Electrotechnical Industry Research Articles

WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES BY THE NATURAL METALS

Purpose. The paper deals with the galvanic coupling effect (time of treatment and other factors) on the removal of oil, synthetic surface active substances (SSAS), chromium, etc. from waste process solutions used in metalworking. It presents an overview of wastewater treatment technologies from heavy metal ions based on physicochemical processes. Methodology. To restore hexavalent chlorine to trivalent, authors decided to use the existing averager of acid-alkaline effluents as a kind of galvanic coagulant, for which it was filled with iron turnings and crushed coke. Findings. Authors researched wastewater of the electrotechnical industry and highlighted sorption methods for their purification with the use of coagulants, ion exchange. They considered a new galvanocoagulation method for purification from heavy metal (HM) ions (arsenic, chromium, non-ferrous metals), as well as petroleum products and organic substances dissolved in water. Permissible values of the quality indicators of wastewater and water in reservoirs are given. The classification of heavy metal groups according to the degree of toxic effect is presented. Their influence on the human body is considered. The use of the «LOTOS» reactor in the technological process of electroplatings wastes cleaning allows: to process them in a single stream, to abandon special reagents for cleaning effluents from hexavalent chromium and cyanides, to exclude the need for acidification of effluents, to reduce the use of alkaline reagents up to complete rejection of them, to reduce the equipment rate and number of production personnel (their main function is to purify solutions containing up to 1 g/dm3 of hexavalent chromium. The reactor consists of unified modules, mounted in a single frame. Originality. On the basis of experimental research work, it was established possibility in principle of treatment of all liquids under research by the galvanocoagulation method. The method consists in contacting of wastewater simultaneously with copper and steel shavings (scrap) without using an external source of electric current. Practical value. The article highlights the topical issues of wastewater treatment from salts of heavy metals, which is necessary for sanitary and ecological purposes. We propose modern energy-saving and low-energy-consuming simple methods, such as the galvanic technique. The modern plant is widely used in industry, electroplating and metalware production. The described methods have a number of positive properties in the economic and energy relations. Salts of heavy metals are dangerous pollutants for both sewage and drinking water. Therefore, water treatment is a very important problem in the field of the environment of our country and abroad. The cleaning effect is achieved within 95 ... 98%.

Radiation-resistant materials based on mica in the construction industry

Burial of radioactive waste is an urgent contemporary problem. The development of materials for the disposal of radioactive waste is also topical. In this paper, we consider the possibility of using mica to solve these problems. Mica has been known for a long time and studied by researchers from almost all countries of the world. The areas of its use are constantly expanding and renewing. Mica has high electrical insulation properties. Because of this, the field of application of mica was the electrotechnical industry for a long time. Currently, the range of using mica is quite wide. In this paper, attention is paid to the relatively promising areas of its use. The possibility of using composite materials based on mica as materials for protection against radioactive emissions and disposal of radioactive waste is considered. The object of the study: samples of a composite material based on mica, or the mikalexs. The method of recording ionizing radiation and the mass spectroscopic method were used to study linear coefficients of μ attenuation from gamma radiation of mikalexes on the basis of various micas after bombardment with 5 MeV, 10 MeV, 25 MeV electron beams. We used: a cesium source of γ-radiation with E = 0.661 MeV and a cobalt source with E = 1.25 MeV. Research results on the μ linear attenuation coefficients on γ-radiation of mikalexes based on various micas after their bombardment with electron fluxes showed that electron bombardment increases the penetrating power of gamma radiation in the mikalex. The dependence of the coefficient of linear attenuation on the type of mica used was determined. A new field of use of composite materials based on mica (micalex) for radiation protection and the disposal of radiation waste and their use in ultrahigh vacuum.

Research and assessment of competitiveness of large engineering complexes

The urgency of the problem of ensuring the competitiveness of manufacturing and high-tech sectors is shown. Substantiated the decisive role of the large industrial complexes in the formation of the results of the national economy; the author’s interpretation of the concept of “industrial complex” with regard to current economic systems. Current approaches to assessing the competitiveness of enterprises and industrial complexes are analyzed; showing their main advantages and disadvantages. Provides scientific-methodological approach to the study and management of competitiveness of a large industrial complex; the description of its main units is provided. As a Central element of the scientific methodology approach proposed the methodology for assessing the competitiveness of a large industrial complex based on the Pattern-method; a modular system of indicators of competitiveness is developed and its adaptation to a large engineering complexes is made. Using the developed methodology the competitiveness of one of the largest engineering complexes of the group of companies Uralelectrotyazhmash, which is the leading enterprises in electrotechnical industry of Russia is assessed. The evaluation identified the main problems and bottlenecks in the development of these enterprises, and their comparison with leading competitors is provided. According to the results of the study the main conclusions and recommendations are formed.

Effect of Small Addition of Cobalt on Magnetic Properties and Internal Stresses Sources in the Form of Free Volumes and Pseudo-Dislocation Dipoles in Fe78CoXSi11-XB11 (x = 0 Or 2) Alloys / Wpływ Nieznacznego Dodatku Kobaltu Na Właściwości Magnetyczne Oraz Źródła Naprężeń Wewnętrznych W Postaci Wolnych Objętości Oraz Pseudodyslokacyjnych Dipoli W Stopach Fe78CoXSi11-XB11 (x = 0 Or 2)

Amorphous materials in the form of tapes, despite being discovered more than half a century ago, are still the object of interest for materials engineers and electro-technical industry. They possess a great application potential, and are constantly studied for new variations. Due to the different structure from the commonly manufactured textured FeSi sheets, FeCoB based amorphous alloys demonstrate very good, so called soft magnetic properties. This paper presents the results of studying the structure and magnetic properties of tapes of Fe78CoxSi11-xB11(X = 0 or 2) alloys of amorphous structure. In addition, the effect of Co alloy addition on the type of structural defects in the area of ferromagnetic saturation approach was examined. It was found that a small addition of Co affects the increase of saturation magnetization value, as well as the distribution of magnetization vectors within the stresses sources in form of structure defects.

Studies on Copper – Activated Carbon (CWZ14) Metallurgical Synthesis with the Use of Continuous Casting Method

Various allotropic forms of carbon like carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) can have high mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Because of this phenomena research results are being conducted worldwide on their possible use in electro-technical and electrical industry, for heat removal applications and in the fields of widely understood mechanical industry. Development method of high quality CNT’s is complex and can be long lasting. Because of those difficulties the production cost is very high and price of obtained CNT’s can reach thousands of euros. High cost of pure CNT’s and graphene is a direct reason for numbers of studies, also conducted in this article, on the synthesis of copper and other forms of carbon like i.e. activated carbon. Authors of this article state that also with the use of activated carbon one can achieve increase of copper mechanical, electrical, and technological properties. In this paper research results on copper and activated carbon (CWZ14) synthesis method are presented along with the research results of electrical, mechanical, rheological and micro-structural properties for obtained composites.

Imaging of Magnetic Domains and Domain Walls in Spherical Fe-Si Powder Using Magnetic Force Microscopy

The commercial Fe-Si powder, produced by Hoganes Corporation, represents promising soft magnetic material for technological applications. The powder consists of spherical particles with diameter up to 150 μm. Internal microstructure of the powder is formed by grains of diameter of about 30 μm. Each separate grain has a random orientation of the easy magnetization axis and is su ciently large to split into several magnetic domains. A comparative study of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography and the corresponding magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images was employed in order to examine the correlation between the grain size, boundaries of grains and characterization of the magnetic domains, which gives us an important knowledge about possible behavior of particles under the in uence of the external magnetic eld and further utilization of the spherical Fe-Si particles in electrotechnical industry. The grain size and the crystallographic orientation of grains were analyzed by the electron backscattering di raction (EBSD) technique.

3D Optical Measuring Systems and Laser Technologies for Scientific and Industrial Applications

Abstract Modern industry and science require novel 3D optical measuring systems and laser technologies with micro/nanometer resolution for solving actual problems. Such systems, including the 3D dimensional inspection of ceramic parts for electrotechnical industry, laser inspection of wheel pair diagnostic for running trains and 3D superresolution low-coherent micro- /nanoprofilometers are presented. The newest results in the field of laser technologies for high-precision synthesis of microstructures by updated image generator using the semiconductor laser are given. The measuring systems and the laser image generator developed and produced by TDI SIE and IAE SB RAS have been tested by customers and used in different branches of industry and science.

Dielectric relaxation and AC conductivity of modified polysulfones with chelating groups

The frequency-dependent dielectric properties and conductivity of partially quaternized polysulfones, quaternized polysulfones containing chelating groups, and chelated quaternized polysulfones with Cu2+ have been studied. The permittivity has low values and is dependent on the chemical characteristic of samples, in relation with the charge transfer complex and free volume and, consequently, with packing of the polymer chains and of the polarizable groups per volume units. At temperatures below 150 °C, all polysulfone films develop two relaxation processes, i.e., γ and β relaxation, involving different enthalpy and entropy contributions induced by their chemical structures. Frequency–temperature-dependent conductivity showed that conductivity increased with frequency, while the values of thermal activation energy of electrical conduction, lower that 1, suggest that a model based on energy bandgap representation could be suitable for explaining the temperature influence on AC conductivity for all samples. In addition, enhancement of mobility of the charge carrier upon complexation was observed for chelated quaternized polysulfones with Cu2+. All these typical semiconducting properties recommend the studied polymers as potential candidates for use in various applications in electrotechnical industry.

Transcarpathia – Ukrainian border region at the edge of the EU. Internal and external representations

Abstract. Starting from 1918, multiethnic Transcarpathia changed after centuries of being an integrated part of Hungary frequently its political affiliation and is since 2004 a Ukrainian border region to the European Union. Three of the four European Union neighbour countries belong since 21.12.2007 to the Schengen zone (Poland, Slovakia, Hungary), only the southern neighbour Romania is for the time being not yet a Schengen country. After a phase of relatively open borders and relatively intensive neighbourhood relations in the first transformation years, by the Schengen regime the situation for Transcarpathia changed again. The current situation, possibly still to be intensified by the Schengen entry of Romania, is likely to persist for some time. What does this mean for Transcarpathia as well as for the wider region in the northeast of the Pannonian basin? Which factors are determining the development in Transcarpathia? Which position maintains Transcarpathia within the Ukraine, how does it look at Kiev and how is it looked at by Kiev and the cis-Carpathian areas of the Ukraine? The paper deals under these aspects with economic development in Transcarpathia, the interest of foreign investors in the region, its role in the continental transportation network, the identity of the Slavonic population majority and regionalism, also with the position of the large Hungarian minority in the region and its relation to the motherland. The paper is based on a larger research project completed and published already in 2004 (Peter Jordan, Mladen Klemenčić: Transcarpathia – Bridgehead or Periphery?), but adopts also the results of a later diploma work of a student of the author (Berenike Ecker) as well as results of more recent research by the author himself. It is found that shaping by Hungarian history, borderland location and multiethnic structure can be defined as the essential components of Transcarpathian identity. Its economic potentials and perspectives rest mainly in richness in wood, its pleasant landscape and mineral waters, its location in the European traffic network, its border location and bridge function, the rich language skills of its population, the region's Central European character. By post-Communist industrialisation (wood processing, food industry, electrotechnical industry) and due to intense transborder relations of the Hungarian minority the region was able to make some progress during the transformation period, but could not yet escape its economically peripheric position. Major obstacles for a better development can be identified in an all but market-conform agriculture, in the Schengen regime cutting Transcarpathia off especially from Slovakia and Hungary as well as in Ukrainian regional governance structures enforcing centralist attitudes at the two levels of regional administration.

Soldering of aluminium with copper

Soldering of aluminium with copper becomes more significant, because of relatively low process temperature of about 400–450°C. It is applied not only in electrotechnical industry, in joining Al–Cu conductors, but also in cooling and air-conditioning equipment and in solar construction of collectors (Winiowski A. Lutowanie twarde aluminium i jegostopów – nowe trendy technologiczne, Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, nr 6/2000, Fontargen GmbH. Löten in der Kälte- und Klimatechnik, Eisenberg. 2001 and Fontargen GmbH. Aluminium-Löten. Eisenberg 2003). In this paper, problems concerning Al–Cu soldering are presented. For soldering, zinc solders with the addition of 2, 4, and 15 wt% Al have been used. Results of wettability and spread factor measurements of zinc solders on aluminium and copper surface, as well as metallography, microhardness, and shearing tests of Al–Cu joints are presented. Effects of copper pipes with aluminium plate soldering with application of flux coating solders are also described.

Improvement of the conditions of high-accuracy rolling of soft magnetic strips due to the application of a refined mathematical model of the process

The specific features of deformation during cold rolling are studied to develop a refined model for the cold rolling of precision soft magnetic strips. The results of development of the theory of cold rolling are used for highly worked thin strips to calculate and optimize the technological conditions of production of a wide range of precision strips applied in instrument making, electrotechnical industry, and so on.

E-book reader és a hazai fogyasztók viszonya

My paper deals with e-books and e-book readers, which are a new innovation of the electrotechnical industry, the most developing industry of the 20th and 21st centuries. The market for these products is really untapped in Hungary despite the propagation eff orts of the most popular publishers and bookstores. My primary aim was to find out the Hungarian consumers’ reading habits, their negative attitude to technology and the reasons for the unpopularity of these products among domestic consumers.

Moving from basic offerings to value-added solutions: Strategies, barriers and alignment

Commoditization erodes the competitive differentiation of companies and often leads to a profit squeeze. Existing literature recommends the transition from basic product offerings to service-based value concepts in order to regain competitiveness in such a context. This paper explores the concrete efforts of suppliers in the commoditized electro-technical industry to create new non-price-based customer value. In this paper, a taxonomy of efforts is developed which builds on the competitive strategy and strategic marketing literature. Our research identifies barriers to the market introduction of these new value concepts. Observations in this industry lead to a framework that (1) proposes alternative step-by-step strategies for making the transition from basic products to service-based solutions, and (2) offers alignment suggestions for overcoming identified barriers. Migration paths to introducing new service-based value concepts are incremental rather than radical, and managers should complement their market approach with (a) value chain actions to create multilevel industry support and (b) an organizational alignment approach.

Relationalism as a Marketing Strategy: An Empirical Study Among Finnish Business-to-Business Marketing Firms

ABSTRACT A host of business and industrial marketing literature has put long-term oriented, cooperative and bonded business relationships into research focus. Empirical field research–mainly in-depth case studies–has identified them as the dominating governance mode in most industrial business settings. In this study, the following research questions are set: (1) From theoretical point of view, how can relationalism as a marketing strategy be conceptualized? (2) In a population of business-to-business marketing firms, what is the extent of firms that apply relationalism as a primary marketing strategy? (3) Are there any differences between various kinds of business-to-business firms regarding relationalism manifested in the marketing strategy? Relationalism of a marketing strategy is defined in terms of the cooperativeness of marketing practices and the level of accrued relationship assets within key business relationships in a specific business-to-business marketing context. The sample consisted of 211 Finnish business-to-business marketing firms in the metal and electrotechnical industry. MANOVA and ANOVA procedures were utililized in the study. The study revealed that the respondent companies are on the average rather relational in their marketing strategies. No strong and clear differences were found in marketing practices and relationship assets between the groups of the employed independent variables. Although relationality of the marketing strategy (in terms of marketing practices and relationship assets) and firm profitability seem to have a weak connection, our study cannot confirm the common belief that companies should strive towards the creation of close and bonded relationships with their key customers in order to be more profitable than their competitors. Rather, it seems to be so that in the business-to-business context where the markets are network-like, close relationships to key customers can be regarded more as a necessary condition to survive than a sufficient condition to succeed.

Le protectionnisme est-il la clef du succès commercial allemand à la fin du XIXe siècle ?

Germany’s return to protectionism in 1879 and Germany’s access to commercial power from the 1890s are usually considered as closely related. The aim of this paper is to examine more thoroughly this relationship : on the one hand the disaggregation by products of the German trade, and on the other the utilization of revealed comparative advantage indexes. This highlights the fact that the more protected products after 1879 did not had the higher comparative advantage at the end of the 19 th century. The products, that made German commercial success, those of the chemical, mechanical and electrotechnical industries, had low or zero protection level.

Technological internationalisation in the electro-technical industry: a cross-company comparison of patenting patterns 1986–2000

This paper addresses the issue of R&D internationalisation of two multinationals in the electro-technical industry (GE and ABB), by means of a patent data analysis. The overwhelming majority of both companies’ R&D activities are concentrated in Western Europe and North America. The locational overlap between the two firms’ activities is small. These results are consistent with findings from earlier studies that (1) there is little evidence to suggest that the ‘production’ of technology is globalised in a general sense and (2) that tapping knowledge from an industry's global lead location plays a very limited role in foreign R&D investments.

BARRIERS TO STRATEGIC INNOVATION IN INDUSTRIAL MARKETS

This report examines strategic innovation efforts of companies in an industry displaying traits of maturity. Strategic innovation efforts intend to create superior customer value and competitive advantage. Realizing the full benefits of these efforts necessitates that companies change their view on existing relationships in the supply chain of the industry under consideration. Based on case study research in nine installation companies in the Dutch electro technical industry, we conclude that a mismatch between intended strategies and the dominant logic of these companies (and their business partners) impedes strategic innovation efforts. We thus identify barriers to strategic innovation. This report suggests strategy options that have the potential to overcome these barriers and relate these options to managerial mindsets and cognitions with respect to competitive strategy, organization and network relationships.

Electricity, technological change and productivity in Swedish industry, 1890-1990

Electricity and electrotechnical industry have taken a central position in Swedish industrial development ever since the breakthrough of the high-voltage technique in the 1890s. Some reasons for the importance of electricity are quite obvious. Due to her natural resources, Sweden had at an early stage developed many energy intensive industries such as iron and steel works and pulp and paper mills. She lacked, however, deposits of fossil fuels while the supply of water power was abundant. Hence, early on there was a strong stimulus to develop a system of generation and transmission of electrical power as well as to invest in electrotechnical equipment. Similarly, there was a strong stimulus to the development of a domestic electrotechnical engineering industry. This industry became a backbone of the more sophisticated manufacturing that spurred Swedish industrialization from the 1890s onwards.

Implementing European Quality Award in a global high tech company

Achieving and maintaining good customer relationships is extremely important for the profitability and performance of a company. Customer satisfaction is considered as the most important criterion of quality awards. The aim of this empirical case study in a company working in global and high tech electro technical industries is to implement a systematic measurement for customer satisfaction according to the criteria of European Quality Award. The experiences (from 1992 to 1997) of the customer satisfaction measurements have been utilised for the further development of the measurement method. A lot of new, systematic and valuable information for customer satisfaction measurements is easily available, even without any charges, from totally new sources.

The concept of hypercompetition—a new approach to strategic management in large multinational firms

• The common static approaches to strategic management do not fit the present rapidly changing environment. • D'Aveni in a recent book proposes tools and frameworks that meet the new economic realities, and a new 7-S model of strategic management. • The D'Aveni concepts are applied in this article to the electrotechnical industry, and in particular to the Asea Brown Boveri merger of 1988. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.