Elements Of Crop Structure Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА СОРТА ОЗИМОЙ РЖИ СИБИРЬ 5

The objective of the study is to evaluate the new variety of tetraploid winter rye Sibir' 5 in terms of yield and grain quality, and elements of crop structure. The experiments were conducted in 2021–2023 in the fields of the Omsk Agricultural Research Center. The object of research was tetraploid rye varieties from competitive variety testing of the winter crop selection laboratory. Sibir' 5 variety was obtained by individual-family selection from a combination of crossing Yubileynaya 25 / Tetra korotkaya. The growing season of the new variety is 327 days. Winter hardiness of Sibir' 5 variety is at the level of the standard Sibir variety (95 versus 96 %). The new variety is resistant to shattering (5 points) and lodging (4.4 points). Sibir' 5 va¬riety is more productive than Sibir' and Sibir' 4 winter rye varieties previously created in the laboratory. The excess in grain yield amounted to 0.43 to 0.49 t/ha. The new variety is less tall. Sibir' 5 variety is distinguished by better expression of productive tillering, grain content and ear grain weight. Among the grain quality indicators, the new variety is characterized by a high falling number (171 s). Among the elements of the yield structure, it has an average level of variation in the ear grain content (17.1 %). This trait in all rye varieties is most closely associated with the ear grain weight (r = 0.854–0.897), and therefore selection by it will be more effective than by the weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.582–0.686). Sibir' 5 variety has been submitted for State Variety Testing in 2023 and is recommended for use in the Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian Regions.

Associations between allelic differences of the fifth group chromosome loci and a complex of agronomically valuable traits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Aim. Characterization of recombinant inbred wheat lines by agronomically relevant traits and detection of asso- ciations between their expression level and allelic differences of microsatellite loci of the fifth group chromosomes. Methods. Phenological observations, morphometric indicators, and elements of crop structure. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out in Microsoft Excel. The significance of the difference between samples was assessed by Fisher’s F test. A difference of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all indicators. Results. The poly- morphism of the parental genotypes and the population of 47 recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) F7 from the crossing of the winter wheat varieties Luzanivka odeska and Odeska chervonokolosa over three years (2016–2018) in conditions of the Southern Steppe (Odesa) was evaluated according to eight characteristics: duration of a period prior to heading, plant height, productive tillering, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand-grain weight, productive tiller number per unit area and grain yield. The comparison of the data of line evaluation by agronomic traits against the data of microsatellite analysis of lines by 14 microsatellite loci of the fifth group chromosomes demonstrated the associations between several loci and grain yield and between two loci and plant height. Conclusions. The changes in grain yield in the most unfavorable year, 2018, were associated with allelic differences of lines at locus Xbarc319- 5A, and in the most favorable year, 2017, – with another locus of chromosome 5A, Xbarc330-5A. In both cases, the lines that had an allele from Odeska chervonokolosa were characterized by a significantly higher level of grain yield compared to the lines that had an allele from the Luzanivka odeska variety. There are at least two QTLs on 5B chromo- some, associated with winter wheat grain yield in favorable growing years. The first of them is located in the region of locus Xbarc88-5B, and the second – in the region of loci Xwmc415-5B, Xgpw3191-5B, and Xcfd7-5B. Based on the alleles of the specified microsatellite loci, which are linked QTLs of grain yield, it is possible to select genotypes at the early stages of selection that will give a higher yield in years with favorable conditions for growing wheat.

Elements of crop structure and biological pro-ductivity depending on the technology of growing winter wheat seeds

The peculiarities of the formation of the elements of the crop structure and the biological yield of winter wheat seeds depending on the genotype and different technologies of its cultivation have been clarified. The formation of winter wheat seed yield depends on the elements of the crop structure, namely: the number of plants, productive stems, grains in an ear and the mass of grain from one ear. It was found that with the basic technology of growing seeds, in an average of three years of mid-early and mid-ripening varieties, no significant difference was found with the coefficient of tillering and the mass of grains from the ear. At the same time, there was a tendency to increase the coefficient of productive tillering and the mass of grains from ears of medium-ripe varieties. The highest coefficient of productive tillering (1.4) was in the Astarta variety, which provided the largest number of productive stems (498 pcs./m2), and the weight of grains in the ear of this variety was the smallest (1.4 g), while the seed yield was 6.97 t/ha and was significantly less than other varieties. A similar dependence was observed for the cultivation of mid-early ripening varieties. With the largest number of productive stalks (436 pcs./m2), the mass of grains in an ear was the smallest (1.6 g) of the Boria variety and, accordingly, the biological yield of seeds was significantly lower compared to other varieties of this maturity group. The dec-rease in the number of productive stalks contributed to a significant increase in the mass of grains from the ear and biological productivity. The use of energy-rich technology ensured a reliable increase in the biological productivity of varieties of both maturity groups, compared to the basic one. The coefficient of bushing and the number of productive stems were higher in medium-ripening varieties, which, in combination with agrotechnological measures – increased doses of fertilizers both in the main and in top dressing, protection of crops from diseases (twice treatment of crops with fungicides) ensured obtaining a reliable higher yield, which on average varieties, which amounted to 7.60 t/ha or was 0.17 t/ha more than that of mid-early ripening varieties. The use of biological technology for growing winter wheat seeds ensured the highest biological yield of seeds of all varieties of both maturity groups, compared to both basic and energy-rich technologies. On average, over three years, medium-ripening varieties provided significantly higher biological seed yield compared to medium-early-ripening ones. With the biological cultivation technology, with the application of trace elements and growth stimulants, a greater number of productive stems was obtained due to a higher coefficient of productive bushing, which was the same for varieties within each maturity group, which ensured a significantly higher biological yield of seeds, compared to the basic and energyrich technologies. The biological yield of winter wheat seeds depended both on the coefficient of productive tillering, the number of productive stems and the weight of grains from one ear, as well as on varietal characteristics. Varieties of different maturity groups responded differently to seed growing technologies. Key words: crop structure, productive stems, tillering coefficient, grain mass, maturity group.

COMBINATION ABILITY OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES BY PRODUCTIVITY IN TOPCROSS CROSSES

Two-tester analysis of topcross crossings of soybean varieties, which differ in valuable economic traits and ecological and geographical origin, was used in the research. According to the indicators of combining ability, the value of soybean varieties was determined by the elements of the crop structure. In hybrid populations, the degree and frequency of positive transgressions have been determined, which is a selection material for the creation of new varieties by hybridization. High effects of ZKZ on plant height and attachment of lower beans were established in Sawyer 2-95 variety and KiVin tester; by the number of productive nodes - in the varieties Sawyer 2-95, Medea, Kyivska 97 and tester KyVin; according to the number of beans per plant - in varieties Ustya, Kyivska 97 and tester KyVin; according to the number of seeds on the plant - in the Medea, Kyivska 97 and Hoverla tester varieties; by the weight of 1000 seeds - in varieties Sawyer 2-95, Kyivska 97 and Hoverla tester; according to the mass of grain from the plant - in the varieties Medea, Kyivska 97 and tester Hoverla; in terms of productivity - in Medea, Kyivska 97 and tester Hoverla varieties. It was established that additive effects of genes were dominant in the genetic control of plant height traits and attachment of lower beans, elements of crop structure and productivity, but there was also a significant non-additive effect. According to the number of beans per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and the weight of seeds per plant, in the vast majority of hybrid populations, inheritance by the type of overdominance and dominance of the parental form with a higher manifestation of the trait was noted. The analysis of dominance indicators made it possible to identify crossbreeding combinations that are distinguished by the overdominance of the specified traits and have significant breeding value: Sawyer 2-95 × Hoverla, Kyivska 97 × Hoverla, Kharkivska precocious × Hoverla, Sawyer 2-95 × KiVin, Kharkivska precocious × KiVin.

Physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of transgenic winter wheat plants with gene ornitin-Δ-aminotransferases

Aim. To analyze the physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of genetically modified plants of new promising genotypes of winter bread wheat of seed generation T2 with the heterologous gene of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase of alfalfa. Methods. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in vitro; biochemical determination of the activity of the enzyme ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT) and the content of free L-proline; morphometric indicators and elements of crop structure; mathematical statistics. Results. It was found that the presence of additional copies of the oat gene in transgenic plants leads to increased activity of the enzyme ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (on average 1.5 times compared to the original plants), but they do not differ significantly from plants of the original genotypes in free L-Proline is neither normal nor under conditions of soil drought. It has been shown that the introduction into the genome of wheat plants of a genetic construct that enhances the expression of the oat gene stimulates root growth both under normal and stressful conditions. Under conditions of insufficient moisture supply, plants of transgenic lines also exceeded untransformed plants in the number and weight of grains from the whole plant. Conclusions. Analysis of physiological and biochemical characteristics and economic characteristics of transgenic soft wheat plants containing the heterologous gene of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase of alfalfa showed their increased tolerance to soil drought compared to non-transgenic genotypes. Biotechnological plants are characterized by a more developed root system, which increased the ability of plants to grow in conditions of water scarcity.

Physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of transgenic winter wheat plants with RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene

Aim. To analyze the physiological, biochemical and economic characteristics of genetically modified plants of new promising genotypes of winter bread wheat of seed generation T2 with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene. Methods. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in vitro; biochemical determination of proline dehydrogenase enzyme activity and free proline content; morphometric indicators and elements of crop structure; mathematical statistics. Results. It is shown that transgenic plants, in contrast to control, grow on a medium with mannitol more intensely, retaining a green color. It was found that both under normal conditions and under conditions of water deficiency, plants of seed generation T2 have an increased level of free Proline in the leaves compared to control genotypes. It was found that transformants are characterized by reduced activity of the enzyme proline dehydrogenase, which is manifested by changes in normal – stress – normal conditions. Transgenic T2 plants had a higher tolerance to water deficiency compared to the original, which was reflected in the nature of their growth. In conditions of soil moisture deficiency, the yield of most transformed lines was higher compared to untransformed plants. Conclusions. The results suggest that the use of a vector construct with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the ProDH gene is effective for creating transgenic winter bread wheat plants with increased tolerance to water deficiency.

Cluster Analysis Of Triticum L. Samples Of Different Ecological And Geographical Origin

This research paper is devoted to the application of cluster analysis for evaluating samples of soft spring wheat by elements of crop structure. The purpose of the study is to analyse the intraspecific and interspecific variability of morphological features of samples of spring wheat of various ecological and geographical origin according to 8 morphological features. Observations were carried out in 2018-2020 in the training and experimental production centre “Doslidne pole” of the Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaev. The cluster analysis of the collection of spring wheat samples, which included 76 samples of various ecological and geographical origin, allowed the study to assess the following features: the presence of awns, the colour of awns, the colour of ear scales, the pubescence of leaves, the pubescence of the subcrown internode, the pubescence of the ear internode, the colour of caryopsis, the colour of straw. The results of analysis of the phylogeny of various types of spring wheat by cluster analysis using morphological markers to determine homogeneous groups are presented, and the affected tree of systematic formation of clustering groups is established. Based on the cluster analysis, two separate groups of soft spring wheat samples were identified according to the complex of plant productivity elements. Samples are grouped into each cluster depending on the quantitative characteristics of the crop structure and their interaction with each other. In general, all samples over the years of study showed good results, namely based on “colour of awns”, of particular note are the samples of the Tr. persicumspecies. According to the results obtained, all samples have good indicators, and cluster analysis of soft spring wheat samples allowed identifying groups of plants that exceed the parent forms in the optimal set of economically valuable traits, which would allow for a more purposeful selection of valuable forms based on certain traits

Analysis of soybean germplasm by seed longevity

Aim. Analysis of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) germplasm seed longevity with different biochemical composition for further storage optimization in active collections and during long-term storage. Methods. The content of protein, oil, fatty acid composition (palmitic, palmitic-oleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenic, behenic) in experimental soybean seed samples was analyzed. The process of accelerated storage aging, storage at –20°C were carried out at original seed moisture content and after additional drying. Laboratory and field indexes of seed germinability, mophophysiological state of seedlings, elements of crop structure were evaluated. Results. The longevity of soybean seed germplasm with different biochemical composition, different degree of drying was determined. The statistical relationship between fatty acid content and germination of soybean seeds in experimental and control variants was established. Conclusions. Drying to 4% seed moisture content extends the longevity of soybean seeds with different biochemical composition. Extra drying should be applied in special modes even for seeds with 7% moisture content.
 Keywords: germplasm, soybean, storage, longevity, moisture content.

Formation of spring barley grain yield and its structure depending on the variety and nutrition conditions in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Theresearch results are presented conducted during 2016-2018 on southern chernozem with two varieties of spring barley to study the impact of nutrition optimization on grain yield and elements of its structure. It is determined that the treatment of crops with growth regulating drugs in the main growing seasons provides a significant increase in grain productivity of barley, which is the highest when formed by three foliar nutrition with modern growth regulating drugs in the tillering phase and plant emergence in the tube at the beginning of earing. The grain yield of spring barley of the Stalker variety increased on average over three years, depending on the growth regulator taken for processing, in the range of 3.25 – 3.60 t / ha at its level in control, respectively, for treatment of plants with water 2.50 t / ha, and the variety Vakula – to 3.41 – 3.71 compared with 2.47 t / ha in the control. It was found that the increase in grain yield by the studied varieties of spring barley was due to the increase in ear length, and most significantly – due to more grains in the ear, the weight of grain from the ear and the weight of 1000 grains. These indicators increased and changed under the influence of power optimization. Key words: spring barley, varieties, elements of crop structure, grain yield, foliar fertilization, growth regulators.

Sources of chickpea genotypes with high level of main economically valuable characteristics for breeding in conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. The aim of the study was to identify samples of chickpeas with economically valuable traits on the ground of the basic collection of parent material as a source of traits for breeding in conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; to systematize them by yielding capacity, elements of crop structure, duration of the growing season, morphological features, areas of use in accordance with the two main groups of culture morphotypes – kabuli and desi – in order to plan areas of breeding. Methods. Field (conducting phenological observations), laboratory (assessment of the studied material). Results. 223 samples of chickpeas originating from different countries of Asia and Europe were screened in order to determine their breeding value in conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It is established that promising for selection in such conditions are samples originating from Russia, Syria and India, as well as varieties and new highperformance lines obtained from Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center of seed and cultivar investigation of NAAS of Ukraine, characterized by a set of features such as grain productivity (number of beans per plant, weight of 1000 seeds and others), and suitability for the mechanized harvesting (height of the plant, height of attachment of the lower bean and others). The studies were conducted in contrasting conditions of two years, 2018 and 2019, which differed significantly in the amount of precipitation and the sum of effective temperatures, and the nature of their distribution during the growing season, which allowed to obtain more objective information about breeding material. The nature of variability of the main economically valuable traits by groups of morphotypes as well as correlations between them is determined, this will allow to make targeted selections in breeding for the above mentioned traits, using this experimental material as genetic sources. Conclusions. A set of chickpea samples of different ecological and geographical origin with valuable breeding traits have been identified, which can be used as genetic sources in practical selection to create new varieties with specified parameters in conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The selected sources were unique in one feature as well as combined a set of features.