Elimination Of Acid Research Articles

#5867 EFFECT OF SGLT2I ON URIC ACID AND GLUCOSE URINARY FRACTIONAL EXCRETION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract Background and Aims Sodium-glucose cotranspoter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated broad benefits beyond glycemic control, including hypouricemic effects. However, this fact has not been completely validated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mechanism by which SGLT2i produces an increase in uric acid elimination is not fully understood and appears to be mediated in part by increased glucose in the renal tubule, which would compete in reabsorption with uric acid through GLUTb transporter. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of SGLT2i on uric acid and glucose urinary fractional excretion (FE) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) + CKD patients. Method Retrospective observational single-center study conducted between January18 and December 22 in T2DM-CKD patients on SGLT2i. Subjects on renal replacement therapy, treatment with GLP1 analogues and those for whom we did not have uricosuria prior to the start of iSGLT2 were excluded. Urinary uric acid and glucose FE were analysed at baseline and during follow-up of up to 24 months, with 3, 6 and 12 months cut-offs. Data are described as mean and standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA v14 with statistics for paired samples. Results 82 patients were included in the study, with a mean follow-up of 1.2 years. During follow-up, 23 patients left the study (arGLP1 initiation (n = 9), adverse reactions (n = 4), exitus (n = 2) and loss to follow-up (n = 8). 78.1% were male, mean age 72.7 years (SD 8.5), and main co-morbidities were: obesity 76.8%, arterial hypertension 95%, hyperuricemia 75.6% and congestive heart failure 25.6%. Distribution according SGLT2i drug was: 65.6% dapagliflozin, 25% canagliflozin and 9.4% empagliflozin. eGFR decreased immediately after initiation of SGLT2i with ulterior stabilization as described elsewhere (Table 1). We observed a significant increase on urinary uric acid FE that remain stable along the follow-up: basal 7.4%, 3 months 9.4% (p < 0.001). However, serum uric acid levels did not show significant differences along the study. Urinary glucose FE increase remained stable along the whole observation period in spite of no significant differences from a clinical point of view on % of glycosylated haemoglobin (Table 1). Conclusion Despite decreased GFR, T2DM-CKD patients exhibited significant urinary uric acid and glucose FE increase after starting SGLT2i. This increase remained stable for at least 2 years. However, we did not observe significant reductions on uricemia in these patients, implying that increase on urinary uric acid excretion is not enough in this setting to obtain significant modifications on uricemia.

Ursodeoxycholic acid: unique properties and clinical applications

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a natural hydrophilic bile acid, which is present in humans as a small fraction of the total amount of bile acids (5%). Its unique properties underlie its use in a number of liver diseases as a first-line therapy. The ability of UDCA to reduce the secretion of cholesterol into bile, form mixed micelles (liquid crystals) with cholesterol molecules and interact with multifunctional nuclear receptors, are actively used in the treatment and prevention of cholelithiasis. UDCA has the ability to stimulate hepatobiliary secretion, promotes the secretion of bicarbonate by cholangiocytes, which is relevant for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). UDCA activates transporter proteins such as bile acid export pump (BSEP), multiresistance protein 2 (MRP2) – conjugates transporter, type 2 anion exchanger (AE2), and promotes their movement to the canalicular membrane of cells. UDCA acts as a pleiotropic agent that plays a unique role in modulating the classical mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in various cell types. Double molecular bonds of UDCA serve as a trap for free radicals, which suppresses the processes of lipid peroxidation. The ability of UDCA to penetrate into mitochondrial membranes leads to suppression of the activity of mitochondrial oxidase enzymes responsible for the production of superoxide anion. UDCA activates autophagy and promotes the elimination of toxic fatty acids from hepatocytes, reducing liver steatosis, UDCA has anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic effects. UDCA is included in international and Russian clinical guidelines for the treatment of patients with various liver diseases (PBC, PSC, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, drug-induced cholestasis, alcoholic liver disease with cholestatic component), cholelithiasis, cystic fibrosis. In the pharmacotherapy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, UDCA is the only drug that has a bi-directional effect on the liver and cardiovascular system.

On the mechanism of the Tattersall test for morphine

Being morphine a restricted drug, a rapid colour test for its detection is very useful. Tattersall employed as reagent trisodium ortho-arsenate in sulphuric acid. However, the more common disodiumhydrogen ortho-arsenate heptahydrate can be used also because both salts yield the same reactive species, that is, protonated arsenic acid and a cation with arsenic(IV). An arsenate is formed with the phenolic group in morphine. Dehydration of this organometallic ester yields a cationic intermediate that induces reaction with arsenic acid at ortho-position (electromeric effect), and a concerted mechanism takes place. A dienone is formed and there is elimination of meta-arsenous acid. Aromatization followed by acidolysis of the new arsenate gives water, meta-arsenous acid, and morphine ortho-quinone, via a six-member concerted mechanism. The colours observed in the test are due to halochromism.

Mammals sustain amino acid homochirality against chiral conversion by symbiotic microbes

Mammals exhibit systemic homochirality of amino acids in L-configurations. While ribosomal protein synthesis requires rigorous chiral selection for L-amino acids, both endogenous and microbial enzymes convert diverse L-amino acids to D-configurations in mammals. However, it is not clear how mammals manage such diverse D-enantiomers. Here, we show that mammals sustain systemic stereo dominance of L-amino acids through both enzymatic degradation and excretion of D-amino acids. Multidimensional high performance liquidchromatography analyses revealed that in blood, humans and mice maintain D-amino acids at less than several percent of the corresponding L-enantiomers, while D-amino acids comprise ten to fifty percent of the L-enantiomers in urine and feces. Germ-free experiments showed that vast majority of D-amino acids, except for D-serine, detected in mice are of microbial origin. Experiments involving mice that lack enzymatic activity to catabolize D-amino acids showed that catabolism is central to the elimination of diverse microbial D-amino acids, whereas excretion into urine is of minor importance under physiological conditions. Such active regulation of amino acid homochirality depends on maternal catabolism during the prenatal period, which switches developmentally to juvenile catabolism along with the growth of symbiotic microbes after birth. Thus, microbial symbiosis largely disturbs homochirality of amino acids in mice, whereas active host catabolism of microbial D-amino acids maintains systemic predominance of L-amino acids. Our findings provide fundamental insight into how the chiral balance of amino acids is governed in mammals and further expand the understanding of interdomain molecular homeostasis in host-microbial symbiosis.

Catalytic activity of H2O2 by goethite and lepidocrocite: Insight from 5-bromosalicylic acid removal mechanism and density functional theory calculation (ID:CHEM114760)

We have compared the elimination of 5-bromosalicylic acid (BSA) in the systems of goethite (α-FeOOH)/H2O2 and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)/H2O2. The results demonstrated that BSA (10 mg L−1) could be successfully adsorbed on α- and γ-FeOOH (0.5 g L−1) and then effectively degraded after the addition of H2O2 (14.7 mM). BSA adsorption on both α- and γ-FeOOH followed pseudo-second order adsorption kinetic models, with γ-FeOOH having greater adsorption ability than α-FeOOH. In the α-FeOOH/H2O2 system, BSA degradation was well fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetics, whereas the oxidation in γ-FeOOH/H2O2 system had a two-stage pseudo-first order kinetics. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results for these two systems revealed the presence of •OH and •OOH, and further tests with radical captures demonstrated their dominance in degrading BSA. Based on the electronic structure analysis, electrons were more easily transferred from the H2O2 molecule to the Fe atoms of α-FeOOH, explaining the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results, which showed that α-FeOOH performed better in catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2. However, the free radicals are more likely to desorb from γ-FeOOH, which made the γ-FeOOH/H2O2 system more efficient in degrading BSA.

Comparison of the Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on the Immune Function of Male University Football Players.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of long-term prebiotic and synbiotic supplementations on the immunosuppression of male football players after daily high-intensity training and a one-time strenuous exercise. A total of 30 male university student-athletes were recruited and randomly assigned to the prebiotic (PG, n = 15) or synbiotic group (SG, n = 15), receiving a prebiotic or synbiotic once per day for six weeks. Physiological assessments were conducted by a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and an exhaustive constant load exercise (75% VO2max test). Inflammatory cytokine and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were measured. VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and lactic acid elimination rate (ER) were used to evaluate aerobic capacity. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) complaints were evaluated using a questionnaire. URTI incidence and duration were significantly lower in the SG group than that in the PG group (p < 0.05). At baseline, SIgA and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in the SG group (p < 0.01) as well as IL-1β and IL-6 in the PG group (p < 0.05) were significantly increased, and IL-4 concentration was markedly reduced in the PG group (p < 0.01). The concentrations of IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were significantly reduced in the PG and SG group immediately after the constant load exercise. Significantly decreased HRmax and enhanced ER (increased by 193.78%) were detected in the SG group, not in the PG group, during the constant load experiment (p < 0.05) and the recovery period (p < 0.01), respectively. However, VO2max value was not changed. These data suggest that synbiotic supplementation for six weeks has a more positive effect than prebiotics on the immune function and athletic performance of male university football players.

1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene: The riddles of thermal decomposition and combustion

The thermal decomposition of deuterium derivatives α-FOX-7 and γ-FOX-7 have been studied using non-isothermal and isothermal kinetic methods. It was found that deuteration only affects the kinetics of the low-temperature decomposition step of α-FOX-7. A unique feature of the low-temperature stage of the decomposition of α-FOX-7 is that topochemical processes on crystal defects lead to intermolecular hydrogen transfer with the formation of its highly reactive aci-form. The decomposition of the aci-form of FOX-7 proceeds in an extremely unusual way via the molecular elimination of nitric acid and formation of nitrile N-oxide. The high-temperature decomposition stage involves the olefinic form of FOX-7 in a defect-free crystal lattice, and the decomposition is initiated by breaking the C–NO2 bond. In the gas phase, the FOX-7 molecule is also in its olefin form and exhibits high thermal stability.The combustion behavior and flame structure of α–FOX-7 and heat-treated substance (γ–FOX-7t) have been studied using a constant-pressure bomb and micro-thermocouple technique. Analysis of the thermocouple measurement data showed that the burning rate of both FOX-7 isomers is controlled by the rate of heat release in the condensed phase. This reaction is the decomposition of the substance in the melt. The higher burning rates of α-FOX-7 were due to the fact that the highly reactive aci-form of FOX-7 formed on the crystal defects remains in the melt and decomposes at the surface temperature. The break in the dependence of the burning rate on pressure observed for the α- and γ-polymorphs is associated with their complete isomerization into the internal aci-form of FOX-7 due to intramolecular hydrogen transfer. In this case, the surface temperature is determined by the vaporization of the internal aci-form of FOX-7, whose enthalpy of vaporization is higher than that of its olefin form.

Combined Use of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and a Lachancea thermotolerans Strain with a High Malic Acid Consumption Ability for Wine Production

The development of new fermentative strategies exploiting the potential of different wine-related species is of great interest for new winemaking conditions and consumer preferences. One of the most promising non-conventional approaches to wine fermentation is the combined use of deacidifying and acidifying yeasts. Lachancea thermotolerans shows several other properties besides lactic acid production; among them, high malic acid consumption is of great interest in the production of red wines for avoiding undesirable refermentations once bottled. The combination of a L. thermotolerans strain that is able to consume malic acid with a Schizosaccharomyces pombe strain helps to ensure malic acid elimination during alcoholic fermentation while increasing the final acidity by lactic acid production. To properly assess the influence of this alternative strategy, we developed combined fermentations between specific strains of L. thermotolerans and S. pombe under sequential inoculation. Both species showed a great performance under the studied conditions, influencing not only the acidity but also the aromatic compound profiles of the resulting wines. The new proposed biotechnological strategy reduced the final concentrations of ethanol, malic acid and succinic acid, while it increased the concentrations of lactic acid and esters.

Synthesis of Bis(functionalized) Aminals via Successive Nucleophilic Amidation and Amination

The central carbonyl group of diethyl mesoxalate (DEMO) exhibits high electrophilicity that allows it to be attacked by versatile nucleophiles. Even a less nucleophilic acid amide serves as a nucleophile to produce N,O-acetal upon treatment with DEMO in the presence of acetic anhydride. When the obtained N,O-acetal was treated with a base, the elimination of acetic acid generated N-acylimine in situ. N-Acylimine is also highly electrophilic, allowing it to accept the second nucleophilic addition by an amine, resulting in α,α-bis(functionalized) aminals. This protocol facilitates the modification of the two different amino groups by altering nucleophiles, resulting in the production of tetra-functionalized methane derivatives on demand. The ring closure between the amide moiety and the amino group was achieved using the structural features to form a six-membered ring.

Unprecedented Elimination Reactions of Cyclic Aldols: A New Biosynthetic Pathway toward the Taiwaniaquinoid Skeleton

The acid treatment of 6,7-seco-abietane dialdehydes gives, in high yield, the corresponding derivatives with the 4a-methyltetrahydrofluorene skeleton of taiwaniaquinoids. A mechanism involving the elimination of formic acid from the cyclic aldol intermediate is proposed here. This process can be postulated as a new biogenetic pathway from abietane diterpenes to taiwaniaquinoids. Using this novel reaction, the first enantiospecific synthesis of bioactive natural cupresol and taxodal has been obtained.

De Novo Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3-Hydroxypyridines Via “Anti-Wacker”-Type Cyclization

We report an efficient method to prepare polysubstituted 3-hydroxypyridines from amino acids, propargyl alcohols, and arylboronic acids. The process involves Pd(0)-catalyzed anti-selective arylative cyclizations of N-propargyl-N-tosyl-aminoaldehydes with arylboronic acids (“anti-Wacker”-type cyclization), oxidation of the resulting 5-substituted-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines to 3-oxo derivatives, and elimination of p-toluenesulfinic acid. This method provides diverse polysubstituted 3-hydroxypyridines, whose hydroxy group can be further substituted by a cross-coupling reaction via a triflate.

Dual-Ligand Strategy for the Preparation of Gas-Phase Uranyl(VI) Benzyne Complexes from Uranyl(VI) Benzoates.

The uranyl(VI) benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- was prepared in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with collision-induced dissociation. It was formed via a dual-ligand strategy that requires the elimination of benzoic acid or benzene/CO2 from the uranyl dibenzoate precursor (C6H5CO2)2UO2Cl-. This contrasts the known strategy for the formation of gas-phase benzyne complexes that would result from CO2/HCl elimination from (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2-, during which only one benzoate ligand is involved. Such dual-ligand strategy can be extended to the preparation of a series of methyl- and halo-substituted benzyne complexes of uranyl(VI). Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP level reveal that the benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- features a metallacyclopropene structure with the C6H42- ligand coordinated to uranium(VI) through two polarized U-Cbenzyne σ bonds, in accordance with the reactivity test toward water. Dehydrochlorination of the benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- from (C6H5)UO2Cl2- that originates from decarboxylation of (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2- with a single benzoate ligand is neither kinetically nor thermodynamically favorable than simple C6H5 radical loss to give UVO2Cl2-. This arises from the presence of an accessible V oxidation state for uranium and accounts for the necessity for the dual-ligand strategy in the preparation of uranyl(VI) benzyne complexes from uranyl benzoate precursors.

A review on superior advanced oxidation and photocatalytic degradation techniques for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) elimination from wastewater

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been identified as the most toxic specie of the family of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). It has been widely distributed and frequently detected in environmental wastewater. The compound's unique features such as inherent stability, rigidity, and resistance to harsh chemical and thermal conditions, due to its multiple and strong C–F bonds have resulted in its resistance to conventional wastewater remediations. Photolysis and bioremediation methods have been proven to be inefficient in their elimination, hence this article presents intensive literature studies and summarized findings reported on the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and photocatalytic degradation techniques as the best alternatives for the PFOA elimination from wastewater. Techniques of persulfate, photo-Fenton, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic degradation have been explored and their mechanisms for the degradation and defluorination of the PFOA have been demonstrated. The major advantage of AOPs techniques has been centralized on the generation of active radicals such as sulfate (SO4•-) hydroxyl (•OH). While for the photocatalytic process, photogenerated species (electron (e) and holes (h + vb)) initiated the process. These active radicals and photogenerated species possessed potentiality to attack the PFOA molecule and caused the cleavage of the C–C and C–F bonds, resulting in its efficient degradation. Shorter-chain PFCAs have been identified as the major intermediates detected and the final stage entails its complete mineralization to carbon dioxide (CO2) and fluoride ion (F−). The prospects and challenges associated with the outlined techniques have been highlighted for better understanding of the subject matter for the PFOA elimination from real wastewaters.

Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Elimination of Carboxylic Acids to Styrenes.

A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative elimination reaction of (hetero)aromatic propionic acids to vinyl (hetero)arenes has been developed. This method furnishes alkenes from carboxylic acids without the need for stochiometric Pb or Ag additives or expensive or specialized photocatalysts. A series of mechanistic experiments indicate that the reaction proceeds via benzylic deprotonation and subsequent radical decarboxylation; a pathway that is distinct from the single-electron-transfer mechanisms implicated in related decarboxylative elimination reactions.

Elimination of free fatty acid from palm oil by adsorption process using a strong base anion exchange resin

Deacidification is one of the important processes to obtain a suitable raw feedstock for the production of bio-transformer oil. This work proposed an alternative process for reducing the acidity of refined palm oil by adsorption of the free fatty acids (FFAs) using anion exchange resins (AER). The effect of the types of functional groups (tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium group) and the resin structure (gel and macroporous structure) of the commercially available resins were characterized and investigated for their adsorption ability. The adsorption kinetic and experimental conditions such as adsorption time, the moisture content in resin, and resin amount were studied. The gel-type strong-base anion exchange resins exhibited the best performance for the FFAs removal. This result suggests that the quaternary ammonium functional groups in the resin have a high dissociation capacity for anion exchange and the gel-type resins easily access by the FFAs molecules. The effect of types of functional groups is stronger than that of the resin structure. The adsorption mechanism mainly occurred via an ion exchange equilibrium rather than the hydrogen bond complex. The FFAs adsorption on the resins conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Under optimum conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, resin dosage of 0.4 wt%, and 8 h adsorption time), the Pall Tec PTA304 resin reduced the acidity in palm oil from 0.5 to 0.02 mg KOH/g with the adsorption capacity at the equilibrium of 589.5 mg/g, achieving approximately 95 % FFAs removal. The negative values of ΔGads0 and ΔHads0 demonstrated that the FFAs adsorption on the Pall Tec PTA304 resin was a spontaneous and exothermic process. This study provides an insight into the interactions between FFAs and anion exchange resins that is useful for further development of palm based bio-transformer oil.

Direct Regioselective C-H Cyanation of Purines.

A direct regioselective C-H cyanation of purines was developed through a sequential triflic anhydride activation, nucleophilic cyanation with TMSCN, followed by a process of base-mediated elimination of triflous acid (CF3SO2H). In most cases, the direct C-H cyanation occurred on the electron-rich imidazole motif of purines, affording 8-cyanated purine derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. Various functional groups, including allyl, alkynyl, ketone, ester, nitro et al. were tolerated and acted as a C8 directing group. The electron-donating 6-diethylamino, as C2-directing group substituent, can switch the regioselectivity of purine from 8- to 2-position, enabling the synthesis of 8- and 2-cyano 6-dialkylaminopurines from corresponding 6-chloropurine in different reaction order. Further functional manipulations of the cyano group allow the conversions of 8-cyanopurines to corresponding purine amides, imidates, imidothioates, imidamides, oxazolines, and isothiazoles.

Pharmacokinetics of active compounds of a Terminalia chebula Retz. Ethanolic extract after oral administration rats using UPLC-MS/MS.

Terminalia chebula Retz. (TC) is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine and rich in chemical components with multiple pharmacological effects. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and used to determine the blood concentrations of nine active compounds (chebulic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose, ellagic acid and ethyl gallate) after oral administration of TC extracts in rats. Pretreatment of plasma samples with protein precipitate with methanol was carried out, and caffeic acid was used as the internal standard (IS). Compounds precisions of intra- and inter-day were less than 14.6%, and the accuracy ranged from -11.7% to 13.5%. The extraction recoveries of compounds were between 84.9% and 108.4%, while matrix effects occurred between 86.4% and 115.9%. Stability tests showed that all nine analytes had been stable under four storage conditions, and statistically significant the relative standard deviations were under 13.7%. The validated UPLC-MS/MS method was applied with great success to plasma pharmacokinetics analysis of the TC extracts, and the pharmacokinetic results showed that among the nine components, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-tn), 231112.38 ± 64555.20hng/mL) and maximum concentration (Cmax, 4,983.57 ± 1721.53ng/mL) of chebulagic acid were relatively large, which indicated that it had a higher level of plasma exposure. The half-life of elimination (T1/2) of chebulinic acid, corilagin and chebulagic acid were 43.30, 26.39 and 19.98h, respectively, suggesting that these analytes showed prolonged retention and metabolize more slowly in vivo. This study would deliver a theoretical foundation for the further application of TC in clinical practice.

Full factorial design methodology approach to optimize the elimination of gallic acid from water by coagulation using activated acorns barks as coagulant-aid

This study investigated the elimination of organic matter from water by the coagulation process using a biomaterial ?acorns barks? as a coagulantaid with the presence of aluminium sulphate in low concentration. The removal of gallic acid from water was first studied by two processes: the adsorption on activated acorns barks, and coagulation by aluminium sulphate, separately. The hybrid system was then studied, and the optimal operating conditions were determined. The performance of the hybrid system (coagulation/adsorption) mainly depends on the initial concentration of gallic acid, the coagulant dose and the mass of coagulant-aid. A full factorial design 23 was used to determine the optimum conditions for gallic acid removal. The maximum removal of gallic acid in water was 92.48 %, achieved at 20 mg L-1 of initial gallic acid concentration, 50 mg L-1 of aluminium sulphate coagulant concentration and 1.5 g of activated acorns barks adsorbent mass. The application of these optimal conditions on urban wastewater for the elimination of organic matter has shown the performance of this hybrid system treatment.

Күріш қауызы мен лигнин негізіндегі ұялы құрылымды көміртекті тасымалдаушы арқылы зәр қышқылын жою

Қазіргі күнде биомедицинада ерекше назарға ие болатын перспективті бағыттардың бірі – беттік қабаты ферментпен модифицирленген ұялы құрылымды көміртекті тасымалдағыштардың биокатализ бен гемосорбцияда қолданылуы. Қан құрамында натрий уратының жоғары деңгейі бар гиперурикемиямен ауыратын науқастар подагра, созылмалы бүйрек жеткіліксіздігі және бүйрек тас ауруы сияқты ауруларға бейім. Зерттеу жұмысында ұялы құрылымды көміртекті тасымалдағыштар 75:25 қатынастағы күріш қауызы мен лигнин қоспасын экструзиялап, ары қарай карбонизациялау, дисиликация және бумен физико-химиялық активациялану жолымен алынған. Сканерлеуші электронды микроскопия, төмен температуралы азотты адсорбциялау әдісі арқылы көміртекті тасымалдағыштардың морфологиясы мен текстуралық сипаттамалары зерттелді: үлгілердің нанокеуектілігі анықталды; BЭT әдісі бойынша меншікті беттік ауданы -1323 м2/г, DFT моделі бойынша кеуектердің жалпы көлемі – 1,053 см3/г құрады. Уриказа ферментін көміртекті тасымалдағыштардың беттік қабатына 1,5 г көміртекті тасымалдаушыға 1 юнит фермент мөлшерінде байланыстырушы агент мето-п-толуолсульфонат 1-циклогексил-3-(2 морфолиноэтил) карбодиимидтің көмегімен иммобилизациялау жүргізілді. Натрий уратының субстратының адсорбция немесе катализ арқылы көміртекті тасымалдағыштардың көмегімен шығарылуын анықтау үшін зерттеулер рециркуляциялық жүйеде аргонның инертті ортасында және бөлме температурасында оттегі қатысындағы тотығу ортасында да жүргізілді. Беттік қабатына 1 юнит уриказа иммобилизденген көміртекті тасымалдағыш концентрациясы 66 мг/л болатын модельді ерітіндіден зәр қышқылын 92 % элиминациялауға қабілетті және ферменттің жуылып кетуі минималды шамада, ал артық мөлшері адам ағзасына түссе, аллергия тудыруы мүмкін. Көміртекті тасымалдаушының масса бірлігіне уриказа юнитінің санын ферментті иммобилизациялау әдісін оңтайландыру арқылы азайтуға болатындығы орнатылды.

Facilitating a high-quality dietary pattern induces shared microbial responses linking diet quality, blood pressure, and microbial sterol metabolism in caregiver-child dyads

ABSTRACT Low-resource individuals are at increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD), partially attributable to poor dietary patterns and dysfunctional microbiota. Dietary patterns in childhood play critical roles in physiological development and are shaped by caregivers, making caregiver-child dyads attractive targets for dietary interventions to reduce metabolic disease risk. Herein, we targeted low-resource caregiver-child dyads for a 10-week, randomized, controlled, multifaceted lifestyle intervention including: nutrition and physical activity education, produce harvesting, cooking demonstrations, nutrition counseling, and kinetic activites; to evaluate its effects on dietary patterns, CVD risk factors, and microbiome composition. Subjects in the lifestyle intervention group improved total diet quality, increased whole grain intake, decreased energy intake, and enhanced fecal elimination of the microbe-derived metabolite lithocholic acid (LCA) in contrast to control subjects. Microbiomes were highly personalized, similar within dyads, and altered by lifestyle intervention. Differential modeling of microbiome composition identified taxa associated with total diet quality, whole grain intake, and LCA elimination including recognized fiber-degrading bacteria such as Subdoligranulum, and bile acid metabolizing organisms like Bifidobacterium. Inclusion of taxa identified in diet and metabolite modeling within blood pressure models improved prediction accuracy of microbiome-blood pressure associations. Importantly, microbiota-blood pressure relationships were shared between dyads, implying shared host-microbiota responses to lifestyle intervention. Overall, these outcomes provide insight into mechanisms by which dietary interventions impact the gut-cardiovascular axis to reduce future CVD risk. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05367674