Elevated Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Meta analysis of the prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight and obese children and adolescents in China

To systematically evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in overweight and obese children and adolescents in China. Databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP Database, China Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched, from database inception to October 2024. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A Meta analysis was conducted using Stata 16.0 software. A total of 42 studies involving 16 481 overweight and obese children and adolescents were included. The Meta analysis results showed that the prevalence of NAFLD among overweight and obese children in China was 43% (95%CI: 37%-48%). Factors associated with NAFLD included being male (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.17-2.04), increased weight (MD=10.33, 95%CI: 9.08-11.57), increased waist circumference (MD=5.49, 95%CI: 3.36-7.62), longer duration of obesity (MD=0.31, 95%CI: 0.02-0.61), higher body mass index (MD=3.11, 95%CI: 2.07-4.16), elevated fasting blood glucose levels (MD=0.17, 95%CI: 0.06-0.29), higher triglyceride levels (MD=0.32, 95%CI: 0.17-0.47), elevated total cholesterol levels (MD=0.15, 95%CI: 0.10-0.21), higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (MD=0.14, 95%CI: 0.04-0.23), increased alanine aminotransferase levels (MD=24.39, 95%CI: 18.57-30.20), increased aspartate aminotransferase levels (MD=12.49, 95%CI: 9.67-15.32), elevated serum insulin levels (MD=4.47, 95%CI: 2.57-6.36), higher homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (MD=0.45, 95%CI: 0.30-0.59), and elevated uric acid levels (MD=55.91, 95%CI: 35.49-76.32) (P<0.05). The prevalence of NAFLD among overweight and obese children and adolescents in China is high. Male gender, increased weight, increased waist circumference, prolonged obesity duration, higher body mass index, dyslipidemia, and elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes, serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and uric acid are potential risk factors for NAFLD in this population.

Diabetes Mellitus prevention and management with Yoga

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, has become a global health concern. Lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and stress management, play a crucial role in its prevention and management. Yoga, an ancient mind-body practice, has gained recognition as a complementary approach to conventional diabetes care. This abstract explores the potential of yoga in preventing and managing diabetes by addressing its multifactorial causes. Yoga combines physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation (dhyana), which collectively improve insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose levels, and enhance overall metabolic health. Regular practice of yoga has been shown to lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, improve lipid profiles, and reduce oxidative stress, all of which are critical in diabetes management. Additionally, yoga promotes weight loss and reduces visceral fat, key factors in preventing type 2 diabetes. Stress is a significant contributor to diabetes, as it triggers the release of counter-regulatory hormones like cortisol, which elevate blood glucose levels. Yoga's emphasis on relaxation and mindfulness helps reduce stress, thereby improving glycemic control. Furthermore, yoga enhances cardiovascular health, reduces inflammation, and improves autonomic nervous system function, all of which are beneficial for individuals with diabetes.

Avicularin as a Promising Therapeutic Agent for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Modulation of Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptotic Pathways.

: Female Swiss Wistar rats were utilized in this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was induced in the rats through the administration of 25 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The rats received oral administration of avicularin at doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg. Body, placental, and fetal weights were measured. Blood glucose levels (BGL) and plasma insulin were assessed at various time intervals. Levels of glycogen, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin (Hb), visfatin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), antioxidants, lipids, inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic markers, and inflammatory parameters were evaluated. Additionally, mRNA expression was analyzed in hepatic tissue. : Avicularin significantly (p < 0.001) improved the body weight, fetal body weight and reduced the placental weight. Avicularin significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the elevated blood glucose level and improved the plasma insulin level. Avicularin significantly (p < 0.001) altered the levels of HbA1c, Hb, visfatin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LPO, CAT, GSH, GPx, SOD, GST, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-18, COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, NF-κB, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-2:Bax ratio and caspase-3 parameters. Avicularin treatment significantly (p< 0.001) suppressed the mRNA expression of TRL4, MyD88, NF-κB, NLRP3, RAGE, VCAM-1, MCP-1, VEGF, Nox2, and p65. : The results of this study demonstrated the protective effect of avicularin against streptozotocin-induced gestational diabetes mellitus via modulation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase pathways.

Long-Term Exposure to Environmentally Realistic Doses of Starch-Based Microplastics Suggests Widespread Health Effects.

There is a growing consensus on addressing the global plastic pollution problem by advocating for bioplastics. While starch-based plastics are prevalent, the potential health implications of starch-based microplastics (SMPs) remain largely unexplored. This is particularly concerning given their potential for accidental ingestion and subsequent interference with blood glucose metabolism. Our research provides the first investigation into the distribution and adverse effects of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant doses of SMPs in female mice, approximately 14-81 particles per mouse per day. After three months of exposure, SMPs were found to infiltrate the liver, intestine, and ovarian tissues, causing microstructural lesions. Exposure to SMPs also resulted in elevated blood glucose levels, increased hepatic oxidative stress, and disrupted lipid metabolism. A multiomics analysis further uncovered abnormalities in gene expression and microbiota, as well as enriched pathways related to insulin regulation and circadian rhythms in the exposed mice. Our results indicate that prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant doses of SMPs can have widespread health effects in mice, potentially disrupting circadian rhythms by inducing insulin resistance. This suggests that the safety of bioplastics requires further evaluation before their large-scale application in food packages.

The incidence of cerebral edema in pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective study

ObjectiveCerebral edema is a severe and potentially fatal complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), particularly in pediatric patients. Despite its clinical significance, limited data exist on its incidence and associated risk factors in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to determine the incidence of cerebral edema in pediatric patients with DKA and investigate potential contributing factors. This retrospective study analyzed data from 270 pediatric DKA patients admitted to the Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, between March 2018 and March 2020. Patients aged 1 day to 18 years were included based on standard DKA diagnostic criteria (blood glucose > 250 mg/dL, pH < 7.3, bicarbonate < 18 mEq/L, and ketonemia/ketonuria). Patients with incomplete records or pre-existing neurological conditions were excluded. The statistical analyses included independent t-tests and Fisher’s exact tests.ResultsThe incidence of cerebral edema was 6.67%. Elevated blood glucose levels at admission were significantly associated with cerebral edema (P = 0.01), suggesting a potential role in its pathophysiology. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between cerebral edema and ICU admission (P < 0.001), indicating a more severe disease course. The results suggest that early glucose control and neurological monitoring are critical for preventing adverse outcomes such as cerebral edema in pediatric DKA patients.

Intravenous Dexamethasone Transiently Elevates Blood Glucose Levels and Reduces Pain After TKA in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Effective perioperative blood glucose control is crucial for reducing postoperative complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who are undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of intravenous (IV) dexamethasone on blood glucose levels, insulin requirements, postoperative pain, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients with well-controlled type-2 DM. Methods: A total of 83 Asian patients with well-controlled type-2 DM (defined as a preoperative glycated hemoglobin level of ≤7.0%) undergoing primary TKA were randomized to receive either IV dexamethasone or normal saline solution. Blood glucose and insulin requirements were monitored postoperatively up to day 5, and pain and PONV were assessed using a numeric rating scale. Results: Compared with the control, IV dexamethasone transiently elevated blood glucose levels on the day of surgery and on postoperative day 1, with the levels returning to baseline by day 3. Insulin requirements were higher in the intervention group on postoperative day 1 (p = 0.004). While IV dexamethasone did not significantly reduce PONV, it effectively alleviated postoperative pain up to day 3. Conclusions: In patients with DM who underwent TKA, IV dexamethasone administration transiently increased blood glucose on the day of surgery and on postoperative day 1 and elevated insulin requirements on postoperative day 1. Despite having no impact on PONV, IV dexamethasone provided clinical benefits by reducing early postoperative pain. These findings suggest the potential benefits of IV dexamethasone in enhancing perioperative management strategies for patients with DM who are undergoing TKA. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in primary care clinics at King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Metabolic syndrome is present in a subset of individuals harboring a constellation of metabolic risk factors that heightens their likelihood of developing coronary artery disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) manifests through the incremental accumulation of fat within liver cells in the absence of secondary causes. NAFLD has long been recognized as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Our study seeks to ascertain the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among NAFLD patients at King Khalid University Hospital and to explore the factors associated with metabolic syndrome. We conducted a retrospective study targeting 1,173 patients diagnosed with NAFLD at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from March 2020 to March 2021. NAFLD diagnosis was made based on ultrasonographic evidence of a fatty liver, excluding other liver ailments and alcohol intake. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria, which require at least three of five metabolic risk factors to be present. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and independent t-tests for continuous variables, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Out of 1173 NAFLD participants evaluated, 38.2% met the NCEP/ATPIII criteria for metabolic syndrome. Additionally, 23.8% had at least one metabolic syndrome component coinciding with their ultrasonographically confirmed NAFLD diagnosis. The incidence of NAFLD was not linked to gender. Married individuals constituted a higher percentage (42.8%) of the NAFLD cohort. Elevated blood glucose and triglyceride levels, along with reduced HDL levels, were predominantly observed among the metabolic syndrome components in NAFLD patients. A significant portion of the NAFLD patient population was concurrently affected by metabolic syndrome. There exists a marked interrelationship between NAFLD and the components of metabolic syndrome. Regular metabolic disorder screenings are recommended for this patient group.

Diet Recommendation Application for Diabetes Patients Using the Preference Selection Index Method

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Effective diet management is crucial for controlling this condition and preventing serious complications. This study aims to develop a meal recommendation application for diabetes patients using the Preference Selection Index (PSI) method. The data used include user identity, health conditions, food preferences, and the nutritional content of meal menus. The PSI implementation process involves several key steps: collecting user data, normalizing nutritional values based on the minimum and maximum values in the database, adjusting the criterion weights according to the user's health conditions and food preferences, and calculating the PSI for each meal menu. The study results show that this application can provide meal recommendations that match the nutritional needs and health conditions of users. From a total of 10 user data analyzed, 50% received "Red Bean Soup with Vegetables" as the best menu, 30% received "Grilled Chicken Breast with Vegetables," and 10% each received "Grilled Chicken with Green Beans" and "Quinoa Salad with Avocado." The conclusion of this study is that the PSI method is effective in helping diabetes patients select an optimal diet, which can assist in better managing their condition and improving their quality of life. Suggestions for future research include increasing the variability of nutritional data, integrating with wearable technology, and developing reminder and education features.

Gender Differences in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome Among Hospital Employees Using Machine Learning Models: A Population-Based Study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition that captures several markers of dysregulation, including obesity, elevated blood glucose levels, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Using an approach to early prediction of MetS risk in hospital employees that takes into account the differing effects of gender may be expected to improve cardiovascular disease-related health outcomes. In this study, machine learning techniques were applied to construct an optimized MetS prediction model for use on hospital employees. This population-based study survey included 3,537 participants aged 20 to 65 years old. Participant demographic, anthropometric data, medical history, lifestyle-related factor, and biochemical data were collected from the hospital's Health Management Information System from 2018 to 2020. MetS prediction and the investigation of gender differences were performed using six machine learning models based on the following algorithms: K-nearest neighbor, random forest, logistic regression, support vector machine, neural network, and Naïve Bayes. All analyses were performed by sequentially inputting the features in three steps according to their characteristics. MetS was detected in 8.91% of the participants. Among the MetS prediction models, Naïve Bayes showed the best performance, with a sensitivity of 0.825, an accuracy of 0.859 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.936. Body mass index and alanine transaminase were identified as important predictive factors for MetS in participants of both genders. Age, uric acid, and aspartate transaminase were identified as important predictive factors in men, while chronic disease and phosphorous were identified as important predictive factors in women. The results indicate Naïve Bayes model to be useful and accurate in identifying MetS in hospital employees independent of gender. The early prediction of MetS using a model that accounts for gender differences is an important part of routine health screening and requires a multidimensional approach, including self-administered questionnaires and anthropometric and biochemical measurements.

557 Understanding Burns and Diabetes: A 12-Year Analysis of Outcomes and Challenges in Lower Extremity Reconstruction

Abstract Introduction Burn injuries significantly contribute to accidental injuries and fatalities worldwide, affecting an estimated eight million people annually. At the same time, diabetes impacts approximately 422 million people globally, with the majority living in low- and middle-income countries, and is directly responsible for 1.5 million deaths each year. Both the number of cases and the prevalence of diabetes have been steadily increasing over the past few decades. As a chronic metabolic disease, diabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which impair small blood vessels and hinder wound healing, posing unique challenges for burn management. This 12-year single-institution study examines the outcomes and complications in diabetic patients undergoing lower extremity burn reconstruction, exploring the impact of diabetes on burn recovery. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on diabetic patients with lower extremity burns treated at a single ABA-verified burn center from 2012 to 2023. The data collected included demographics, burn characteristics, treatment methods, and outcomes. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between burn-related factors and the probability of requiring surgical intervention. Results A total of 571 patients were included in the analysis, 65.3% of whom were male. Among them, 100 patients (18.0%) had diabetes, while 454 (82.0%) did not. The overall surgery rate was 52.5%, with no significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (p=0.691). There were no significant differences in the risk of hypertrophic scarring (p=0.091), contracture formation (p=0.326), or graft loss (p=0.250). However, diabetic patients had a higher risk of reoperation (54.0% vs. 38.6%, p=0.004), osteomyelitis (5.8% vs. 0.48%, p&amp;lt; 0.001), and cellulitis (46.2% vs. 27.5%, p&amp;lt; 0.001). In multivariate analysis, adjusting for age and total body surface area (TBSA), diabetes was associated with twice the odds of re-intervention (OR=2.00, 95% CI [1.25, 3.20], p=0.004) and six times the odds of developing osteomyelitis (OR=6.04, 95% CI [1.10, 33.22], p=0.038). However, after adjustment, diabetes was no longer a significant predictor of cellulitis (OR=1.55, 95% CI [0.94, 2.55], p=0.084). Conclusions Diabetic patients undergoing lower extremity burn reconstruction have significantly higher risks of reoperation and osteomyelitis, emphasizing the need for targeted surgical strategies and careful postoperative management. While diabetes does not increase scarring, contracture, or graft loss, its link to serious complications underscores the importance of early intervention. Applicability of Research to Practice This research offers insights that can improve the management of lower extremity burns in diabetic patients. By identifying key factors affecting complications and surgical needs, it helps guide treatment strategies and optimize patient outcomes. Funding for the Study N/A

In Silico and In Vivo Investigation of the Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Caffeic Acid.

Hyperglycemia, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus and its complications. While conventional therapies are effective, they are often associated with side effects and high costs, necessitating alternative strategies. This study evaluates the potential of caffeic acid (CA), a phenolic compound with reported antihyperglycemic properties, using both in silico and in vivo approaches. Molecular docking simulations revealed that CA demonstrates a strong binding affinity to protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a critical enzyme in glucose metabolism, with superior interaction profiles compared to the reference drug, ertiprotafib. In the in vivo studies, a Drosophila melanogaster model was used to investigate the effects of CA under hyperglycemic conditions induced by a high-sugar diet. Treatment with CA, particularly at a concentration of 500 μM, significantly reduced hemolymph glucose levels and improved several physiological and behavioral parameters, including survival rates, body size, body weight, and larval movement. Furthermore, gene expression analysis demonstrated that CA modulates key metabolic and stress-related pathways, enhancing glucose homeostasis and reducing metabolic stress. These findings highlight the dual utility of in silico and in vivo methodologies in elucidating the antihyperglycemic potential of CA. The results support the development of CA as a cost-effective and ethically viable therapeutic candidate with implications for diabetes management in resource-limited settings.

Exploring the link between fibrates therapy and diabetes mellitus following primary acute pancreatitis with hypertriglyceridemia.

Post-acute pancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM-A) is a type of diabetes linked to pancreatic exocrine dysfunction, which increases the risk of pancreatic cancer and mortality. Hyperlipidemia, or high blood lipid levels, is the third leading cause of acute pancreatitis (AP) and is associated with a higher diabetes risk. However, the link between lipid-lowering treatments and PPDM-A is unclear. This study aims to explore this relationship. A cohort of 223 patients diagnosed with AP and hyperlipidemia was categorized into PPDM-A and non-PPDM-A groups. Binary logistic regression was utilized to analyze the correlation between fibrate therapy and PPDM-A incidence. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to determine whether there was a causal relationship between triglyceride levels and diabetes. Elevated blood glucose levels (GLU) (OR=1.360, p<0.001), female (OR=0.091, p=0.030), severity of AP [moderately severe AP (MASP) (OR=5.585, p=0.019)], recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) (OR=6.399, p=0.007), and fibrate use (OR=0.109, p=0.001) emerged as independent influencing factors of PPDM-A. MR evidence suggests a causal relationship between triglyceride levels and diabetes risk (OR=1.088, p<0.001), with a two-step MR showing that pancreatitis partially mediates this effect with a mediated proportion of 1.55% (p=0.048). Fibrates demonstrate the potential to lower the risk of PPDM-A among individuals with AP and hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, the effect of triglyceride levels on diabetes risk was partly mediated by pancreatitis.

Discovery of New Difluorocyclobutyl Derivatives as Effective Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists with Reduced hERG Inhibitory Activities.

Danuglipron (PF-06882961), a small-molecule agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) developed by Pfizer, has shown significant potential to reduce blood glucose levels and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it has moderate hERG inhibitory activities (IC50 = 4.3 μM), potentially conferring a risk for cardiac toxicity. Here, we report a new class of difluorocyclobutyl derivatives that can be used to reduce the potential hERG inhibition caused by the piperidine ring of danuglipron. After in vitro and in vivo screening, compound 73 was found to be the most potent GLP-1R agonist, with an EC50 of 0.048 nM. Furthermore, compound 73 showed preferable absorption and excellent β-arrestin pathway selectivity compared with danuglipron. In the glucose tolerance test, compound 73 effectively inhibited elevated blood glucose levels. These results indicate that compound 73 is a promising GLP-1R agonist.

Topical application of Gopyadi ghritha in diabetic ulcer-A case report

Diabetic ulcers represent a prevalent complication associated with diabetes, typically manifesting on the dorsal surfaces of the toes and the plantar regions of the metatarsal heads and heels. While these ulcers are frequently observed on the feet, they can develop in various locations throughout the body. The etiology of diabetic ulcers is linked to factors such as inadequate blood circulation, elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), nerve damage, and the presence of irritated or injured feet, which may ultimately necessitate lower limb amputation. Patients with diabetes often experience diminished microvascular circulation, hindering the ability of phagocytic cells to reach infected areas and facilitate healing. Consequently, infections in these individuals are notoriously difficult to treat. The occurrence of diabetic ulcers can be associated with pramehajanya dushtavrana. In the Susrutha Samhitha, Acharya Susrutha discusses Shashtirupakaramas for the management of vrana. Among these, Ghritha is utilized as a topical treatment to promote healing. Specifically, Gopyadi ghritha, referenced in Sahasrayogam within the ghrithaprakaranam, exhibits a ropana effect even in marmasthana prameha vrana and was employed in this case report. A 69-year-old female patient with a known diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus presented to the outpatient department of GAVC Tripunithura, reporting a non-healing ulcer measuring 4x2.5 cm at the base of the second and third right toes, along with a 1.2x0.5 cm ulcer on the anterolateral aspect of the right ankle joint, persisting for six months. The management involved the application of Gopyadi ghritha topically for 42 days, alongside internal medications aimed at controlling diabetes and infections. Remarkably, the ulcer completely healed within this timeframe, with no complications or recurrence noted even after one year. This case underscores the potential for managing diabetic foot ulcers (up to 10x10 cm in size) without infections through the application of Gopyadi ghritha, resulting in expedited and effective healing with minimal scarring within 42 days.

Protective Effect of β- carotene and Turmeric Extract Against Alloxan Generated Oxidative Stress Induced Diabetes.

Background and Objective: The present examination was intended to assess the impact of β-carotene and turmeric extract individually, exclusively and with co-administration on antioxidant status in Allxoan instigated diabetic rats. Method: After the administration of β-carotene (20 mg/kg) and turmeric extract (40 mg/kg) exclusively and with co administration, the rodent were contemplated for blood glucose level, liver isolate for cell reinforcement compounds like Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Lipid peroxidation, diminished glutathione and uric corrosive levels and pancreas for histopathology study. Result: All diabetic groups show significantly elevated blood glucose levels compared to the normal control, confirming hyperglycemia. Blood glucose levels increase further (300.56 ± 12.64 mg/dL), indicating worsening hyperglycemia. The combination shows the most substantial reduction in glucose levels (175.25 ± 3.80 mg/dL), nearing normal values, highlighting a synergistic effect. The combination significantly reduces LPO (36.01 ± 0.837), nearing normal levels, suggesting a powerful reduction in oxidative damage. The combination shows the highest improvement among treatments in SOD (58.97 ± 1.26), CAT (0.931 ± 0.025), GSH (32.66 ± 0.554), suggesting a synergistic effect in enhancing enzymatic antioxidant defense. The combination of β-carotene and turmeric extract (7.612 ± 0.121 g) nearly normalizes liver weight, suggesting a synergistic effect in protecting the liver from diabetes-induced damage. The simultaneous administration of these drugs significantly rejuvenates pancreatic beta cells. Conclusion: The outcomes got from this investigation gives a logical confirmation that β-carotene and turmeric separate have defensive impact against alloxan creates oxidative pressure prompted diabetes. The combination treatment shows synergistic effect.

Antidiabetic potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs): A comprehensive review

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin secretion, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. One effective strategy for managing diabetes is the inhibition of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, particularly alpha glucosidase, which plays a key role in breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides, such as glucose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising antidiabetic agents due to their ability to inhibit alpha glucosidase activity. Unlike synthetic silver nanoparticles, biogenic AgNPs are synthesized using natural sources like plant extracts, fungi, or microorganisms, offering advantages such as environmentally friendly production methods, superior stability, and enhanced biological activity. Several studies have demonstrated that AgNPs derived from medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica (neem), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) exhibit significant alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects. In addition to enzyme inhibition, biogenic AgNPs also show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties, contributing to their potential in diabetes management. Despite the promising results, challenges remain regarding size control, distribution, and long-term toxicity of AgNPs. This review explores the mechanisms of action, benefits, challenges, and future clinical applications of biogenic AgNPs as antidiabetic agents. The findings suggest that biogenic AgNPs may offer a safer and more effective alternative to conventional diabetes therapies, with the potential for future clinical applications in the treatment of diabetes. Further research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy and safety for widespread use.

DID YOU KNOW THAT GESTATIONAL DIABETES CAN ALSO OCCUR IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that develops between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy and is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that typically resolve after childbirth. According to recent research, it can also happen during the first trimester of pregnancy. The long-term implications of GDM also necessitate continuous monitoring of both mother and child to mitigate the risks of chronic diseases and to implement early interventions

Apelin and Its Relation with Glucose Metabolism in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Comparative Study

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia), which produced by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells insulin-producing. Objective: This study aimed to examine the alterations in Apelin, Lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, calcium, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in adolescents with type 1 diabetic and healthy adolescents. Methods: This study was done in the Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital and Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital in Ramadi city in Iraq, between January 2024 to July 2024. One hundred adolescents were selected: 60 patients with diabetes and 40 healthy as a control group. Biochemical tests for blood samples were performed. Results: The results showed there was a significantly increase in concentrations of Apelin, lipid profile (except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), fasting blood glucose, HbA1C and calcium in patients with diabetes than control group. Whereas, there was a significantly reduction in concentration of the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in patients with diabetes than control group. The results showed a significant positive correlation among glucose concentrations and Apelin concentrations, while there was a significant inverse relationship between blood parathyroid hormone and blood glucose concentrations, and also, there was a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D concentration and HbA1c. Conclusion: The high serum concentrations of Apelin in diabetic patients supports the function of Apelin in diabetes mellitus development and highlight the utilize of Apelin as a medical sign in diabetes.

Changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids are linked to metabolic syndrome in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome—a clinical observation

ObjectiveAlterations in lipid metabolic pathways constitute a pivotal characteristic of Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome (SSNS). Despite the significance, there has been scant exploration into the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children with SSNS. This study endeavors to elucidate the association between PUFAs and MetS in this specific pediatric population.MethodsThis study enrolled a total of 185 children aged 0–7 years with SSNS between May 2023 and May 2024. Based on international guidelines for MetS, patients were classified into a MetS group (n = 73) and a non-MetS group (n = 112). A healthy control group (n = 82) was also established. Surveys, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples were used to assess lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, and Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). The concentrations of serum PUFAs were quantitatively analyzed utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques.ResultsThe MetS group exhibited significantly elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, HbA1C, insulin, the ratio of TG to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol compared to the non-MetS group. Significant differences were observed among healthy controls, MetS group, and non-MetS group in terms of ω-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ω-6 arachidonic acid, and ω-6 to ω-3 ratio.ConclusionsHigh ω-6 arachidonic acid, ω-6/ω−3 ratio and low ω-3 ALA and ω-3 DHA were associated with elevated TG levels. An elevation in TG concentrations among pediatric patients with SSNS may have been implicated to MetS.

In Vitro Antioxidant Potentials, Antidiabetic Activities and Compounds Identification of Aqueous Extracts from Gossypium Herbaceum (L.) Leaf

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin production or insulin resistance. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives for the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Gossypium herbaceum has been traditionally used in various traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, for its therapeutic benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potentials, antidiabetic and neuroprotective properties of ethanolic extract of Gossypium herbaceum leaves as well as its HPLC-identified phytoconstituents. The results oh HPLC analysis showed the presence of thirteen bioactive compounds such as Gossypol, choline, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, sitosterol, ergosterol, gossycaerulin, gossypupurin, flavan-3-ol, cyanidin, delphinidin with their heights and retention times. Also, according to the antioxidant potentials of ethanolic extract of Gossypium herbaceum, it revealed higher Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) than the Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) as well as a significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibitory effect against DPPH and ABTs in concentrationdependent manner. In addition, ethanolic extract of Gossypium herbaceum demonstrated a significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibitory effect against α-amylase and α-glucosidase in concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, the extract had a significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibition against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butylrylcholinesterase (BChE) in concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, finding of this study suggest that ethanolic extract of Gossypium herbaceum could probably have demonstrated antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects owing to the presence of bioactive phytonutrients as revealed by the HPLC technique. Furthermore, this property could be explored in the management of these afore-mentioned human diseases and beneficial pharmaceutical products.