as well as treated prostates, in which the contrast between the prostatic capsule and parenchyma is reduced. Each patient's prostatic volume was recalculated according to the ellipsoidal formula, and then it was compared with the prostatic volume calculated by the segmentation method. The two calculated volumes were similar, in some cases almost identical, with a slight tendency to underestimate prostate volume below 100cm3, in total in 18 cases, on average by 7.6% (+/-6%), overestimation of those with a volume over 100cm3, a total of 13 cases, on average by 3.2% (+/-2.5%), and of all, in 4 cases the difference between the two formulas was below 1%. There was no statistical difference between the two variables, Student's t-test p-value=0.039. With a precision of 92% (+/-6%), the ellipsoidal formula can be considered accurate when it is correctly performed, but if we take into account the importance that PSA density is starting to have in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, the calculation of a secondary value through the segmentation method or high-precision software can be motivated when the ellipsoidal formula returns a value close to a threshold.

Development and characterization of patient-derived xenograft models of colorectal cancer for testing new pharmacological substances

The aim of the study was to create a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of human colorectal cancer and to determine its histologic and molecular characteristics, such as the status of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes and the presence of microsatellite instability.Materials and methods. First generation xenograft models in vivo were created using tumors from patients with colorectal cancer (n = 4) and immunodeficient Balb/c Nude mice (n = 20); second, third, and fourth generation models were created in the same mouse line (n = 3 for each generation). A caliper was used to measure subcutaneous xenografts; their size was calculated by the ellipsoid formula. Cryopreservation involved immersing the samples in a freezing medium (80% RPMI 1640, 10% fetal bovine serum, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and storing them at –80 °C. The histologic analysis was performed according to the standard technique (preparation of paraffin blocks and staining of microsections with hematoxylin and eosin). Mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes were determined by direct Sanger sequencing; microsatellite instability was determined by the fragment analysis at five loci: Bat-25, Bat-26, NR21, NR24, and NR27.Results. Stable, transplantable xenografts of colorectal cancer were obtained from two out of four patients. The average waiting time from the implantation to the growth of the first generation xenograft was 28 days. The latency phase after cryopreservation was comparable to that at the creation of the first generation PDX model. The model reproduced the histotype, grade and mutational status of the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes, as well as microsatellite instability of the donor tumor.Conclusion. The developed model of human colorectal cancer was characterized in terms of growth dynamics, cryopreservation tolerance, and histologic and molecular genetic parameters.

Sonographic measurement of splenic size and its correlation with body parameters.

There are controversies regarding the normal size of the adult spleen and its correlation with age, sex and body parameters. The present study aimed to establish a reference value of splenic dimensions, volume and their correlations with different body parameters. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 healthy adult volunteers of both sexes. Age, sex, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. The ultrasound measurements of spleen parameters included length, thickness and width. The spleen volume was calculated using the standard prolate ellipsoid formula (length x thickness x width x0.523). The mean ± SD age was 38.7±14 years, the mean height was 166±9.9 cm, the mean weight was 74.7±15.8 kg and the mean BMI was 27±5 kg/m2. The mean spleen length, thickness, width and volume were 10.68±1.28 cm, 4.1±0.58 cm, 7.3±0.9 cm and 174.4±52.4 ml, respectively. Males had larger spleen parameters than females. Spleen volume significantly correlated with the subjects' height (r=0.655, P<0.001) and weight (r=0.643, P<0.001). However, weaker correlations were detected between age (r=-0.238, P<0.001) and BMI (r=0.299, P<0.001) with spleen volume. A higher significant correlation was found between spleen volume and spleen length rather than with its thickness and width. In the present study, the normative data of splenic dimensions and volume have been provided and may be used in certain clinical situations.

Assessment of Prostate Volume and Prostate-specific Antigen Density With the Segmentation Method on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

This study aimed to compare the prostate volume (PV) and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) obtained using the ellipsoid volume formula or segmentation methods on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and further predict prostate cancer (PCa). Retrospectively, the enrolled patients underwent prostate MRI and had PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/ml. The PV was measured with both the ellipsoid volume formula (PVe) and the segmentation method (PVs). The transitional zone volume (TZV) was measured with the segmentation method. The PSADe, PSADs, and PSAD_TZV were calculated. Bland-Altman plots were used to compare the agreements. ROC curve analysis was used to compare the diagnostic accuracies to predict PCa. The results were also compared between the PCa and the no-PCa groups, and among tumors with different locations and different Gleason scores (GS). Seventy-six of the 117 enrolled patients were classified into the PCa group. There were high agreements between PVs and PVe as well as between PSADs and PSADe, while several outliers were mainly due to post-transurethral resection of the prostate changes and irregular hyperplastic nodules. The diagnostic accuracy of PSADe (AUC: 0.732) was slightly higher than that of PSADs (AUC: 0.729) and PSAD_TZV (AUC: 0.715). The PSADe and PSADs were not different among different tumor locations but were higher in GS ≥7 lesions (both p=0.006). The segmentation method can be an alternative method to measure PV and calculate PSAD before prostate biopsy, particularly in post-transurethral resection of the prostate patients or those with irregular hyperplastic nodules.

Is Preoperative Ultrasonographic Thyroid Gland Volume a Good Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Thyroidectomy?: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Thyroidectomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure, especially in areas with a high prevalence of thyroid disorders. Accurate estimation of thyroid volume is crucial for evaluating and managing these conditions, as thyroidectomy in patients with enlarged thyroids can lead to specific concerns regarding optimal preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. Aim: To assess the relationship between thyroid volume and thyroidectomy complications, specifically Vocal Cord Paralysis (VCP) and hypocalcaemia, using preoperative ultrasound and ellipsoid volumetric analysis. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study in the General Surgery ward at a Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India. A total of 70 patients (64 females and six males) with benign thyroid swelling underwent total Thyroidectomy between June 2020 and December 2020. Follow- up was conducted for one year until December 2021. Thyroid gland volume was assessed using ultrasound and calculated using the ellipsoid formula. Based on volume, patients were classified into two groups: 1) &lt;50 mL (mild enlargement), and 2) &gt;50 mL (moderate to severe enlargement). Preoperative examination of vocal cords was performed by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Serum calcium levels were measured 48 hours postoperatively, or earlier if symptomatic. Hypocalcaemia was defined as corrected calcium &lt;8.4 mg/dL. The association between thyroid gland volume and complications was analysed to determine if volume could be an effective factor in patient morbidity. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Chi-square test was used for qualitative analysis, with a significance level set at p&lt;0.05. Results: The mean thyroid volume for patients with volumes &lt;50 mL and &gt;50 mL was 26.9 mL and 103.2 mL, respectively. Temporary hypocalcaemia (resolving within six months) was significantly higher in patients with volumes &lt;50 mL (p=0.044). Temporary VCP was significantly more frequent in patients with larger volumes (p=0.027). No intraoperative complications were observed in the present study. Conclusion: Thyroid gland volume appears to be an important factor influencing thyroidectomy complications. Smaller thyroid volumes are associated with an increased risk of postoperative hypocalcaemia, while larger volumes are associated with a higher risk of VCP.

Simple drainage versus drainage with minocycline infusion for symptomatic hepatic cysts.

Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic hepatic cysts includes simple drainage and drainage with sclerosing agents. We compared the efficacy of simple drainage with that of drainage with minocycline infusion for treating symptomatic hepatic cysts. We retrospectively evaluated 11 patients who underwent percutaneous drainage of symptomatic hepatic cysts. In seven cases, minocycline infusion was added at the discretion of the clinician. Cyst volume was evaluated before drainage, immediately after drainage, and after long-term follow-up. Cyst volume was calculated before treatment by multiplying the orthogonal diameters using the ellipsoid formula. Relapse was defined as the regrowth of the cyst with symptoms. Cyst volume immediately after drainage and after long-term follow-up was significantly less than that before treatment for the drainage with minocycline infusion group (p<0.05) but not for the simple drainage group. The relapse rates were 25% (1/4) for the simple drainage group and 0% for the drainage with minocycline infusion group. Drainage with minocycline infusion could be a promising option for treating symptomatic hepatic cysts, although simple drainage was not reliable.

Assessment of Relationship between Clinical Manifestation of Chiari Malformation Type I and Volumetric Measurement of Cerebellar Tonsils Herniation within Foramen Magnum

Introduction: Chiari malformation type I (CMI) is diagnosis based on clinical and radiological measurement of cerebellar tonsils herniation of 5mm or more below the foramen magnum (FM). The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between clinical presentation of CMI and cerebellar tonsils herniation measured in 3dimensions (3D), cerebellar tonsils volume and T/F volume ratio (cerebellar tonsils volume/foramen magnum). Methods: The study included 96 patients with CMI based on study sample size and power calculation.3D measurement of cerebellar tonsils was made, the volume of cerebellar tonsils was calculated using ellipsoid volume formula. The transverse diameter of FM measured and the volume of FM calculated using sphere formula. We computed non-parametric statistical tests and hypothesis testing to analyze correlation and variation of cerebellar tonsils measurements, cerebellar tonsils volume, and T/F volume ratio in relation to severity of myelopathy using mJOA (modified Japanese Orthopedics association) score and headache severity using NRS (Numerical Rate Score). Results: The finding showed a correlation between myelopathy severity and the volume of herniated cerebellar tonsils as well as correlation between myelopathy severity and T/F volume ratio (Cerebellar tonsil volume/Foramen magnum volume). There was also correlation between headache severity and cerebellar tonsil volume as well as T/F volume ratio. Conclusion: Consideration of both clinical presentation and radiological measurement in assessment of CMI is crucial, rather than considering only cut off of 5 mm descent of cerebellar tonsils herniation in midsaggital view. Cerebellar tonsils volume and T/F volume ratio are the indicators of severity of myelopathy and headache severity as shown in the study