Elevated Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

Association between Intestinal Flora Metabolites and Coronary Artery Vulnerable Plaque Characteristics in Coronary Heart Disease.

Aims/Background The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been increasing annually. Patients with severe conditions may die from myocardial infarction, heart failure or malignant arrhythmia. Intestinal flora plays an important role in various metabolic processes, such as atherosclerosis, tumour formation, and inflammation. However, its direct role in promoting plaque vulnerability must be further explored and validated. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between changes in intestinal flora, its metabolites in CHD patients and the vulnerability characteristics of coronary plaques. Methods This study recruited 180 subjects, among these, 90 CHD patients diagnosed between January 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the CHD group and 90 healthy volunteers were selected as the control group following a principle of 1:1 ratio. The differences in intestinal flora composition, metabolite levels, and blood biochemical indexes were compared between the two study groups. Based on the coronary angiography (CAG) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) results, the CHD group was divided into two sub-groups for stratified comparative analysis: the stable plaque group (n = 49) and the vulnerable plaque group (n = 41). Results The CHD group had reduced intestinal Bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts and higher intestinal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus levels than the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) levels were significantly higher in the CHD group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the CHD group exhibited substantially elevated serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared to the control group. However, compared to the control group, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly lower in the CHD group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) were comparable in the two experimental groups (p > 0.05). Similarly, intestinal Bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus compositions were comparable in CHD patients with vulnerable plaque and those with stable plaque (p > 0.05). Moreover, CHD patients with vulnerable plaque had elevated TMAO and PAGln levels than those with stable plaque (p < 0.05). However, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST, BUN, and Scr levels were comparable between CHD patients with a vulnerable plaque and those with stable plaque (p > 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that diabetes, elevated TMAO levels, and elevated PAGln levels were potential risk factors for coronary plaque vulnerability (p < 0.05). Conclusion In summary, CHD patients exhibit significant intestinal flora imbalance, with elevated TMAO and PAGln metabolite levels, which are related to the characteristics of plaque instability.

Life Course Approach for Managing Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia is directed toward the moment of the medical encounter. However, risk for heart disease as a consequence of having familial hypercholesterolemia is related to lifelong exposure to elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, rather than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level at a specific time point. The purpose of this review is to reassess contemporary research on treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia and current evidence-based guidelines, to present an approach that emphasizes treatment across the life course, and to recognize the importance of family experiences to care. To accomplish this, we review the changing treatment needs that emerge across the life course, from birth through childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, peripregnancy, middle age, and late in life. Special attention is paid to improving adherence to treatment, the potential role of monitoring atherosclerosis in a lifelong model of care, and medical issues related to care transitions: from pediatric to internal medicine care, peripregnancy, after a cardiac event, and care after age 70 years in the absence of a cardiac event. Novel considerations related to treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia are discussed. The summary identifies research gaps that need to be closed to move from the current point-of-care model to one that considers treatment over the life course.

PCSK9 Targeted Therapy to Lower Cholesterol and Reduce Cardiovascular Events

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an insidious threat that requires attention. Modifying risk factors can work toward preventing the current CVD epidemic. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is a well-established and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases. Despite receiving maximally tolerated doses of statin therapy, many Canadian patients with CVD do not achieve LDL-c targets. Additional lipid-lowering therapies, such as ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), are warranted. This paper reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical trial evidence for contemporary lipid-lowering therapies, including PCSK9 inhibitor monoclonal antibodies such as evolocumab and alirocumab, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) modulators such as inclisiran, to aid Canadian clinicians in maintaining best practices.

Statins' protective effects on focal epilepsy are independent of LDL-C.

This study evaluates the potential protective effects of statins against epilepsy, focusing on their differential impacts on focal and generalized epilepsy. It investigates the role of statins through the HMGCR gene and associated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and summary-data-based MR (SMR) approach were employed using genetic instruments from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Subgroup analyses examined focal and generalized epilepsy, with sensitivity tests, including MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO, to assess horizontal pleiotropy and robustness. SMR analysis found no significant association between HMGCR expression and epilepsy risk across subtypes (p > 0.05). However, inverse-variance-weighted MR (IVW-MR) showed that elevated LDL cholesterol mediated by HMGCR was linked to an increased risk of focal epilepsy (OR = 1.251, 95% CI = 1.135-1.378). No such association was observed for generalized epilepsy. Statins showed promise in reducing post-stroke epilepsy risk, likely through anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The findings suggest that statins' protective effects may be subtype-specific, particularly in post-stroke focal epilepsy. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms and optimize their therapeutic potential in epilepsy management. Statins, drugs typically used to manage cholesterol, may also lower the risk of developing certain types of epilepsy, especially post-stroke focal epilepsy, by reducing inflammation and protecting brain cells. The research found no clear effect of statins on generalized epilepsy or epilepsy caused by other factors. These results could aid in creating better treatments for epilepsy in the future.

Familial hypercholesterolemia in pregnancy

Purpose of review Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), particularly those with homozygous FH (HoFH) who have markedly elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels from birth, present with unique complications during pregnancy. This review explores the complexities of FH care during pregnancy. Recent findings The worldwide burden of FH is much greater than previously thought. Still, underdiagnosis and undertreatment are substantial, necessitating increased awareness, genetic screening efforts, and better access to diagnostic tools. Although there is guidance for implementing best practices in the care of FH, including pregnancy, currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines that address HoFH at the time of pregnancy planning or during pregnancy and lactation. Summary FH management in pregnancy requires a reasonable balance between fetal safety and maternal LDL-C control. Discontinuing lipid-lowering medication during pregnancy and the postpartum period needs to be considered, and in severe cases, lipoprotein apheresis may be an appropriate substitute. Comprehensive patient care requires coordination by genetic counselors, cardiologists, lipidologists, and obstetricians. The management of HoFH in pregnancy requires further research efforts, enhancement of public knowledge, and worldwide cooperation. By focusing on these areas, we can make significant progress in diagnostics and develop efficient management plans for improving outcomes among pregnant women with HoFH.

The Impact of SNP Score on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration and Coronary Artery Disease.

Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with inflammation, is a well-known risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). Many patients with hypercholesterolemia may carry inherited genetic variants that are not part of the commonly recognized mutations in the LDLR, APOB, LDLRAP1, and PCSK9 genes. These genetic variants may have cumulative effects that contribute to increased LDL-C levels and CAD development. The polygenic risk score (PRS) may provide an essential tool for evaluating an individual's genetic predisposition to these conditions. This pilot study aimed to investigate the impact of the PRS calculated from specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)-namely, CELSR2 rs629301, APOB rs1367117, ABCG8 rs6544713, LDLR rs6511720, APOE rs429358, and rs7412-on LDL-C levels in both healthy individuals with elevated LDL-C levels (>2.6 mmol/L) and those diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A total of 61 healthy individuals with high LDL-C levels (>2.6 mmol/L) and 93 STEMI patients were selected for the study. The High-Resolution Melting Polymerase Chain Reaction (HRM PCR) method was adopted and sequencing techniques were employed to identify the specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interest. The patient group exhibited a PRS of 0.824 (with a range of -0.62 to 1.174) compared to 0.674 (range: -0.176 to 0.974) in healthy individuals, indicating a higher genetic predisposition to elevated LDL-C levels (p = 0.001) in patients. Interestingly, patients had lower LDL-C concentrations than healthy individuals. Additionally, a more significant number of patients were past smokers and statin users. The PRS calculations revealed that patients with a higher PRS had increased odds of experiencing an MI, with an odds ratio of 12.044 (95% confidence interval: 1.551-93.517, p = 0.017). Similarly, smokers showed even higher odds, with an odds ratio of 24.962 (95% CI: 7.171-86.890, p < 0.001). Among healthy individuals, those with a higher PRS had increased odds of having an LDL-C concentration greater than 4.9 mmol/L (odds ratio: 20.391, 95% CI: 1.116-358.486, p = 0.039). However, no significant association was found between the PRS and LDL-C levels in the patient group during hospitalization (p = 0.782). This pilot study shows that PRS can be employed to evaluate the risk of MI and to estimate concentrations greater than 4.9 mmol/L LDL-C in healthy individuals.

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Elevation, Ketogenic Diets, Body Mass Index, and Heterozygous ABCG5 Genetic Variation: Review, Case Report, and Large Population Analysis

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Elevation, Ketogenic Diets, Body Mass Index, and Heterozygous ABCG5 Genetic Variation: Review, Case Report, and Large Population Analysis

"Inclisiran: Early LDL-C target achievement in a real-life population".

"Inclisiran: Early LDL-C target achievement in a real-life population".

Changes in the lipid profile in people with HIV after one year of antiretroviral therapy - the significance of immune parameters.

Changes in the lipid profile in people with HIV after one year of antiretroviral therapy - the significance of immune parameters.

Family planning, pregnancy, and breastfeeding care in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a study protocol for a mixed-methods study in the Netherlands, Norway and Australia (Taking ACTion to Improve Care of coupleS in FH (TACTICS))

IntroductionFamilial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common genetic condition causing elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which increases the risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Little is currently known about how persons...

The effects of industrial processing and home cooking practices on trans-fatty acid profiles of vegetable oils.

The intake of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in blood. This review explores the critical factors influencing TFA formation during industrial vegetable oil processing and home cooking practices, particularly deep-frying. While hydrogenation, a major source of TFA, has been largely eliminated in developed countries, it remains unregulated in many developing countries, posing significant health risks. Temperature emerged as a critical factor increasing TFA levels during hydrogenation and frying, while linoleic and linolenic acids being highly prone to trans-isomerization. In home cooking, studies also indicate that, apart from frying temperature and time, additional factors such food composition (proteins, carbohydrates, and antioxidants) and frying vessel material type significantly impact TFA formation within the food matrix. This review highlights the urgent need for regulatory measures and awareness to minimize TFA exposure from industrially produced and home cooked foods, reducing associated health risks.

A strategy to increase identification of patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Application of the Simon Broome lipid criteria in a large-scale retrospective analysis.

A strategy to increase identification of patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Application of the Simon Broome lipid criteria in a large-scale retrospective analysis.

Additional role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on the risk of osteoporosis in men with or without coronary heart disease: a real-world longitudinal study.

Early control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is crucial for reducing the progress of cardiovascular disease. However, its additional role to the risk of primary osteoporosis in men with coronary heart disease was inconclusive. Our study aims to determine the association of LDL-C and its trajectories for osteoporosis risk in the middle-aged and aged men of China. The retrospective cohort study of 1546 men aged 69.74 ± 11.30 years conducted in Beijing, China from 2015 to 2022. And the incidence of primary osteoporosis was annually recorded. LDL-C trajectories were further identified by latent class growth model using repeated measurements of LDL-C. The association of baseline LDL-C for osteoporosis was estimated using hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI in Cox proportional hazard model, while mean level and trajectories of LDL-C for osteoporosis were evaluated using odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI in logistic regression model. During the median 6.2-year follow-up period, 70 men developed primary osteoporosis. The higher level of baseline LDL-C (HR = 1.539, 95% CI: 1.012-2.342) and mean LDL-C (OR = 2.190, 95% CI: 1.443-3.324) were associated with higher risk of osteoporosis in men with coronary heart disease after adjusted for covariates. Compared with those in the LDL-C trajectory of low-stable decrease, participants with medium-fluctuant trajectory, whose longitudinal LDL-C started with a medium LDL-C level and appeared an increase and then decrease, were negatively associated with osteoporosis risk (OR = 2.451, 95% CI: 1.152-5.216). And participants with initially high LDL-C level and then a rapid decrease demonstrated a tendency towards reduced risk (OR = 0.718, 95% CI: 0.212-2.437). Elevated LDL-C level and its long-term fluctuation may increase the risk of primary osteoporosis in men. Early controlling a stable level of LDL-C is also essential for bone health.

Evaluating the implementation of inclisiran in primary care: process evaluation interim findings from interviews with key stakeholders

ObjectivesVICTORION-Spirit was a hybrid study designed to assess the feasibility of implementing inclisiran, a novel cholesterol-lowering treatment and behavioural support within primary care centres in England. This process evaluation aimed...

Efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors on pediatric patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background and purpose: Pediatric patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) are at heightened risk for early-onset cardiovascular events because of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have emerged as promising agents for safely lowering LDL-C levels, especially when traditional lipid-lowering therapies fail. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors in pediatric patients with HeFH. Methods: The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024595391). We systematically identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in pediatric patients with HeFH from nine major electronic databases and clinical trial registries (Proquest, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform). Clinical trial registries were used to retrieve unpublished studies. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The fixed-effects model was used to estimate the pooled mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Simultaneously, heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test and the I² statistic. Results: Two RCTs, comprising 236 pediatric patients, were included. All studies were rated as having a low risk of bias. PCSK9 inhibitors significantly reduced LDL-C levels after 24 weeks compared with placebo (MD: −62.64 mg/dL; 95% CI: −74.53 to −50.74; P &lt; 0.01). Adverse event rates were similar between the two groups (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.75–1.15; P = 0.49). Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibitors showed consistent reductions in other lipid parameters, including non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a). Moderate heterogeneity was found, though not statistically significant. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that PCSK9 inhibitors are an effective and safe therapeutic option for improving lipid profiles in pediatric patients with HeFH. However, the inclusion of only two RCTs with limited follow-up underscores the need for larger and longer studies to strengthen these findings.

Analysis of the influencing factors of the increase or decrease of insulin dosage and the effect of weighing diet in persons with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin pump

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with a significant impact on global health. Insulin pump therapy has emerged as a promising approach for achieving tight glycemic control, mimicking the body's natural insulin secretion patterns. However, the optimization of insulin dosage remains a challenge, influenced by various patient-specific factors. Additionally, dietary management, including weighed diets, plays a crucial role in the overall glycemic control of patients with T2DM. Understanding the factors that influence insulin dosage adjustments and the impact of dietary interventions is essential for personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Objective To investigate and analyze the influencing factors of insulin dosage and the role of weighed diet on type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin pump. Methods A total of 328 patients with type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized and treated with insulin pump in our endocrinology department from June 2022 to December 2023 were collected and reviewed. Participants were stratified based on changes in their insulin dosage per unit body weight within the first 24 h following hospital admission. A comparative analysis of clinical characteristics between groups with increased or decreased dosages was performed, along with an examination of the factors influencing insulin dosage adjustments. Additionally, the role of weighed diet in diabetes patients treated with insulin pumps was assessed. Results In this study, the average body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and triglyceride (TG) were 25.86 ± 3.76 kg/m2, 10.86 ± 6.11%, and 2.60 ± 0.19 mmol/L, respectively. Patients in the group with an increased insulin dosage per unit body weight exhibited significantly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, as well as higher fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide and 2-h postprandial C-peptide levels during the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The magnitude of insulin dosage increase was markedly greater in the increased group. Fasting plasma glucose at discharge and average 2-h postprandial glucose in 24 h of discharge and admission were significantly higher in the increased dosage group, and the frequency of achieving target blood glucose levels within this timeframe was significantly lower (all p &lt; 0.05). Regression analysis showed that the disease duration, fasting blood glucose of OGTT, and average 2-h postprandial blood glucose of 24 h after admission were positively correlated with the increase of insulin dosage (β = 0.89, 1.01, 0.232, 0.274, all p &lt; 0.05), while adherence to a weighed diet was negatively associated with increased insulin dosage (β = − 1.05, p &lt; 0.05). Patients adhering to a weighed diet were younger, had shorter hospital stays, and presented with higher admission HbA1c levels. Notably, the weighed diet group exhibited a significant reduction in fasting and 2-h postprandial glucose levels at discharge, alongside a greater attainment of blood glucose targets (all p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion Timely initiation of hypoglycemic therapy is crucial for patients with T2DM. The concomitant use of insulin pumps and adherence to a diabetic diet can alleviate the burden of insulin dosage requirements and enhance the achievement of blood glucose targets, thereby optimizing patient outcomes.

Association of Thyroid Disorders with Glycemic and Lipid Profiles in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) share an underlying pathology with thyroid dysfunction, affecting glycemic and lipid profiles, particularly in rapidly transitioning populations. This study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, explored the association of thyroid disorders with glycemic and lipid profiles in subjects with T2DM. Blood samples from 172 subjects (75% male and 25% female) were analyzed for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), plasma glucose after breakfast (PGABF), glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), lipid profiles, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Subjects were categorized as euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups according to TSH levels. The euthyroid group had FPG 6.1±0.8 mmol/L, PGABF 7.5±1.3 mmol/L, and HbA1c 6.2±0.5%, while higher FPG was observed in hypothyroid [10.3±4.2 (p &lt; 0.001)] and hyperthyroid [10.3±4.6 (p = 0.001)] groups, along with increased PGABF and HbA1c levels. The euthyroid group presented with 52% elevated total cholesterol, 45% elevated triglycerides, 41% low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and 51% elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Notably, the hyperthyroid group showed 87% elevated serum triglycerides (p &lt; 0.001), whereas the hypothyroid group had 23% elevated serum total cholesterol (p &lt; 0.001). Findings indicate thyroid disorders are linked to elevated plasma glucose and HbA1c, with hyperthyroidism potentially elevating triglycerides in T2DM.

Phytosterol-Enriched Dietary Supplements for Lowering Plasma LDL-Cholesterol: Yes or No?

Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis and development of cardiovascular disease. An elevated plasma LDL-C concentration is the result of enhanced C synthesis, C absorption, and/or altered C homeostasis. Plasma LDL-C lowering can be achieved using pharmaceutical means. Statin therapy inhibits endogenous C synthesis and leads to a mean 40% LDL-C reduction. Ezetimibe inhibits C absorption and achieves an average 20% LDL-C reduction with a 10 mg daily intake. Phytosterol therapy is established by dietary supplements enriched in phytosterols and/or phytostanols. A dosage of 2 to 3 g a day reduces C absorption and leads to an average 10% LDL-C reduction. This dosage expresses a 10-fold increased daily intake for phytosterols or a 100-fold increased intake of phytostanols. Phytosterol- and -stanol-enriched dietary supplements are freely available in the supermarket. The majority of consumers may be healthy subjects with a plasma LDL-C in the normal range. Scientific evidence reveals that increased phytosterol intake may be associated with the development of atherosclerosis. The degree of increased risk is dependent on the patient's genetic polymorphisms in NPC1L1 and ABCG5/G8 transport proteins as well as on the established risk reduction due to LDL-C lowering. Subjects with a normal or only slightly elevated LDL-C have only minimal LDL-C lowering and lack the compensation for the potential increased risk for atherosclerosis by phytosterols.

Exploring Cardiovascular Health: The Role of Dyslipidemia and Inflammation.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, with their prevalence rising significantly in developing regions like South India. This increase is driven by unique dietary patterns, lifestyle habits, and genetic predispositions contributing to the region's distinct cardiovascular risk profile. However, gaps remain in understanding the biochemical risk factors specific to this population. This study addresses these gaps by focusing on key markers, namely, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homocysteine, which are critical in dyslipidemia, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Identifying these markers' prevalence and their role in CVD is essential for developing effective, region-specific preventive strategies. This study employed a cross-sectional design and included 1,200 participants aged between 30 and 70 years from both urban and rural areas in South India, selected through a multistage stratified random sampling approach to ensure demographic representation across socioeconomic groups, gender, and residential settings. Data on demographics, lifestyle choices, and medical histories were collected using structured questionnaires, which were validated through a pilot study involving 50 participants to ensure clarity, cultural relevance, and content validity. Biochemical assessments included lipid profiles, fasting glucose, hs-CRP, and serum homocysteine levels, which were conducted following standardized laboratory protocols. Quality control measures, such as duplicate testing of 10% of samples, ensured reliability. Statistical analyses included logistic regression to identify independent predictors of CVDsand ANOVA to compare mean biochemical parameter values between groups. Results: The study reported that 274 participants (22.83%) were affected by CVDs, with a higher prevalence in urban areas (75 participants (27.37%)) compared to rural regions (48 participants (17.51%)). This disparity is likely attributed to urban-specific risk factors, including sedentary lifestyles, dietary patterns, and environmental stressors. Biochemical analysis revealed significant predictors of CVD, such as elevated LDL cholesterol (498 participants (41.5%), odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7-2.6), reduced HDL cholesterol (428 participants (35.7%), OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4-2.3), and increased hs-CRP levels (353 participants (29.4%), OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5-2.4), emphasizing the central roles of dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation in CVD pathogenesis. The findings of this study highlight critical implications for public health policies and healthcare systems in South India. The higher prevalence of CVDs in urban areas necessitates targeted interventions such as community-based physical activity programs, dietary counseling, and stress management initiatives. Biochemical management strategies, including early screening and control of dyslipidemia through lipid-lowering agents and addressing elevated hs-CRP levels with anti-inflammatory measures, are essential. Supplementation with folate and vitamin B12 to manage hyperhomocysteinemia should also be considered. However, the cross-sectional nature of the study and its single-center design limit causal inference and generalizability, emphasizing the need for multicenter, longitudinal research to validate these findings and guide comprehensive CVD prevention strategies.

Lipid Profile Indices and Inflammatory Biomarkers as Predictors of Subclinical Muscle Loss in Young Obese Females

Background: Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in some developing countries and the developed world. Elevated LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and lower HDL (good) cholesterol levels, increase the risk of many debilitating diseases. Muscle atrophy, is a condition that causes muscles to lose mass and strength and appear smaller than normal. It can occur in young adults due obesity. This study was aimed at investigating the lipid profile indices and inflammatory biomarkers as predictors of subclinical muscle loss in young obese females. Methodology: The study was carried out employing 120 participants with 60 obese subjects as test subjects and 60 slim subjects as control. Plasma samples were collected for lipid profile analysis. Castelli Risk Index 1 and 2, and Atherogenic Index of Plasma were determined by calculation. Results: There was no significant difference in triglyceride, LDL, and total cholesterol concentration between the control and test subjects (p&gt;0.05) however there was significant reduction in HDL concentration and a significantly elevated value of castelli risk index-1 , castelli risk index-2, artherogenic index. IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12 in the obese participants compared to the non obese participants (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: obesity led to an unfavorable lipid pattern of elevated the values of CRP, AIP, CRI I-II ratios, IL6, and IL-12 which are markers of systemic inflammation, and takes into account that elevated AIP and CRI I-II ratios may contribute to subclinical or masked muscle protein breakdown and inhibit muscle repair.