Abstract Biodegradable packaging offers a sustainable approach to extend shelf-life of food and reduce environmental impact. In this study, a bilayer active film composed of Persian acorn starch and zein nanofibers incorporating 10% (v/w) cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was developed via casting and electrospinning methods. Cinnamaldehyde (83.81%) was the dominant constituent of CEO, which exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25 µL/mL. The physicochemical properties of the extracted acorn starch and the films were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of zein nanofiber showed that the mean fiber diameter decreased from 521 to 497 nm with the addition of CEO. While added CEO in zein nanofiber decreased the tensile strength (35.36%), Young's modulus (19.44%) and water vapor permeability (28.38%), but significantly increased elongation at break (37.94%), hydrophobicity, and antioxidant properties of the film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed hydrogen bond formation between layers and effective CEO encapsulation within the zein nanofiber matrix. CEO release was medium-dependent, with the slowest rate was observed in distilled water. Acorn starch/zein/CEO film significantly reduced lipid oxidation (by 44%), inhibited total mesophilic bacteria, and extended the shelf-life of rainbow trout fillets by 6 days. Overall, the active bilayer starch/zein film demonstrates promising potential as a bio-based active packaging material for fish fillet preservation. Graphical Abstract

Multifunctional electrospun nanofiber mats based on polycaprolactone/gelatin incorporated with Dunaliella salina oil for potential antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity and wound healing applications.

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections pose a significant challenge in bone tissue engineering, primarily due to the formation of biofilms on implant surfaces, which can impede osteointegration. KR-12, a cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with dual osteoinductive and biofilm-inhibitory properties, represents a promising strategy to address this issue. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun nanofiber (NF) scaffolds offer biocompatibility, tunable morphology, and support for cell adhesion and proliferation, making them ideal for bone regeneration. While cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment has been explored to enhance peptide functionalization, covalent conjugation of KR-12 to PLGA electrospun NFs has not yet been reported. In this study, KR-12 was incorporated into electrospun PLGA NFs to create a dual-functional scaffold that promotes osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting biofilm formation. Scaffold surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements, and peptide incorporation was confirmed via fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling and FTIR spectroscopy. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on KR-12-functionalized NFs exhibited enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium and collagen deposition, and upregulated expression of collagen type I (COL1), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), as well as positive immunofluorescence staining. Antibacterial and biofilm formation inhibition activities were evaluated against multidrug-resistant MRSA and P. aeruginosa, as well as non-MDR E. coli and S. aureus, demonstrating potent inhibition of biofilm formation. KR-12-functionalized PLGA NFs thus provide a dual-functional platform for infection-resistant bone tissue regeneration, combining osteogenic support with potent inhibition of biofilm formation.

Antioxidant and antibacterial nanofiber films via electrospinning of ZIF-8-encapsulated nisin in PCL/chitosan matrices.

Plasma-assisted electrospinning of functional nanofibers: Solution and surface nanoengineering for biomedical applications

Enhancing mechanisms of electro-spun nanofiber veils on the low-velocity impact and residual compressive performances of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminates

In-situ encapsulated aggregation induced emission photosensitizer in electrospun nanofiber mats for light-triggered self-disinfection

Simvastatin loaded marine collagen-silk fibroin electrospun nanofiber as a bioactive guided tissue membrane for regenerative and anti-inflammatory therapy

Electrospun nanofiber based LiB separator with tunable surface functional groups via vapor phase treatment

A novel polyurethane nanofiber scaffold with mechanical adaptability and anti-adhesion properties promotes tendon regeneration.

Maillard reaction altering the properties of pullulan/fish skin gelatin based electrospun nanofibers: structure, physicochemical, mechanical characteristics and antibacterial activity

Chitosan, as a renewable biological macromolecule, has attracted increasing interest for membrane engineering owing to its abundant functional groups and strong affinity toward metal ions. In this study, waste-derived chitosan extracted from recycled oyster shells was blended with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and fabricated into electrospun nanofibers, which were subsequently grafted onto cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (CA-RO) membranes to form biopolymer composite membranes. The macromolecular structure, intermolecular interactions, and physicochemical properties of the resulting membranes were systematically investigated using SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The electrospun CS/PVA fibers exhibited diameters ranging from 182 to 459 nm, with higher electrospinning voltages yielding thinner and more uniform fibers. Grafting of the CS/PVA fibers significantly enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, reducing the water contact angle from 68.21° to 51.2°, and improved mechanical performance, with tensile strength increasing from 86.17 MPa to 144.55 MPa. These improvements are primarily attributed to hydrogen bonding and macromolecular chain interactions between chitosan, PVA, and cellulose acetate. The functionalized composite membranes demonstrated high rejection efficiencies for Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II), with minimal impact on water permeability. The CS/PVA/CA-RO composite membranes exhibited high heavy metal rejection efficiencies of 85.98%, 90.51%, and 95.31% for Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II), respectively, while maintaining a water flux of 9.96 L·m −2 ·h −1 highlighting the effective integration of adsorption functionality with structural stability. This work presents a sustainable macromolecular engineering strategy for designing high-performance biopolymer composite membranes via electrospinning and surface grafting, offering promising potential for advanced separation applications.

Electrospinning is a high-throughput technique for producing nanofibers. The diameter of such nanofibers governs key properties such as surface area, porosity, and mechanical strength. Precise diameter control is therefore crucial for applications from filtration to tissue engineering, yet optimizing processing conditions for targeted diameter fabrication typically relies on slow, costly trial-and-error experiments. This study presents a data-driven inverse-design framework that replaces traditional trial-and-error optimization with predictive modeling to achieve precise diameter control. Eleven regression models were evaluated on a dataset of 96 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) experiments, with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) emerging as the best surrogate (test [Formula: see text]). SHAP analysis confirmed applied voltage and solution concentration as the most influential parameters, consistent with physical principles. In the optimization stage, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) achieved the highest inverse design accuracy ([Formula: see text], MAE [Formula: see text]). This framework enables rapid, efficient design of nanofibers with specified properties and is readily adaptable to other materials and fabrication processes.

A series of pH-sensitive electrospun nanofibers based on Eudragit/chitosan blend with modulated properties for biomedical applications.

ABSTRACT Electrospun nanofiber yarns possess desirable biological properties, making them promising candidates for novel suture materials if they can achieve the mechanical performance required for tissue approximation. Nanofibers mimic the size scale of native extracellular matrix proteins, promoting tissue regeneration, favorable immune modulation, and enhanced extracellular matrix production, thereby facilitating improved healing outcomes. They also support cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, effects that are further enhanced through fiber alignment. Although electrospun yarns have previously been produced using self‐bundling techniques, existing methods lack control over fabrication and post‐processing parameters, resulting in limited mechanical performance. This study presents a nanoyarn fabrication method that enables controlled alignment and post‐drawing to enhance mechanical properties. Nanoyarns produced using this approach were compared with monofilament counterparts and a commercial absorbable suture to evaluate performance as a novel suture material. The method generated uniform nanoyarns with diameter coefficients of variation of 8–30%, consistent with conventional staple yarns. Mechanical testing demonstrated that post‐drawing increased Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and tenacity. Functional testing further showed reduced tissue damage and improved knot stability relative to commercial monofilament sutures. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of a parallel‐track system to fabricate uniform, aligned, and mechanically suitable nanoyarns for suture applications.

Introduction Electrospinning is a scalable technique for generating fibrous scaffolds with tunable micro- and nanoscale architectures for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool to accelerate process optimisation; however, existing models typically predict only mean fibre diameters, overlooking the entire diameter distribution that governs scaffold functionality and biomimicry. This study introduces FibreCastML, the first open-access, distribution-aware ML framework that predicts full fibre diameter spectra from routinely reported processing parameters and provides interpretable insights into parameter influence. Methods A comprehensive meta-dataset of 68,538 fibre-diameter measurements from 1,778 studies across 16 biomedical polymers was curated. Six standard input parameters (solution concentration, voltage, flow rate, tip-to-collector distance, needle diameter, and rotation speed) were used to train 7 ML learners (linear model, elastic net, decision tree, multivariate adaptive regression splines, k-Nearest Neighbours, random forest, and radial-basis Support Vector Machine) under nested cross-validation with leave-one-study-out external folds to ensure generalisable performance. Model interpretability combined variable importance, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), correlation matrices, and 3D parameter maps. The FibreCastML web app integrates these capabilities with out-of-range detection, solvent suggestions, and automated Excel reports. Results Non-linear and local learners consistently outperformed linear baselines, achieving R 2 > 0.91 for polymers such as cellulose acetate, Nylon-6, Polyacrylonitrile, polyD,L-lactide, Polymethyl methacrylate, Polystyrene, Polyurethane, Polyvinyl alcohol and Polyvinylidene fluoride. Concentration emerged as the most influential variable globally. The FibreCastML app returns polymer-specific distribution plots, predicted-vs-observed diagnostics, feature importance and correlations, and transparent metrics ( R 2 , RMSE, mean absolute error) for user-defined settings. In an experimental validation case using different electrospinners and microscopies, predicted diameter distributions closely matched experimental measurements (Kolmogorov–Smirnov p > 0.13 and overlap coefficient of 84%). Discussion By shifting from mean-centric to distribution-aware modelling, this work establishes a new paradigm for electrospinning design. FibreCastML enables reproducible, sustainable, and data-driven optimisation of scaffold architecture, bridging experimental and computational domains. Openly available, it empowers laboratories worldwide to perform faster, greener, and more reproducible electrospinning research, advancing sustainable nanomanufacturing and biomedical innovation.

Alcoholysis and acidolysis effectively transesterify polylactide (PLA) resin into small or medium-sized lactate oligomers with tunable hydrophilicity. The products can then be used to prepare various functional materials. This work employed 2, 2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (DMPA) to generate small-sized PLA oligomers with carboxylic and hydroxyl terminals. The chemical structures and compositions of the acido-alcoholyzed PLA (aPLA) were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The optimum product was blended with PLA resin and fabricated into electrospun nanofibers to increase their mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility. The surface morphology, chemical structures, crystallinity, and properties of the PLA/aPLA blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, water contact angle (WCA) measurements, tensile tests, and biocompatibility tests. Nanofibers with a ragged surface morphology and a 900-1500 nm size range were generated. The fibers showed higher crystallinity due to the enhanced crystallization induction by the acid and hydroxyl chain ends. Incorporating aPLA increased the elongation at break and the toughness of the fiber mats due to the plasticizing effect and the higher compatibility of aPLA in the PLA matrix. The hydrophilicity of the fiber mats also improved due to the higher contents of the polar end groups, leading to high water absorption in a short time. The cell compatibility results confirmed that the fibers containing 20% aPLAs were suitable for incubating L929 fibroblast cells, which was reflected in the higher adhesion and growth on the cells on the fiber mats within 7 days. The materials have high potential for use in tissue engineering scaffolding and biomedical applications.

We present an investigation to develop innovative composite fibrous electrodes optimized for a supercapacitor with a “green” low-cost aqueous electrolyte, superconcentrated potassium formate, which raises the maximum energy storage device voltage beyond the water electrolysis limit. Three types of electrospun nanofiber mats are investigated for optimum pseudocapacitance with this electrolyte: polyaniline (PANI)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, without or with 1 wt% or 10 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). These nanofiber mats are considered as standalone electrodes or in bilayer formations with a phenolic-derived activated carbon fabric. Supercapacitor cells with these electrodes are tested electrochemically via electrical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge at different current densities. The supercapacitor with hybrid electrode bilayers of activated carbon fabric and electrospun fiber mat consisting of PANI:PAN at 50:50 w/w with 10 wt% GNP exhibited the best performance with an energy and a power density of 39 Wh/kg and 6057 W/kg of electrodes, respectively.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by an evolving pathophysiology spanning acute, subacute, and chronic stages, each demanding temporally tailored therapeutic interventions. However, conventional drug delivery systems lack the capacity to adapt to these shifting biological windows, limiting therapeutic precision and clinical efficacy. Coaxial electrospun nanofibers, with their spatially distinct core-shell architecture, offer a platform for phase-responsive drug delivery, enabling temporal modulation of therapeutic release. In this review and design framework, we explore how the structural logic of coaxial nanofibers can be leveraged to address the temporally distinct therapeutic needs of TBI. We align polymer composition, fiber geometry, and degradation kinetics with the molecular and cellular hallmarks of each injury phase, emphasizing design strategies that synchronize scaffold behavior with evolving oxidative, neuroinflammatory, and regenerative processes. The review also outlines a roadmap for programmable coaxial electrospun nanofiber design logic for TBI application. By structurally aligning therapeutic delivery with TBI's temporal dynamics, phase-responsive nanofiber scaffolds may advance the field toward more precise, adaptive, and effective neurotherapeutics.

ABSTRACT Helical micro‐nanomaterials with intelligently controllable, multi‐color circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) have garnered significant interest for their promising applications in chiral chemistry, photonics, and electronics. However, the precise and convenient fabrication of multi‐color and white CPL‐active flexible nanofibers featuring continuous helical topological structures remains challenging, particularly in the deformable solid nanomaterials. In this study, we employed a soft (polyurethane elastomer)/ hard (conjugated helical polymer/ cellulose/fluorescent dyes) bicomponent electrospinning strategy, through which helically chiral luminescent nanofibers with predominant single‐handedness were spontaneously formed due to intercomponent strain mismatch. By constructing hierarchical helices from the molecular to the mesoscopic scale, we achieved a biomimetic chiroptical flexible material that exhibits unique chirality amplifications. This work reveals a previously unreported synergistic strategy for the construction of mesoscopic chiral luminescent helical nanofibers. Furthermore, owing to the excellent flexibility and designability of electrospun nanofibers, as well as the unique physical and optical properties provided by chiral helical polymers and mesoscopic helical micro‐and nanofibers, the prepared multicolor and white CPL‐active nanofibrous films demonstrate promising application prospects in circularly polarized LED devices, blue‐light blocking films, and even as substitutes for flexible liquid crystal cells—highlighting the innovation and potential of this research system.