Background/objectives: Although informative, current insights into the inflammatory nature of colorectal cancer (CRC) have yet to have a meaningful impact on the prevention of, and development of novel therapies for, the treatment of this prevalent and challenging disease. Accordingly, the current study was focused on identifying putative, key, systemic, mostly pro-inflammatory biomarkers of metastatic CRC (mCRC) prognosis and outcome. Methods: Patients with mCRC (n = 38) and matched healthy controls (n = 30) were recruited to the study. A multiplex magnetic bead array system and an ELISA procedure were used to measure the plasma concentrations of selected cytokines (n = 25) and that of C-reactive protein (CRP) by immunonephelometry. Systemic inflammatory indices (n = 5) were derived from the hematological data. Results: Plasma levels of 17/25 of the cytokine biomarkers and CRP were found to be significantly elevated, while the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio proved to be the most useful of the various inflammatory indices. Subgroup analysis of the data derived from the group of mCRC patients revealed that the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response was mostly unaffected by tumor location, age, gender, and treatment line. The exception was time to progression, with a shorter time (<120 days) being associated with increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data revealed a possible association with a small group of four cytokines, comprising IL-1β, IL-13, IL-6/CRP and TGF-β1. Conclusions: This study confirms a strong association of established mCRC with cytokine-driven systemic inflammation. Four of these cytokines, IL-1β/IL-13 IL-6/CRP, and TGF-β1, appear prominent and are possibly indicative of novel targetable therapeutic options.

Abstract Background Autoantibodies targeting the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) have been identified in ulcerative colitis (UC) and represent a novel predictive and diagnostic tool. Since the antigen presents a naturally bound phospholipid, we aimed to assess a potential role of EPCR lipidation on the detection of anti-EPCR antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods To this end, serum samples from patients with UC, Crohns disease, and healthy controls were analyzed using an in-house ELISA employing either lipidated or delipidated recombinant EPCR. Results Overall, male UC patients showed significantly higher absorbance (mean = 1.09) than CD patients (mean = 0.50) and controls (mean = 0.37). Remarkably, in males, the difference between UC patients and controls was highly significant (p = 1.2e-07), as was the difference between UC and CD patients (p = 5.7e-05). In women, while UC patients showed higher absorbance (mean = 0.71) than controls (mean = 0.45), the difference was less pronounced and only significant when comparing UC to controls (p = 0.023). Replacement of native EPCR with delipidated EPCR in the ELISA procedure dropped detection and eliminated the UC-CD discrimination power (p = 0.784). Conclusion These findings indicate a role for the bound lipid as key determinant of male-biased, anti-EPCR reactivity, and support the diagnostic potential of this biomarker when assay conditions preserve the physiological lipid-bound state of EPCR.

Blackleg, caused by Clostridium chauvoei, remains a serious disease of cattle and small ruminants. Potency testing of C. chauvoei vaccines is still based on guinea pig challenge assays, which in this study involved 300 Wistar Albino guinea pigs (350–450 g). Although regarded as the reference method, it is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and raises animal welfare concerns. This study aimed to evaluate whether an antigen-based ELISA could serve as a rapid, reproducible, and animal-friendly in vitro alternative for potency testing of inactivated C. chauvoei vaccines. Twenty commercial vaccines (15 with C. chauvoei antigen, 5 without) were evaluated by both the guinea pig challenge test and a flagellar antigen–specific ELISA. For each vaccine, 10 guinea pigs were vaccinated and 5 remained as controls. Relative potency (RP) was calculated against a standardized reference vaccine. Correlation between methods, sensitivity, and specificity were determined. The ELISA achieved 93.3% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 95.0% relative accuracy. RP values of positive vaccines ranged from 1.02 to 5.44, showing a strong correlation with in vivo results (r = 0.882, p < 0.001). Intra-plate (CV < 10%) and inter-plate (CV < 15%) variation were within acceptable limits. No false positives occurred, and vaccines lacking C. chauvoei antigen produced very low RP values. The developed ELISA represents a reliable alternative to animal testing, significantly reducing both animal use and testing duration while maintaining accuracy. Implementation would align with 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) and enhance the efficiency of vaccine quality control protocols.

Establishment of an indirect ELISA procedure for detecting Aeromonas infections on the basis of flagellar cap protein FliD antigen in Cyprinus carpio

The use of e-cigarettes has skyrocketed in recent years due to a lack of awareness about the dangers and problems connected to these devices. This is particularly accurate given that the nicotine content may be adjusted, which over time may induce addiction. In order to ascertain its detrimental effects on the immune system, this study sought to ascertain how it affected several immunological components. 68 participants (male), 56 of whom were smokers and 12 of whom served as control samples, were examined using ELISA and CBC procedures to measure the concentration of these variables. Participant were aged between 19 and 46 years. While the remaining blood components exhibited elevated concentration at ages 30 and above, the results indicated that there were highly significant changes in blood components when compared to the control and for years 19–29. All blood component rates were noticeably higher than in control samples. In comparison to control samples, smokers had higher levels of IL-12, IL-5, and IFN-γ, and people under the age of 29 had higher levels of IL-5 and IFN-γ than people older than them. The levels of IL-12 were comparable to the control samples, but the levels of IL-5 and IFN-γ rose dramatically with longer smoking times and showed a strong, significant connection. While IL-12 levels did not clearly rise in response to rising nicotine concentrations in contrast to control samples, IL-5 and IFN-γ levels did rise noticeably.

Levomilnacipran alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic dysfunction in male Wistar albino rats; emerging role of α-Klotho/TLR4/p38-MAPK/NF-κB p65 and caspase-3-driven apoptosis trajectories.

The devastating tristeza epidemic swept through South American citrus groves in the 1930s and subsequently spread to most citrus-growing regions worldwide, causing varying degrees of damage and prompting significant changes in citrus cultivation practices. The causal agent of the disease, citrus tristeza virus (CTV), belongs to the genus Closterovirus in the family Closteroviridae. CTV virions are approximately two microns long and possess the largest known positive-strand RNA genome in plants, spanning 19.3 kb. The history of tristeza disease and CTV's molecular biology and taxonomic relationships have been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature. This paper primarily focuses on the author's personal experiences with tristeza disease and its causal agent over the past six decades. The journey began during a period when biological indexing was the primary diagnostic tool. It later progressed through the isolation of purified CTV particles, which served as a practical diagnostic tool for CTV suppression efforts in Israel during the 1970s. However, biological indexing was first replaced by electron microscopy, followed by ELISA procedures; both were eventually abandoned after it was discovered that many ELISA-positive infections were caused by symptomless CTV isolates, even on trees grafted onto sour orange rootstocks. In retrospect, my work on CTV can be categorized into three main phases. It began with the biological phase, inherited from earlier generations of citrus virologists, followed by the isolation and partial characterization of CTV virions, and culminated in the genomic era. While we live in an age of remarkable biotechnological achievements, my recommendation for future CTV research is to integrate both biological and genomic approaches rather than viewing them as mutually exclusive. This is particularly important for economically significant pathogens such as CTV, which should be studied continuously as both biological agents and molecular pathogens.

Background: Hidden hunger is an alarming concern, which has affected more than 2 billion people across the globe. Of all micronutrients, zinc is necessary for different body functions. The prevalence of zinc deficiency is high in Pakistan. Different strategies to eliminate the zinc deficiency are in practice but bio-fortification is best among all. Bio-fortified zinc flour was used for the first time in Pakistan to evaluate the effect of zinc on the serum thyroid hormones level among adolescent girls. Objective: To measure the level of thyroid hormones after the intake of biofortified zinc wheat flour for 6 months by the adolescent girls of brick kiln areas of Peshawar. Materials and Methods: It was a case control study, conducted in the brick kiln areas of Peshawar and Khyber Medical University, Peshawar. The study was commenced in July, 2022 and was carried till December, 2023. Adolescent girls aged 10-16 years from Peshawar were divided into 2 groups, one group was receiving Galaxy variety wheat flour & the other group was receiving bio-fortified zinc wheat flour. Blood samples were collected at baseline and post intervention point (after provision of wheat flours for six months) and these samples were analyzed through ELISA procedure, to evaluate the change in the serum thyroid profile of the participants. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 22. Results: In this research study, after the provision of Galaxy and biofortified variety wheat flour for six months, no significant change was observed in plasma zinc concentration of the two groups. Moreover, serum 'T3' and 'T4' levels were not significantly changed whereas, only serum 'TSH' levels was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the biofortified group. Conclusion: By comparative analysis between Galaxy and biofortified groups, serum 'TSH' levels were observed as significantly changed whereas, plasma zinc concentration, serum 'T3' and serum 'T4' values showed no significant changes. Keywords: Adolescent girl, Biofortification, ELISA, T3, T4, TSH.

BackgroundCA19.9 is the unique marker recommended for the preoperative staging and the follow-up of patients suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) but up to 30% of PDAC patients maintain normal CA19.9 values and cannot be monitored in this way. Lewis a (Lea Galβ1,3[Fucα1,4]GlcNAc) and b (Leb, Fucα1,2Galβ1,3[Fucα1,4]GlcNAc) are antigens which are structurally similar to sialyl-Lewis a (Siaα2,3Galβ1,3[Fucα1,4]GlcNAc), the epitope of CA19.9. MethodsWe set an ELISA procedure determining the levels of Lea, Leb, and CA19.9 in the blood of healthy individuals or PDAC patients. Moreover, such antigens were also detected in cancer resections by immunofluorescence microscopy, and the levels of glycosyltransferase transcripts involved in Lewis antigen biosynthesis were determined by RT-qPCR. ResultsIn our cohort of 116 healthy individuals, the distribution of circulating Lea and Leb was similar to that of CA19.9, allowing us to set putative cutoff values for both antigens. In a cohort of 115 PDAC patients, the differential distribution with respect to the controls was statistically significant for both antigens (p < 0.001). Out of 37 patients presenting normal CA19.9 values, 15 patients presented Lea or Leb above the cutoffs. By immunofluorescence, Lea, Leb and CA19.9 were all detected in cancer resections and expression levels were heterogeneous among patients in terms of intensity, localization and diffusion. The levels of relevant glycosyltransferase transcripts were found to be heterogeneous between cancers of different patients and no association was detectable with the levels of any circulating antigen. ConclusionsThe concurrent quantification of Lea and Leb together with CA19.9 improves the management of PDAC patients.

Background and Objectives: Hepatic cirrhosis is a disease with an increasing frequency globally, but its mechanisms of disease development are not yet completely known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between thyroid hormone levels (T3, fT4, and TSH) and survival in patients with chronic liver disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 419 patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis were included in the study. The MELD score was computed, and TSH, T3, and fT4 were collected from each patient using the ELISA procedure. Signs and symptoms of liver failure and portal hypertension confirmed the clinical diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, and biological tests and imaging methods confirmed the diagnosis. Results: The MELD score was positively associated with TSH on admission and TSH on discharge and negatively associated with T3 at discharge. TSH levels were higher in non-survivors than in survivors. The values of T3 and fT4 present no significant changes to be considered as prognostic factors. Conclusions: Although the differences between the median TSH values of the patients who died and those who survived are not very large, the statistical significance of the data obtained demonstrates that there are changes in metabolism of the thyroid hormones during the progression of liver cirrhosis. It is possible that TSH is the one which maintains the normal balance of thyroid activity for patients with liver cirrhosis, so it can be considered as an important marker of evolution of these patients.

Background: In cases with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), attention should be given to the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which are responsible for an excess burden of morbidity & mortality. In cases with RA and SLE, the cardiovascular system (CVS) should be evaluated for early detection of subclinical cardiovascular affection. Objective: To assess serum interleukin-21 level and IL-21 genetic polymorphism association with the CVS risk in cases with RA and SLE. Patients and methods: Seventy patients with RA, seventy patients with SLE and seventy matched controls were included in the study. Measurements of serum IL-21 levels were conducted by using ELISA procedure, and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the genotypes. Cardiovascular assessment was done by: electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis by intima media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery and evaluation of endothelial function by flow mediated dilation (ED-FMD) of the brachial artery. Results: Serum interleukin-21 level was significantly higher in cases compared to healthy controls (HC), with significant elevation in clinically active patients. A significant relationship between serum IL-21 level with activity score, ejection fraction, intima media thickness, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and flow mediated dilatation was found. Patients with rs6822844 GT and TT haplotypes showed higher frequency of subclinical cardiovascular abnormalities in RA (p=0.0002, 0.01) and in SLE (p=0.001, 0.025) patients’ groups respectively. Conclusion: IL-21 may be a potential biomarker of cardiovascular risk in RA and SLE, and could be used as a possible target for new therapeutic agents. IL-21 polymorphism was significantly accompanied by inherited predisposition to RA and SLE and their associated cardiovascular morbidity.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) associated with cervical, uterine, and anogenital cancers. Persistent infection with HPV is associated with abnormal cervical cells, which can develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Human papillomaviruses are the first viruses to have been acknowledged to prompt carcinogenesis, and they are linked with cancers of the uterine cervix, anogenital tumours, and head and neck malignancies. A hospital-based study of HIV-infected women across the three senatorial zones of Plateau State, Nigeria, was conducted between November 2018 to November 2020. Ethical approval for the study was first obtained from the ethical committee of Plateau State Specialist Hospital Jos, and informed consent to participate in the research was also obtained from each participant. HIV status confirmation was first done through standard rapid test procedures, followed by cytology testing via the Pap smear procedure to detect any precancerous or malignant changes in the cervix. Subsequent detection of HPV utilized the ELISA procedure, while CD4+ cell count and viral load estimations were done using flow cytometry and nucleic acid amplification techniques, respectively. Questionnaires were administered to obtain information on cervical cancer risk factors and clinical presentations. The overall prevalence of HPV was 28% among HIV-infected women. More HPV infection (31.9%) occurred in women with low CD4+ count (0-200 cells/mm3 ), and also highest (50.0%) among women with the highest HIV viral load (&gt;100 copies/mL). The possible risk factors identified in this study include multiple sexual partnering, low condom usage, and coinfection with other STIs, among others. In conclusion, this study identified a high HPV prevalence, low CD4+ counts, and coinfection with other STIs among high-risk populations (HIV-infected women). We, therefore, recommend improved sexual behaviours and further research on the impact of low immunity on the rate of progression of cervical abnormality to cervical cancer, not just in HIV-positive women but in the general population.

Good Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices, introduction of Rotavirus vaccination, zinc supplementation and improved nutrition have contributed significantly to the reduction of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality globally by 50%. In spite of these gains, diarrhoea still remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under-five. Causes of diarrhoea are multifaceted with many factors such as seasonality, behaviour, pathogenicity, epidemiology, etc. However, assessments on the causes of diarrhoea have generally been tackled in silos over the years focusing only on particular causes. In this study, we describe an integrated approach (evaluating WASH interventions implantation processes, assessing epidemiolocal risk factors, and identifying pathogens causing diarrhoea) for assessing determinants of diarrhoea. The study has ethical approval from the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee (GHSERC:020/07/22). It will employ three approaches; a process evaluation and a case-control study and laboratory analysis of diarrhoea samples. The process evaluation will assess the detailed procedures taken by the Anloga district to implement WASH interventions. A desk review and qualitative interviews with WASH stakeholders purposively sampled will be done. The evaluation will provide insight into bottlenecks in the implementation processes. Transcribed interviews will be analysed thematically and data triangulated with reviews. A 1:1 unmatched case-control study with 206 cases and 206 controls to determine risk factors associated with diarrhoea in children under-five will also be done. Odds ratios at 5.0% significance level would be calculated. Stool samples of cases will be taken and tested for diarrhoea pathogens using Standard ELISA and TAQMAN Array Card laboratory procedures. It is expected that this framework proposed would become one of the robust approaches for assessing public health community interventions for diseases. Through the process evaluation, epidemiological case-control study and pathogen identification, we would be able to identify the gaps in the current diarrhoea assessments, come up with tailored recommendations considering the existing risk and assumptions and involve the relevant stakeholders in reducing the diarrhoea burden in a coastal setting in Ghana.

PurposeQuality of life (QoL), appetite, cachexia, and biomarkers [albumin, hemoglobin (Hb), neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) and citrullinated histoneH3 (H3Cit)] were compared for 40 cases with advanced cancer and 40 healthy controls. Baseline differences and significant relationships were explored for biomarkers with QoL, appetite, and cachexia.MethodsIn a prospective case–control, age and sex matched study, the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life–C30 questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30) for QoL, the Functional Assessment of Anorexia and Cachexia Therapy assessment (FAACT A/CS-12) for appetite, and a five-factor cachexia assessment tool for cachexia assessment were performed. Routine hematological measurements and blood chemistry analyses together with ELISA procedures and a Multiplex® bead array platform, were used for biomarker analysis. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were undertaken. P < 0.05 defined statistical significance.ResultsGlobal health status (QL-G), functional scales (QL-FS), and symptom scales (QL-SS) differed for cases and controls (p < 0.01). In cases, differences were observed for QL-G (p < 0.01), QL-FS (p < 0.01), and QL-SS (p = 0.01) compared to standardized references values. FAACT A/CS-12 scores differed significantly between cases and controls (p < 0.01) and 30% of cases scored “poor” appetites. Cachexia was present in 60% of cases. Albumin, lymphocytes, platelets, Hb, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), CRP, TNFα, all at p < 0.01, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = 0.02), IL-6 (p < 0.04), and IL-8 (p = 0.02) differed significantly between cases and controls. No difference was found for CXCL5 or H3Cit. Albumin NLR, Hb, PLR, SII, TNFα, IL-8, and CRP showed significant relationships with all aspects of QoL. QL-FS was significantly related to CXCL5 (p = 0.04), significant relationships with FAACT A/CS-12 included: NLR (p = 0.002), Hb (p < 0.001), and PLR (p < 0.01). NLR, PLR, SII, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, and CRP correlated positively to cachexia and albumin while Hb and lymphocyte count correlated negatively to cachexia.ConclusionCXCL5 and H3Cit were not reliable biomarkers for cancer cachexia, nor significantly related to QoL, appetite or cachexia. Albumin, NLR, Hb, PLR, SII, TNFα, IL-8, and CRP were reliable indicators of QoL, appetite, and cachexia. Future research should include other novel biomarkers namely growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), fractakline, interferon gamma (IFN-y), IL-16, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and macrophage procoagulant–inducing factor (MPIF).

The lumpy diseases is an infectious disease. It is caused by viruses (LSDV) of the family Capripoxvirus.An investigation on the risk variables linked to the proliferation of LSD in Ethiopia has been conducted through a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study LSD virus,virus has been detected in stomoxy calcitrans and Anopheles stephens. virus can survive in necrotic skin for about 33 days and remains viable for at least 18 days in air-dried skin lesions at room temperature. The virus has been reported to persist in necrotic skin nodules for up to 33 days or longer, in dried crusts for up to 35 days and at least 18 days in air-dried hides.LSD has gross lesions that are well-described. Skin nodules are typically elevated, hard, and spherical in shape, however some might fuse together to form enormous, uneven plaques with defined boundaries. Biphasic fever, a clinical symptom of LSD, is characterised by two episodes of fever that develop after a varying incubation period of 4–12 days (typically 7 days). The affected animals' body temperature rises to 40–41.5°C, and this can last for at least 6–72 hours and, in exceptional cases, up to 10 days.To guarantee sufficient defence against LSD, susceptible adult cattle should receive a yearly vaccination.To reduce the possibility of the disease spreading by vectors, cattle should get routine treatments with insect repellents. While not completely effective, this method can lower the likelihood of transmission..The first report of LSD's clinical symptoms was published in Zambia (Morris 1931 ) The affected animals displayed symptoms of nasal discharge, emaciation, necrotic plaques in the mouth and nose mucous membranes, and excessive salivation. The most popular technique for diagnosis is full-thickness skin biopsies or scabs with electron microscopy showing the presence of characteristic capripox virions.To identify the antigens, techniques such as ELISA, PCR, and viral neutralization test procedures are helpful. Doctors may administer vitamin injections, anti-inflammatory drugs, or antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infection fever and inflammation.needed a full recuperation period of six months A27L, L1R, and a combination of the two LSDV antigens were included in the development of three vaccines. Insect repellents, disinfectant cleaning, proper disposal of contaminated areas, and awareness-raising are examples of preventive approaches.The economic impact of LSD was caused by both direct consequences, like control expenses, and indirect ones, including milk loss, mortality loss, and draft power loss.

Objectives: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and immunological activation are risk factors for tuberculosis disease, according to recent research. Materials and Methods: The best procedure for the detection (TB) was investigated by Ziehl Neelsen and Auramine O (AO) technology. 315 sputum samples were collected randomly. The ZN approach produced a smear positivity rate for AFB of 49/315 (15.55%) while the LED Auramine O staining method produced a positivity rate of 69/315 (21.9%), One hundred serum samples were subjected to HCV IgG and IgM detection using Cassette method and ELISA techniques. Results: The results of the cassette method documented there were 62/100 (62%) cases of M. tuberculosis patients who had HCMV IgG versus 16/100 (16%) cases who had HCMV having IgM (P-value= 0.001). While the results of ELISA techniques observed there were 65 (65%) cases of M. tuberculosis patients had HCMV IgG versus 17/100 (17%) cases had HCMV had IgM these differences statistically were highly significant. These results observed the sensitivity of the cassette method and ELISA procedure for diagnosis of CMV among M.tuberculosis were 92% for IgG and 94% for IgM antibodies. Conclusions: According to recent findings from CMV infection significantly increases the probability of active TB disease.

Electrochemical microfluidic immunosensor with graphene-decorated gold nanoporous for T-2 mycotoxin detection

There is still much to be discovered regarding the etiopathogenesis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Four groups of female Wister-Albino rats were established, each with a normal estrous cycle: control, D ( + ) galactose (D-galactose), Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), and prepared secondary antibody (Ab2). Serum samples were collected, and histopathological examination was performed on ovaries and spleen tissues. Immunoreactive anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) quantities were determined using a modified antigen-based ELISA procedure. ELISA assay kits were used to quantify FSH, LH, and estradiol 17 β concentrations. The study found that AOA concentration in undiluted samples was significantly higher in the second and fourth weeks after PCOS induction by D-galactose (p < 0.001). However, antibody index% and titer elevated in the D-galactose group. L. sativum's late efficacy was observed in the fourth week, while the concentration of undiluted samples in the D-galactose + Ab2 group lowered (p < 0.001). Higher basal FSH and LH levels and lower estrogen levels are associated with PCOS development. L. sativum's immunomodulatory properties may contribute to this association. Estradiol-17ß concentrations increased in D-galactose + L. sativum and D-galactose + Ab2 groups, respectively. Careful extrapolation of experimental models is crucial for clinical applications, as technical advancements make Ab2 production easier. Further study is needed to fully understand its potential in immunotherapy.

Coupling of IgG with peroxidase enzyme finds various applications in determining the antigen-antibody interactions, in diagnostics or for research purpose. In the present study, Peroxidase enzyme was isolated from various vegetables like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) and partial purification of enzymes was done with ammonium sulphate fractionation to 80% saturation. The active peroxidase enzyme was coupled to Goat anti-human IgG and the efficiency of coupling procedure was tested against Protein A sepharose purified human IgG. The coupling procedure was done by using sodium periodate and coupling was confirmed by dot blot and ELISA procedures. The present study provides an indigenous method to isolate an active peroxidase enzyme and couple to various IgG and use in immuno detection methods at very cost effective manner.

Reduced expression of miR-221 is associated with the pro-apoptotic pathways in spermatozoa of oligospermia men