Scutellarein inhibits the malignancy of gliomas by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Hyaluronic acid-based reactive oxygen species responsive nanocomposite hydrogel for sequential drug delivery and effective prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions.

Multi-omics analysis reveals alcohol exposure affects ferroptosis pathway in brain.

We aimed to investigate the utility of Au-incorporated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (Au/HA NPs) for improving the therapeutic efficacy of ablative radiotherapy (RT) for tumor control and microenvironment remodeling. HA-functionalized NPs exhibited uniform size, stability, and efficient SN38 encapsulation. Au incorporation increased NP diameter and reduced surface charge while remaining stable. HA and Au/HA NPs were efficiently internalized by lung cancer cells, with free HA pretreatment suppressing internalization. Moreover, Au/HA NP internalization strongly downregulated CD44 expression in lung cancer cells, confirming CD44-mediated internalization. In vitro, Au/HA NPs enhanced radiation-induced G2/M phase arrest and γH2AX foci formation with increased DNA double-strand breaks. Au/HA NPs and RT induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in lung cancer cells, characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species, increased calreticulin surface expression, and extracellular adenosine triphosphate release. Tumor control, survival, immune infiltration, and systemic effects were investigated in vivo using A549 xenografts and Lewis lung carcinoma synchronous flank-lung tumor models. Au/HA NPs and ablative RT decreased tumor growth, reduced lung tumor burden in non-irradiated areas, and prolonged survival. This therapeutic combination led to increased infiltration of natural killer (NK), NK T, CD8+ T, and dendritic cells and decreased regulatory T cells, suggesting robust immunological activation. Biodistribution studies confirmed CD44-targeted tumor-specific NP accumulation. No substantial toxicity was observed. In conclusion, Au/HA NPs and ablative RT induced ICD in vivo. Au/HA NPs enhanced local and systemic immunity via radiosensitization and ICD. This NP-assisted approach may improve RT efficacy in lung cancer.

A biomimetic nanoplatform enables shTHY1-mediated immunomodulation and cartilage remodeling for osteoarthritis therapy.

Novel anticancer alkyl pyridinium derivative exhibits antiproliferative activity via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis activation in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

The potential of metabolites released by Bacillus subtilis CH21 for the effective control of the harmful cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii.

Phytochemical-driven selenium nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris: a multi-mechanistic antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic strategy with biocompatibility

A low-voltage alternating electric field strategy against Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Anti-biofouling mechanism under electrical stimulation.

Pristimerin drives ROS-dependent apoptosis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma via inhibition of the AKT-SKP2 axis.

The pursuit of eco-friendly nanomaterials with both antibacterial and anticancer properties is gaining momentum in biomedical research. This study reports the green synthesis of Silver and Zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) nanocomposite using Coleus amboinicus leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Characterization via UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks at approximately 280 nm and 370 nm, indicative of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles, respectively. FTIR analysis identified phytochemical-derived functional groups responsible for particle stabilization, while SEM imaging showed agglomerated nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 100 to 150 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanocomposites. The biosynthesized Ag/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains including Enterococcus faecalis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , MRSA, and Klebsiella pneumoniae , with significant zones of inhibition observed at a concentration of 80 μg/mL. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed promising anticancer activity against A549 lung cancer cells, achieving an IC₅₀ of 60 μg/mL after 24 h, as determined by MTT assay. Morphological features of apoptosis, such as membrane blebbing and nuclear condensation, were observed, while AO/EtBr, DCFDA, and Rhodamine 123 staining confirmed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings suggest a ROS mediated mechanism underlying the dual antibacterial and anticancer activities of the Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. This green synthesis approach provides a sustainable strategy for developing multifunctional nanomaterials, although further in vivo studies are required to confirm efficacy and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved for future therapeutic applications. • Green synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanocomposite using Camboinicus leaf extract • Potent activity against MDR bacteria at 80 μg/mL concentration • Anticancer efficacy against A549 lung cancer cells • ROS-mediated mechanism confirmed via multiple fluorescence staining assays.

Trimethylamine N-oxide exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by sustaining PERK/eIF2α activation and impairing ferredoxin reductase-dependent mitochondrial function.

The effects and physiological phenotypic changes in Escherichia coli O157:H7 induced into VBNC state by hydrogen peroxide silver ion treatment in biofilms.

Gastric perforation repair demands adhesive hydrogels that couple robust sealing with controlled drug release to overcome the challenges of continuous peristalsis and the oxidative wound microenvironment. Herein, we developed a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive dynamic hydrogel formed by incorporating a ROS-cleavable tannic acid-2-formylphenylboronic acid (TA-FPBA) complex into an imine-crosslinked network made of 4-arm polyethylene glycol benzaldehyde (4-arm-PEG-CHO) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PLL) through tandem dynamic iminoboronate and boronate ester bonds, denoted as PEG-PL-TA1 hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibited rapid in situ gelation (∼64 s), robust tissue adhesion (∼25.7 kilopascal), and sufficient burst pressure (∼128.8 millimeters of mercury) for effective gastric sealing. Upon exposure to elevated ROS levels at the wound site, boronate ester bonds were cleaved to trigger the on-demand release of TA. The released TA demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, protecting gastric epithelial cells from oxidative damage and preserving viability. In vivo outcomes of gastric perforation treatments in rats revealed that the PEG-PL-TA1 hydrogel synergistically sealed the defect while modulating the wound microenvironment by alleviating oxidative stress and shifting immune balance toward repair, ultimately accelerating perforation repair. Our work provides a promising design strategy for dynamic hydrogels for controlled drug release and offers a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical gastric perforation treatment.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that rapidly develops resistance to standard clinical therapies. The tumor microenvironment of GBM is highly hostile, characterized by hypoxia, elevated reactive oxygen species, and severe metabolic stress. These conditions promote protein misfolding, particularly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby triggering ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive signaling pathway that mitigates ER stress, restores proteostasis, and promotes cellular survival. Activation of UPR signaling provides a survival advantage to GBM cells under these adverse conditions. This signaling is closely associated with drug resistance and malignant progression in GBM. Furthermore, inhibition of UPR sensors exhibits anticancer effects, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in GBM. This review describes the biological functions of UPR sensors and their roles in GBM pathogenesis and treatment response.

Verticillium dahliae causes Verticillium wilt, a destructive vascular disease that severely threatens many crops, including cotton. Identifying fungal genes required for infection can enable more durable control strategies. Here, we demonstrate that VdPex30, a peroxisomal membrane protein identified in a host-induced gene silencing screen, is essential for fungal growth, stress adaptation, and pathogenicity. VdPex30 knockout (ΔVdPex30) strains showed impaired carbon utilization and sporulation, hypersensitivity to oxidative stress, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species, and markedly reduced virulence on cotton, all of which were restored by genetic complementation. Moreover, plant-mediated RNA interference targeting the fungal VdPex30 transcript enhanced host resistance to infection. Together, our findings reveal a critical link between peroxisome function and fungal virulence and highlight VdPex30 as a promising target for RNA interference-based management of Verticillium wilt.

ABSTRACTPostharvest fungal diseases cause substantial losses in horticultural crops and are commonly managed using chemical fungicides, which raise concerns regarding resistance development and environmental impact. Plant‐derived antifungal peptides represent a promising alternative for sustainable disease control. Here, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mode of action of three nodule‐specific cysteine‐rich (NCR) peptides—NCR044, NCR192 and NCR13_PFV2—against major postharvest fungal pathogens. Among the peptides tested, NCR13_PFV2 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Penicillium expansum, although activity against C. gloeosporioides was predominantly fungistatic rather than fungicidal. Mechanistic analyses using A. alternata as a model pathogen revealed that NCR13_PFV2 rapidly associates with fungal membranes, induces membrane permeabilization and exhibits selective binding to anionic phospholipids and phosphoinositides. Peptide treatment was associated with mitochondrial depolarization, elevated reactive oxygen species accumulation, reduced cellular respiration and disruption of vacuolar integrity. These intracellular effects were accompanied by loss of turgor pressure and hyphal collapse. Importantly, application of NCR13_PFV2 to wounded bell pepper fruit significantly reduced lesion development caused by A. alternata in a concentration‐dependent manner. Together, these findings demonstrate that NCR13_PFV2 suppresses postharvest fungal infection through a multi‐target mechanism that disrupts fungal cellular homeostasis, highlighting its potential as a peptide‐based alternative to synthetic fungicides.

Fungal pathogen causes a persistent threat to global agricultural productivity. Thiazole and hydrazide derivatives exhibit broad-spectrum and potent antifungal activity, demonstrating significant potential as novel antifungal agents. In this article, 45 thiazolyl hydrazide derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitors. These compounds exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against seven pathogens, notably compounds A5 and A33 showed the most significant activity against Pythium aphanidermatum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and compound A37 with cyclopropyl and 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl substituents showed significant efficacy against Rhizoctonia cerealis (half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 = 0.49 mg L-1) and Alternaria alternata (EC50 = 1.81 mg L-1), while maintaining a comparable protective effect (88.5%) to that of the reference fungicide bixafen. The structure-activity relationship has also been analyzed in detail. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that compound A37 disrupted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle through inhibiting SDH. Concurrently, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were reduced, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, which will damage the integrity of fungi cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the binding affinity of compound A37 with SDH. The cytotoxicity experiments indicated that the thiazolyl hydrazide derivatives belong to the low-toxicity compounds. Bioactivity screening and antifungal mechanism suggested the potential of thiazolyl hydrazide derivatives as promising, eco-friendly candidates for the development of novel antifungal agents. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chronic nephrotoxicity and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) kidneys following environmentally relevant co-exposure to lead and chromium.

Insights into mitochondrial-mediated immune responses in Galleria mellonella: A model for fungal pathogenesis and redox regulation.