Electronic Box Research Articles

The In-Flight Realtime Trigger and Localization Software of GECAM

Realtime trigger and localization of bursts are the key functions of GECAM, an all-sky gamma-ray monitor launched on 2020 December 10. We developed a multifunctional trigger and localization software operating in the CPU of the GECAM Electronic Box. This onboard software has the following features: high trigger efficiency for real celestial bursts with a suppression of false triggers caused by charged particle bursts and background fluctuation, dedicated localization algorithm optimized for both short and long bursts, and low time latency of the trigger information which is downlinked through the Global Short Message Communication service of the global BeiDou navigation system. This paper provides a detailed description of the design and development of the trigger and localization software system for GECAM. It covers the general design, workflow, the main functions, and the algorithms used in the system. The paper also includes on-ground trigger tests using simulated gamma-ray bursts generated by a dedicated X-ray tube, as well as an overview of the performance for real celestial bursts during its in-orbit operation.

Convection Cooling of Power Electronics Operating in Deep-Space

Abstract Since most traditional spacecraft are designed to operate in a vacuum environment, forced convection cooling has seen limited use in space-applications. This paper considers an ideal candidate–the Dragonfly Lander, a rotorcraft being sent into Deep-space to conduct experiments on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. A forced convection based thermal management solution is presented for the Rotor Drive Electronics (RDE) unit, a high-power electronics box responsible for controlling the rotors that allow the Lander to fly on Titan. A thermal flow model was built in Solidworks Flow Simulation to evaluate the effectiveness of a fan system integrated into the packaging design and used as the primary method for cooling the RDE. The model was validated with temperature data collected from custom designed ground support equipment. It was found that utilizing forced convection allows temperatures of the electronics within the tightly packaged RDE to remain within operational limits when conductive and radiative heat transfer alone are insufficient. Titan's dense atmosphere results in greater mass flow rates through fans compared to on Earth, making forced convection a particularly efficient method of heat transfer. This research may guide the use of forced convection in future space missions, or non-traditional environments.

Synthesis of Form-stable Phase Change Materials for Application in Lunch Box to Keep the Food Warm

Introduction: The invention of a lunch box with phase-change materials incorporated to keep food warm throughout work hours is the subject of this paper. Since harmful chemicals render the food unfit for consumption when they come into contact with it, the choice of phase change material is essential. Method: Adopting a healthy lifestyle now includes carrying electronic lunch boxes and ordering takeaways. Nevertheless, utilizing the electric lunch box at work is a bother. Therefore, this study discusses a prototype of a lunch box that has been created and can keep food warm after it has been packed at home for 4-5 hours. The method of preparing the PCM FS65 is discussed and its stability over thermal cycling is analyzed. objective: To synthesize phase change material composite which does not go into liquid state in melting cycle. To understand the thermal stability of the phase change material composite To prove the efficacy of the composite in lunch box for keeping the food warm Result: The thermal resistance of the insulating materials and the quantity of PCM are the two design considerations for the lunch box that have been covered in this study. To explore these, a warm food criterion at a temperature of 45°C has been used. Conclusion: This research article has discussed the ideal PCM weight required for a 5-hour retention time as well as the ideal insulating material to make the least bulky lunch box design.

Periodic sampling and count rate correction of the low energy X-ray telescope on board the Insight- Hard X-ray modulation telescope

The Low Energy X-ray Telescope (LE) is an important instrument of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT), which performs scanning and point observation in the soft X-ray energy band (0.7–13 keV). Since its launch in 2017, it has conducted a large number of scientific observations and achieved significant astronomical discoveries. LE is composed of three detector boxes and an electronic control box. The data acquisition system of LE is designed to use periodic sampling, which solves the problem of unstable noise peaks. Data loss may occur when observing X-ray bursts, and periodic sampling provides a method of correcting light curves. In addition, in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) or where the count rate of the particle monitor on the Insight-HXMT is very high, LE automatically switches into SAA operating mode, and only a small number of events are recorded. After data correction, the light curves can be estimated to expand the astronomical achievements of LE.

Thermal performance against gravity of an AlSi10 AM heat pipe with a diamond lattice structure

Metal Additive Manufacturing has gained momentum as a viable production technique for specialized heat transfer devices, in particular for industrial sectors characterized by small production numbers associated with high-performance requirements. Within the space industry, ESA is leading and funding several applied research programs to explore the possibility to employ AM for building electronic boxes with embedded heat pipes, in order to reduce manufacturing post-processing steps and contact thermal resistances. In the context of tender 1-10238, the project “Heat Pipe Solutions for High Power Systems” (HPS2) has developed and tested lattice-based heat pipes, that are intended to be integrated in electronic modules. In this paper, the heat transfer performances as function of input power and tilt angle against gravity of a 150 mm long heat pipe with a 20 mm evaporator section and a 40 mm condenser section are presented and compared with the results of the models of performance limits, based on the measured properties of the lattice.

The status of the back-end card for the JUNO experiment

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy by detecting antineutrinos from nuclear reactors using a large liquid scintillator volume. The detector employs approximately 20,000 20-inch photomultiplier tubes powered and read out by two electronics readout systems: underwater and above water. The back-end card (BEC) is a crucial component of the latter and links 7,000 underwater electronics boxes to the trigger system. 180 BECs have been installed and tested at the JUNO site, including self-tests and combined tests. This paper presents the current status of the BEC.

Structural organization of a multi-level intelligent utility metering system with increased survivability

Objective. Development of principles for constructing a multi-level intelligent utility metering system (MISUKU) with increased survivability based on modern utility metering devices (CU) with expanded communication and functionality, as well as determining the fundamental possibility of constructing MISUKU based on a self-configuring mesh network of utility metering devices.Method.The study is based on an analysis of the functional and communication capabilities of modern utility metering devices and advances in the field of information technology and computer technology, as well as the availability of hardware for organizing inexpensive wireless data transmission lines. The work outlines the basic principles for constructing self-adjusting mesh networks of digital metering devices, while the basic device of the first-level system is a subscriber electric energy meter (ASEM), which has good energy, communication and functional parameters.Result.The basic principles for the creation of SNF utility metering devices and the structure of a multi-level system have been developed: the first level consists of ASEE with subscriber gas and water metering devices with built-in electronic devices connected to it via a radio channel; the second level is the district's strategic nuclear forces with a network coordinator installed at the district's transformer substation or on the roof of a high-rise apartment building. The third level consists of microdistricts united in the strategic nuclear forces system in the center, of which there is a control center for collecting and processing accounting and service information, as well as a payment center.Conclusion. The use of ASEE with mechanical gas and water meters and built-in electronic set-top boxes connected to it via a radio channel will make it possible to build a node of a self-organizing mesh network (SNF) of the first level, and on the basis of this network to create a MISUKU with high communication characteristics. The MISUKU structures presented in the work with increased survivability based on intelligent mesh networks of utility metering devices make it possible to increase the reliability of accounting information and the reliability of communications.

ANNs Predicting Noisy Signals in Electronic Circuits: A Model Predicting the Signal Trend in Amplification Systems

In the proposed paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm is applied to predict the electronic circuit outputs of voltage signals in Industry 4.0/5.0 scenarios. This approach is suitable to predict possible uncorrected behavior of control circuits affected by unknown noises, and to reproduce a testbed method simulating the noise effect influencing the amplification of an input sinusoidal voltage signal, which is a basic and fundamental signal for controlled manufacturing systems. The performed simulations take into account different noise signals changing their time-domain trend and frequency behavior to prove the possibility of predicting voltage outputs when complex signals are considered at the control circuit input, including additive disturbs and noises. The results highlight that it is possible to construct a good ANN training model by processing only the registered voltage output signals without considering the noise profile (which is typically unknown). The proposed model behaves as an electronic black box for Industry 5.0 manufacturing processes automating circuit and machine tuning procedures. By analyzing state-of-the-art ANNs, the study offers an innovative ANN-based versatile solution that is able to process various noise profiles without requiring prior knowledge of the noise characteristics.

O consumo simbólico da desinformação ancorada na credibilidade jornalística: análise de elementos de legitimação do discurso nas Eleições de 2022

The aim of this article is to analyze the discursive strategies that refer to the attribute of credibility in pieces of disinformation that circulated in the 2022 Brazilian Elections. We will use the methodological assumptions of the case study and criticaldiscourse analysis and, as a corpus, we chose pieces of disinformation that focus on allegations of fraud in the electronic ballot boxes published on Twitter (now X) and Telegram (with circulation in other digital and networked environments) and in (supposedly) journalistic companies such as Jovem Pan, during the first and second rounds of the presidential elections. We observed the use of six different discursive strategies -some of them also used in journalism -in which the aim is to lend credibility to misleading and fabricated content.

The OptoReg system: a simple and inexpensive solution for regulating water oxygen.

This paper describes an optocoupler-based regulation apparatus for saturation manipulation of oxygen in water (OptoReg). This system enables control of solenoid valves for oxygen and nitrogen gases using a FireSting-O2 meter, an optocoupler box and an electronic switch box. The hardware components connect to a computer through Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables. The control software is free and has a graphical user interface, making it easy to use. With the OptoReg system, any lab with a computer running Microsoft Windows operating system and a 4-channel FireSting-O2 meter can easily and cheaply set up four independently controlled systems for regulating water oxygen levels. Here, we describe how to assemble and run the OptoReg system and present a data set demonstrating the high precision and stability of the OptoReg system during static acclimation experiments and dynamic warming trials.

DEVELOPMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF CNT-CFRP COMPOSITE COMPONENTS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS

Space payloads are required to be compact, to withstand harsh climatic conditions, and perform well over the duration of a mission. Advanced lightweight materials with low density, high strength, and high specific stiffness, such as carbon fiber reinforce polymers (CFRP), controlled expansion alloy (CE7), and kevlar composites are better suited for space hardware. Despite of having superior mechanical qualities, CFRP composites have limited range of applications due to their worse electrical and thermal conductivities. By adding nano-fillers to improve conductivity, CFRP can be used extensively. The most often employed conductive nano-fillers in CFRP composites are graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By creating CFRP composites with superior conductivities, the use of CFRP composites can be extended over large applications for space missions. Materials such as aluminum, kovar, invar, and other composites (non-conductive in nature) may be replaced by CFRP-CNT composites. It can be used for fabricating broad variety of satellite hard wares, including satellite panels, reflectors, feed horns, wave guides, carrier plates, electronic package boxes, and covers. Based on tests with different configurations, it was discovered that 0.5% SWCNT offered better mechanical and electrical properties. CNT-CFRP composites are used in the development of carrier plates and reflectors. This article primarily focuses on development of qualification test strategy and how it differs from traditional systems test plan. Results from test coupons and the product level tests were compared and analyzed. The results are acceptable and found better in comparison to their conventional counterparts.

Spektr–UF Mission Spectrograph Space Qualified CCD Detector Subsystem

Spektr–UF (World Space Observatory Ultraviolet, WSO-UV) is a Russian-led international collaboration aiming to develop a large space-borne 1.7 m Ritchey–Chretién telescope with science instruments to study the Universe in ultraviolet wavelengths. The WSO-UV spectrograph (WUVS) consists of three channels: two high-resolution channels (R = 50,000) with spectral ranges of 115–176 nm and 174–310 nm, and a low-resolution (R = 1000) channel with a spectral range of 115–305 nm. Each of the three channels has an almost identical custom detector consisting of a CCD inside a vacuum enclosure, and drive electronics. The main challenges of the WUVS detectors are to achieve high quantum efficiency in the FUV-NUV range, to provide low readout noise (3 e− at 50 kHz) and low dark current (<12 e−/pixel/hour), to operate with integral exposures of up to 10 h and to provide good photometric accuracy. A custom vacuum enclosure and three variants of a custom CCD272-64 sensor with different UV AR coatings optimised for each WUVS channel were designed. The enclosure prevents contamination and maintains the CCD at the operating temperature of −100 ∘C, while the temperature of the WUVS optical bench is +20 ∘C. A camera electronics box (CEB) that houses the CCD drive electronics was developed. Digital correlated double sampling technology allows for extremely low readout noise and flexible frequency for normal and binned pixel readout modes. This paper presents the WUVS detector design drivers, methods for extending the service life of the CCD sensors working with low signals in a space radiation environment and the key calculated parameters and results of the engineering qualification model qualification campaign.

Individual Differences in Corticostriatal White-matter Tracts Predict Successful Daily-life Routine Formation.

Despite good intentions, people often fail to cross the "intention-behavior gap," especially when goal achievement requires repeated action. To bridge this gap, the formation of automatized routines may be crucial. However, people may differ in the tendency to switch from goal-directed toward habitual control. To shed light on why some people succeed in forming routines while others struggle, the present study related the automatization of a novel, daily routine to individual differences in white-matter connectivity in corticostriatal networks that have been implicated in goal-directed and habitual control. Seventy-seven participants underwent diffusion-weighted imaging and formed the daily routine of taking a (placebo) pill for 3 weeks. Pill intake was measured by electronic pill boxes, and participants filled out a daily on-line questionnaire on the subjective automaticity of this behavior. Automatization of pill intake was negatively related to striatal (mainly caudate) connectivity with frontal goal-directed and cognitive control regions, namely, ventromedial pFC and anterior cingulate gyrus. Furthermore, daily pill intake was positively related to individual differences in striatal (mainly caudate) connectivity with cognitive control regions, including dorsolateral and anterior pFC. Therefore, strong control networks may be relevant for implementing a new routine but may not benefit its automatization. We also show that habit tendency (assessed with an outcome-devaluation task), conscientiousness, and daily life regularity were positively related to routine automatization. This translational study moves the field of habit research forward by relating self-reported routine automatization to individual differences in performance on an experimental habit measure and to brain connectivity.

Underwater 3D Scanning System for Cultural Heritage Documentation

Three-dimensional capturing of underwater archeological sites or sunken shipwrecks can support important documentation purposes. In this study, a novel 3D scanning system based on structured illumination is introduced, which supports cultural heritage documentation and measurement tasks in underwater environments. The newly developed system consists of two monochrome measurement cameras, a projection unit that produces aperiodic sinusoidal fringe patterns, two flashlights, a color camera, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and an electronic control box. The opportunities and limitations of the measurement principles of the 3D scanning system are discussed and compared to other 3D recording methods such as laser scanning, ultrasound, and photogrammetry, in the context of underwater applications. Some possible operational scenarios concerning cultural heritage documentation are introduced and discussed. A report on application activities in water basins and offshore environments including measurement examples and results of the accuracy measurements is given. The study shows that the new 3D scanning system can be used for both the topographic documentation of underwater sites and to generate detailed true-scale 3D models including the texture and color information of objects that must remain under water.

Transformacja e-doręczeń w postępowaniu administracyjnym – uwagi na tle ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych

The subject of the study is ananalysis of changes to electronic deliveries in administrative proceedings made following the entry into force on 5 October 2021 of most of the provisions of the Act of November 18, 2020 on electronic deliveries, including amendments to the Code of Administrative Procedure. The assumptions of the new e-delivery system were presented, indicating the principles of electronic delivery as well as the basic concepts and institutions introduced by the legislator (electronic delivery address, delivery box, public and qualified electronic registered delivery service, public hybrid service, public and non-public entities). Then, the changes to the Code of Administrative Procedure were discussed, pointing in particular to the new approach to the principle of writing and the directive regarding the method of delivery service. The summary presents the evaluation of the introduced transformation of e-delivery in administrative proceedings.

CHANGING THE PARADIGM OF BLENDED LEARNING IN THE SYSTEM OF CLASSICAL EDUCATION IN CONDITIONS OF THE ACTIVE USE OF LMS MOODLE AND GOOGLE CLASSROOM

The paper summarized the experience of blended learning of students in quarantine conditions caused by the pandemic of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, which fundamentally changed the blended learning paradigm through the use of LMS Moodle and Google Classroom. The technical and methodological aspects of the implementation of blended learning are considered in the system of classical education. The didactic and methodological support of the educational process has been developed using LMS Moodle and Google Classroom. Using LMS Moodle, educational platforms have been created, both for students and for everyone, in the virtual educational environment of the university. It is shown that the use of LMS Moodle and Google Classroom tools is a new basis for independent work of students, since it completely changes and expands the format of learning: provides a complete electronic box of educational materials and resources during lectures and practical classes, creates an individual educational environment and sufficient methodological support for the chosen specialty. This is especially relevant to ensure quality education during the quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Attention is focused on the need to structure educational training and teaching materials in such a way as to provide individual educational trajectories in the mode of synchronous and asynchronous learning with a mandatory system of monitoring and control of knowledge assimilation, in particular by means of LMS Moodle. A system of automated monitoring of knowledge control has been introduced, which is mandatory in the distance education system and includes initial, final control, self-control, an electronic journal with teachers’ grades and comments, which makes it possible for an individual approach to learning, improves the effectiveness of educational activities on the part of the student and increases motivation of teachers to use distance technologies through LMS Moodle and Google Classroom. The paper presents the results of a survey, which was attended by teachers who worked in the blended learning system during the quarantine caused by the coronavirus infection COVID-19 in March 2020 - June 2021 and used LMS Moodle and Google Classroom tools in their classes. Given the introduction of a blended learning system for students in a quarantine environment caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the described experience can be used not only in organizing the educational process, but also to form the prerequisites for creating an open learning system in the virtual educational environment of classical universities.

Initial results of the evaluation of a digital rollator

Rollators are preferred to compensate physiological limitations and to maintain mobility in old age; however, environmental obstacles or limited perception of fall hazards can lead to fall events. The present study evaluates an electronic box that is used to supplement conventional rollators with various technical assistance systems (e.g. call for help to contact persons, fall detection). The rollator equiped with the electronic box (DigiRoll) was tested for its suitability for everyday use during the pilot phase of the study, with the aim of further development. In aqualitative design, the DigiRoll was tested in apilot phase with 10participants. Individuals were interviewed in focus groups and individual interviews. In addition, ethnographic observations were made. The data evaluation was carried out using qualitative content analysis. The test persons showed great interest in the development of the assistance systems to increase the feeling of safety. At the same time, the necessity of adapting the DigiRoll to individual needs became clear, depending on the living situation, the type of impairment and personal habits. The DigiRoll has the potential to provide sustainable support for people with reduced mobility by increasing the users' sense of safety. Other contextual factors such as access to suitable rollators and safe walkways cannot be influenced by the DigiRoll.

Patterns and Predictors of Opioid Use Following Surgery for Sports-Injury in Adolescents

Background: Opioids provide effective pain relief for many adolescents following sports-injury surgery. However, a subgroup experiences poor pain relief with significant risk of developing iatrogenic problematic opioid use behaviors, such as persistent opioid use and opioid misuse (use in a way other than prescribed: e.g. longer duration, higher doses). Currently, our ability to predict this risk-benefit ratio for individual patients is limited by inadequate understanding of associated risk factors. Therefore, we aimed to 1) characterize opioid use over 14 days following surgery, 2) examine relationships between pre-operative risk factors (pain intensity, depressed mood, sleep disturbance, substance use history) and postoperative opioid use, and 3) determine rates of opioid misuse/persistent use at 2 months post-surgery. Hypothesis: We hypothesized finding 1) wide variability in opioid use over the first 14 days post-surgery, 2) higher pre-surgery pain intensity, depressed mood, sleep disturbance, and history of substance use associated with increased opioid use, and 3) 5-10% of patients reporting opioid use beyond 14 days from surgery. Methods: Prospective observational study of 50 adolescents (50% female) undergoing outpatient sports-injury (knee, shoulder, elbow) arthroscopic and limited-open surgery. Prior to surgery, participants were surveyed about pain symptoms, depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and a history of substance use using validated patient-reported questionnaires. All participants received opioids (oxycodone) to manage moderate-severe pain at home. Opioid use was objectively monitored using a novel medication adherence tracking device (electronic pill box). The primary outcome variable was the number of opioid doses used from the initial prescription following surgery. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models examined associations between risk factor/predictor (pain, depression, sleep, substance use) and opioid use variables, controlling for time since surgery. Results: Mean age was 13 years (range 10-18 years). Mean opioid use was highly variable, ranging from 1-25 doses over the first 14 days following surgery (mean 8.5±5.8 doses). Pre-surgery pain (Beta(β)=0.39, p<0.0001), sleep disturbance (β =0.35, p=0.026), and history of substance use (β =0.22, p=0.04) predicted increased opioid use over 14 days. Surgery type and depressive symptoms were not associated with opioid use. At 2-month follow-up, 6/50 (12%) patients reported use of opioids beyond 14 days after surgery. Conclusion: Opioid use following sports-injury surgery varies widely and may be related to modifiable preoperative risk factors, suggesting an important role for screening and brief preoperative interventions. Up to 12% of patients used opioids up to 2 months following surgery, however, whether this phenomenon suggests opioid misuse versus persistent opioid use for pain remains unknown.

Two Way Authentication System for Exam Paper Leakage Detection: A Review

Abstract: The idea behind this project is to guard the leak of question papers before the examination and conjointly to maintain the protection of the solution paper till they reach the centre for analysis. An Electronic management Box is made during which the communication papers are going to be placed, and may be opened solely at the precise time of examination once the cross checking of the time. If anyone attempts to open the box before the stipulated time, then a beep sound can come from the buzzer, that is connected to the electronic box. RFID is connected to the electronic management box, that acts as a primary level of authentication. Keywords: RFID, Exam paper, Electronic Control box, GSM module, buzzer

Performing Orwell in Progress

This piece was written, memorized, ripped-up, forgotten, improvised, and rewritten in collaboration with returning citizens, police officers, actors, faculty, students, and other chosen family in the Spring semester of 2021. The work was undertaken within an iteration of Roger Guenveur Smith’s Phi Beta Kappa course Performing History/Biography in Progress, co-facilitated by Susan Stein, that had been blended with a version of the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program originally designed for police recruits and incarcerated citizens. Running in a pandemic, during the trial of the former police officer who murdered George Floyd and in the wake of the January 6th insurrection the course became a dialogic exchange in autoethnography where people separated by severe social boundaries could meet in the Zoom platform’s electronic box and overcome social distance.