Electronic media such as mobile phones, social media, computers, televisions, and video games are dominant in adolescents' lives. There is a growing concern that rising rates of electronic media use may be related to behavioral and emotional problems. The aim of the present study was to examine associations of adolescents' electronic media use with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Study participants were 99 adolescents (39 males, 60 females), 12-18years old, as well as 93 parents (12 fathers and 81 mothers). Internet addiction was evaluated by the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and behavioral/emotional problems by the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment. Parents reported on their adolescent's attention and hyperactivity problems on the ADHD Rating Scale-5. Electronic media used by the adolescents were computer (40.4%), tablet (44.4%), PlayStation (40.4%), Facebook (43.4%), whereas 72.7% had an account on social networks. They watched TV from 0 to over 4h every day; specifically, 51.5% from 0 to 2h, while only 1% over 4h. Most of them (78.8%) used internet daily, 28.3% used internet about 6-10h, and 24.2% used it over 20h to watch videos on YouTube (20,2%), searched for school information (14,1%), connected with social media (13.1), played games (12.1%), looked for information on products and services (12.1%), etc. Eighty respondents (80.8%) were average internet users (IAT<40), 19 (19.2%) had possible addiction (IAT 40-69), while no one (0%) had severe addiction (IAT≥70). The Internet Αddiction scale was found to have statistically significant correlations with many of the subscales of the Achenbach questionnaire and the attention-deficit subscale of the ADHD questionnaire.Statistically significant positive correlations were found between possible internet addiction with rule-breaking behavior, problems like thought, externalization, behavioral, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and post-traumatic stress. Results suggest that misuse of electronic media may be related to ADHD traits among Greek adolescents. As rates of electronic media use among teenagers are increasing, these findings should be taken into account to protect the social, cognitive, and psychological health of adolescents. Effective interventions are needed to target specific types of electronic media use in adolescence.

Introduction: E-commerce is a part of e-business that focuses on online buying and selling transactions carried out through electronic media, such as the internet. Payments for E-commerce transactions appear in various forms, for example, e-wallet, micropayment, credit card, even with a cash on delivery (COD) payment system.Purposes of the Research: This research aims to understand and explain the regulations of cash on delivery payment systems in e-commerce and the legal consequences of product returns for business entities regarding cash on delivery payment systems. Methods of the Research: This is conducted through a normative legal method using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach.Findings of the Research: Based on this research, the regulation of the on-site payment system is regulated in the Civil Code, Consumer Protection Act, Electronic Information and Transaction Law and Government Regulation on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. The legal consequences experienced by business entities regarding the return of goods made by consumers when shopping through E-commerce are paying compensation to consumers if the goods are not in accordance or damaged and returns with a mechanism that has been determined by each marketplace. The form of guarantee given by the marketplace if the goods are not in accordance or damaged is in the form of free shipping when returning goods which will be fully borne by the marketplace. Meanwhile, if the goods are in accordance, consumers cannot claim a guarantee and are required to make payments with the on-site payment system.

The Dasawisma (Dawis) “Tulip” Family Welfare Empowerment (PKK) Group of RT 13 RW 05 Sukorejo Village need a featured product that can be developed into a pioneering Micro Small Medium Enterprise (MSME/ UMKM). Ecoprint has the potential to be a featured product because the materials are available around the Dawis environment, such as Yellow trumpet tree (tabebuya), Jamaica cherry (kersen), Mahogany, Tropical almond (ketapang), and Cosmos (kenikir). The leaves and bark of these plants can be used as ecoprint materials and natural dyes. On this basis, two solutions are offered: 1) increasing the knowledge of the Dawis members in developing eco-friendly ecoprint, 2) increasing the skills of the Dawis members in making ecoprint as a pioneer to create a business unit. These can be achieved through the introduction of eco-friendly ecoprint, increasing the capacity of skills through training and mentoring, as well as monitoring and evaluation of ecoprint products as a pioneering business unit. The results of community service show that: 1) increased knowledge of Dasawisma group members about ecoprint, 2) an increase in ecoprint-making skills of Dasawisma Tulip members, 3) produced hijab, pashmina, and clutch products. The outputs achieved are 1) news in electronic mass media, 2) copyright on ecoprint making procedures, 3) publication of activity videos, and 5) journal publications that are in the process of being submitted. This community service activity is in line with SDGs 4 (Quality Education) and SDGs 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).

The electronic media constitutes a source of awareness creation and transmission about climate change in Pakistan, which is discussed in this literature review based on the results of 25 research papers that are available in the national, regional, and international levels. The results reveal that the coverage of climate in Pakistan is generally shallow and often of disaster nature in character, which attracts the attention of the media during such events and is even more infrequently heard; the experts speaking on this issue. Another point in the literature was also the fact that framing of climate stories can be influenced by political interests, restrictions in the newsrooms and pressures in the background by commercial circles. Besides that, there is no local and relevant reporting in mainstreams by the community that fosters lack of interest in audiences and lack of understanding of climate science in all people. The authoritative reports on audience-oriented studies state that the mere exposure to media does not lead to change in behavior or information when the coverage is shallow and hard to act upon. All in all, the survey ends with the statement that although Pakistani electronic media can potentially play an important part in the context of increasing awareness of climate change, the opportunity is limited by structural and professional constraints. To enhance climatic communication and aid awareness in Pakistan, it is necessary to strengthen environmental journalism, introduce the element of scientific capability, and encourage solution-based reporting.

Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP) is a state-protected tropical rainforest national park. This study aims to determine the communication patterns used by national park managers with the community regarding forest protection in the Tesso Nilo National Park area. The method used in this study was a qualitative case study approach. Primary data collection was through in-depth interviews with national park officials and the community. The results showed that the TNNP Office implemented linear and circular communication patterns to communicate with the surrounding forest area community. The two-way circular communication was more effective because it created a feedback process between the TNNP Office and the community. In practice, primary channels were used through outreach activities and dialogue with the community. A more inclusive and dialogical communication approach can increase community participation in forest protection. Regarding media, secondary channels considered adequate were social media, especially Instagram, compared to conventional media such as print and electronic media.

This study investigates the impacts of political protests on the functioning and stability of parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. Pakistan experienced an unprecedented surge in street-level political mobilizations and sit-ins, most prominently led by the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and other political groups. These protests, often staged in the federal capital, Islamabad, emerged as a new form of political resistance aimed at voicing dissent, demanding electoral reforms, and challenging the legitimacy of ruling governments. The decade under review highlights a growing trend of extra-parliamentary tactics being used to influence democratic processes, which has brought into question the sustainability and resilience of Pakistan’s parliamentary democracy. Out of all the conceivable ways to bring about peace in Pakistan, agitation—led by political leaders, political parties, coalitions of those parties joining civil society, and sometimes even the establishment itself—has clearly shown to be the most successful tactic. As seen by the anti-Ahmadiyyah movement in 1953, Pakistan Democratic Movement 1968, Pakistan National Alliance 1977, Movement for Restoration of Democracy 1981, Islami Jamhoori Ittehad 1988, and other movements, anger has always been a useful instrument in Pakistani politics. But in the twenty-first century, the nation's independence of electronic media has made agitation much more common. Dharna (sit-ins) politics are becoming more common in Pakistan. Many political parties utilize dharna (sit-ins) tactics to press the government to meet their demands. This tactic is used by political parties to hold sit-ins, block roads, use violence, protest, and impede social, political, economic, and educational activities in major cities.

Women have always struggled and face challenges to achieve equal status, position and recognition compared to the male counterpart in every profession. Their entry into the professional world has been a journey of struggle as the issue of their status is connected to the historical perspective as some of the norms and values which affect women even today have their roots in the past. The aim of the study is to explore the professional challenges confronted by women journalists. Based on survey, the study is conducted with 30 women journalists working in print and electronic media in Himachal Pradesh. The findings of the study reveal that media organisations are progressive, less biased and provide opportunities to women journalists at workplace. Male dominance environment is also not much there. Despite such progressiveness, challenges of harassment, gender discrimination, conventional mindset of the organisations are the existing issues in the media industry though not majorly experienced. Research concludes that media organisations need to address the financial issues, workplace challenges to ensure women journalists feel secure and respected while supporting their career growth and leadership potential.

BackgroundAfrican Americans are underrepresented in aging research. Few studies have assessed methods for recruiting older African Americans into clinical trials. The Reducing African Americans’ Alzheimer's Disease Risk Through Exercise (RAATE) study is a year‐long, randomized controlled trial that exclusively enrolled sedentary, cognitively healthy older African Americans and provides an opportunity to assess the effectiveness of various recruitment methods.MethodCommunity‐based strategies which included attending community events, churches, health fairs, and strategic placement of flyers were implemented by a designated recruiter. The academic institution implemented media‐based strategies including listserv emails, emails to past participants, social media, postcard mailouts, and advertisements on the institutional website, TV, and newspaper. Recruitment occurred from September 2019 – November 2024, with a year‐long pause due to the COVID pandemic.ResultThere were 608 older African American adults who screened for the study and 129 were enrolled (mean age 68 +/‐ 5 years; 76% female; 34% with income < $50k/year; 45% married). The recruitment strategies that resulted in the greatest number of screeners included email (25.2%), friend/family (11.5%), community event (10.7%), past participant (10.2%), and social media (9.0%). The recruitment strategies that resulted in the greatest number of screeners included email (28.0%), family/friend (15.5%), social media (11.7%), past participant (7.8%), and community event (7.0%). Media‐based methods which are largely electronic, including email, social media, and contacting past participants, accounted for 44.3% and 47.4% of screeners and enrollees, respectively. Community based efforts, including community events, church, and health fairs were responsible for 27.5% of screeners and 16.4% of enrolled participants.ConclusionThe participant's high education level or the increased reach of electronic media into older populations may have contributed to the effectiveness of these methods. Community‐based efforts have historically been the most effective means of recruiting this population. It is believed that the pandemic limited the effectiveness of these efforts. These data suggest that a variety of strategies are important for recruiting an underrepresented group into a year‐long non‐pharmacological clinical trial.

Экспедиции по собиранию русского фольклора, в том числе семейного, осуществлялись в Республике Марий Эл начиная с 1970-х гг., вплоть до первых десятилетий XXI в. Был собран значительный в количественном и качественном отношении материал, настоятельно нуждающийся в его систематизации и переносе на электронные носители. В результате на рубеже XX–XXI вв. сотрудниками Марийского государственного университета были созданы первые базы данных и виртуальные музеи фольклора: фольклорный электронный ресурс «Фольклор вятских переселенцев: традиции и современность», два виртуальных музея «Фольклор Юринского района Республики Марий Эл» и «Фольклор Горномарийского района Республики Марий Эл», сайт «Сетевая педагогическая мастерская как форма популяризации нематериального культурного наследия народов Республики Марий Эл». Каждый из проектов имеет свою специфику, вместе с тем в оформлении коллекций имеются и общие подходы. Обрядовый фольклор в них представлен в виде так называемых сводных описаний, формирующихся по типу гипертекста: основной текст (этнографическое описание) всех этапов обряда с возможностью уточнения отдельных реалий (обозначения и отдельные функции персонажей), деталей интерьера и костюмов, включением текстов (с вариантами), нотных расшифровок, аудио и видео их воспроизведения. Были предусмотрены и моменты, которые могли бы привлечь к цифровым фольклорным архивам МарГУ пользователей с разными интересами и установками и далее сделать работу с ними, возможно, более привлекательной и удобной. К их числу можно отнести элементы анимации и геймификации. В целях сохранения фольклорных электронных ресурсов и музеев они размещены в настоящее время на новой цифровой платформе. В статье приведена ее общая характеристика. Материал излагается в русле общих проблем сохранения бумажных и цифровых архивов фольклора в Российской Федерации. Expeditions for collecting Russian folklore, including family folklore, have been conducted in the Republic of Mari El since the 1970s. This has resulted in the accumulation of significant material, both in quantity and quality, which urgently requires systematization and transfer to electronic media. At the turn of the twenty-first century, staff members at Mari State University created the first databases and virtual museums of folklore: the electronic folklore resource “Folklore of Vyatka Settlers: Tradition and Modernity”; two virtual museums: “Folklore of the Yurinsky Region of the Republic of Mari El” and “Folklore of the Gormomarivsky Region of the Republic of Mari El”; and the website “Network Pedagogical Workshop as a Form of Popularizing the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Republic of Mari El.” Each project has its own specificity, yet they share some approaches to the design of the collections. Ritual folklore is presented in the form of so-called “composite descriptions,” formed like hypertext: the main text (ethnographic description) of the ritual with options to further describe certain aspects of them, such as their designations and the individual functions of the participants; details about interiors and costumes; texts (with variations); musical transcriptions, and audio and video reproductions. Features are designed to attract a variety of users to the digital folklore archives of Mari State University and to enhance their usability and appeal, including animations and games. To preserve these electronic folklore resources and museums, they are currently hosted on a new digital platform, described in this article. The authors frame the issues within the broader discussion of preserving both paper and digital folklore archives in the Russian Federation.

E-retailing has changed the retail environment in India. Consumer's attitude towards shopping has been changed with the introduction of internet. Due to Internet world has become a small village. The e-retailing website is the primary door of the online store that interacts between the e-retailer and consumers. The electronic retailing (e-retailing, internet retailing etc.) is the way of selling goods using electronic media, in particular, the internet. Providing the customers more comfort and convenience to purchase the goods. In India, the use of mobile phones, internet adoption, and the availability of low cost data plans have contributed in the growth of e-retailing. The close of physical stores in COVID-19 epidemic has also increase the growth of eretailing in India. As a result, customers start shopping through online. However, the expansion of e-retailing has also brought many difficulties, such as the effect on conventional brick-and-mortar merchants, worries about data privacy, and the requirement for a strong logistics and supply chain infrastructure. In this research paper the authors propose to explore the profile of e-retailing customer’s and to investigate conceptually the challenges and the avenues involved in e- Retailing.

In recent years, the amount of time young children spend in front of screens has increased significantly, raising concerns about its effects on speech and language development during early childhood. At the same time, the role of parents as the main source of verbal stimulation remains crucial for fostering communication and linguistic growth. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between children’s screen time, the quality of parental verbal stimulation, and indicators of speech and language development in preschool-aged children. Methods: The study included a sample of 440 parents of children aged 3 to 6 years. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data on: daily screen exposure across different devices (television, computer, tablet, mobile phone); household rules regarding media use; and the quality of verbal communication between parents and children. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test (χ²) to determine associations between variables. Results: Findings revealed that 48.0% of children spent up to three hours per day in front of a screen, 43.0% between five and eight hours, and only 7.7% less than one hour daily. This pattern indicates a high level of exposure to electronic media even in early childhood. Furthermore, 71.6% of parents reported maintaining appropriate verbal communication with their child, whereas 28.4% did not. A statistically significant association was found between the lack of adequate verbal stimulation and the presence of speech or language difficulties (χ² = 43.029; p &lt; 0.001). Discussion: The results align with current international findings suggesting that excessive screen exposure reduces opportunities for real-life verbal interaction. Parents who consciously limit screen time and engage in frequent conversations with their children tend to foster stronger speech, vocabulary, and syntax development. These findings emphasize the importance of family-based interventions aimed at improving parental communication skills and establishing healthy media routines. Conclusion: Excessive screen time represents a significant risk factor for reduced verbal stimulation during the sensitive period of early childhood. However, the quality and frequency of parental verbal interaction can partially mitigate these negative effects. Parent education programs promoting balanced media use and daily verbal engagement are essential to support optimal speech and language development in preschool children.

The notorious “foot voting” from the initial years of the democratic transition has undergone its transformations and nowadays the departure from the geographic boundaries of Bulgaria does not involve a refusal to participate in the political entity. On the contrary, there are ever more numerous examples of civil commitment of Bulgarians abroad and the formation of a new citizenship beyond locations. The image of people waiting on long lines to vote in front of the state’s embassies and the multitude of initiatives in support of distance voting -- by mail or via electronic medium -- are some of the visible manifestations. Another is a multitude of solidary initiatives related to protests against the corruption and the “state captured”. The aim of the present text is to analyse the processes of emigration of Bulgarian citizens after 1989 through the prism of changing perception of identities and political activity.

Unintended pregnancies are still a major global reproductive health issue since affecting the risk of maternal and child health. This study aims to determine the prevalence of unintended pregnancies and its associated factors among women of childbearing age in East Java. We explored secondary data analysis from the most recent 2019 Program Performance and Accountability Survey. Frequency distribution tables and cross-tabulations were used to describe the participants characteristics. The univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to find the effect size of predictors on unintended pregnancies with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). All analysis were done using STATA version 17 with complex survey data design. This study revealed that the weighted prevalence of unintended pregnancies was 14.95% (95% CI: 13.47 – 16.42) among current married women. The main reasons of unintended pregnancies were living in urban areas (aOR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05–1.77), from rich household wealth index (aOR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.17–2.83), and used electronic media (aOR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.21–2.75). Policies to reduce unintended pregnancies should prioritize married women in urban areas, particularly those who have good access to electronic media, and come from more prosperous households. The provision of accurate and standardized contraceptive information through digital-based family planning education, facilitated by qualified health communicators, plays a pivotal role in mitigating misinformation. BKKBN needs to encourage the optimization of the Kampung KB and Bangga Kencana programs to increase access to effective contraceptive methods, notably LARCs.

The rapid progress of technology in the current era of globalization provides many important benefits for society, because it can help carry out various activities for people's lives, for example by having access to knowledge networks. Many advances and creative innovations have emerged from the presence of Intel network access, especially electronic commerce. E-Commerce is any business activity or exchange carried out using electronic media, including advertising, purchasing and payments (transactions). This research aims to determine the influence of sales promotion (X1), price (X2), and COD payment method (X3) partially and simultaneously on consumer buying interest (Y) in the Shopee application in the Bogor community. The results of this research showed that the influence of sales promotion (X1) on buying interest (Y) was obtained by a calculated t of 1.571 which was smaller than the t-table of 1.986 and a significant value of 0.120 &gt; 0.05. So, H1 is rejected, H0 is accepted, where the second research hypothesis is accepted, which means there is no significant influence, the influence of Price (X2) on Purchase Interest (Y) is obtained by a calculated t of 5,330 which is greater than the t-table of 1.986 and a significant value of 0.000 &lt; 0, 05. So, H2 is accepted, H0 is rejected, where the second research hypothesis is accepted, which means that there is a significant influence between Price (X2) on Purchase Intention (Y), the influence of the COD Payment Method (X3) on Purchase Intention s(Y) obtained t calculated at 0.031 smaller from the t-table 1.986 and a significant value of 0.975 &gt; 0.05. Thus, H3 is rejected. H0 is accepted, where the second research hypothesis is accepted, which means there is no significant effect. And based on the table above, the output of the F test results shows that the significant value for the influence of X1, So it can be concluded that H3 is accepted, which means there is a simultaneous influence of X1, X2 and Simultaneously, sales promotions, prices and COD payment methods have a significant effect on purchasing interest. Keywords: Sales Promotion, Price, COD Payment Method, Purchase Interest, Shopee Application

Ancient Indian knowledge systems, such as Ayurveda, Yoga, Sanskrit, and traditional arts and sciences, hold immense significance in today’s globalized world. These systems, rooted in thousands of years of wisdom, are not only relevant to modern society but also contribute to holistic well-being, cultural preservation, and intellectual growth. However, the challenge lies in preserving and promoting these ancient systems in an era dominated by rapid technological advancements and cultural shifts. This paper explores the pivotal role of media in bridging the gap between ancient Indian knowledge systems and contemporary society. By examining the contributions of print, electronic, and digital media, this research highlights how media has facilitated the preservation and propagation of these systems. It also discusses the relevance of these knowledge systems in addressing modern challenges, such as health, environmental sustainability, and mental well-being. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to leverage media effectively while addressing potential challenges like commercialization and cultural appropriation.

Pakistan has one of the most active media landscapes in South Asia, but not everyone feels comfortable consuming it; therefore resort to complaining about its content. The study examines the PEMRA complaints through the theoretical lens of cognitive dissonance theory. It’s based on a quantitative content analysis, founded on a descriptive study method. It aims to explore the dominant themes in Pakistani media that cause dissonance among the audiences. The study analyses the annual complaints data for the year 2021 that are obtained through the official platform of the media regulatory body, which is the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). Quantitative content analysis was used to analyze the dominant themes in the complaints using a manual coding instrument. The results of this study show that the Pakistani audience is most disturbed by the socio-cultural aspect, as they are disturbed the most by what they believe to be vulgar.

This study analyzes the boundaries of the principle of freedom of contract in standard form agreements conducted through electronic media between business actors (B2B) in the digital era. Digital transformation promotes transactional efficiency but also generates legal imbalances as contract clauses are often unilaterally determined by the dominant party. Using a normative juridical and conceptual approach, this study places the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) as the primary analytical framework, complemented by ITE Law, Trade Law, and PP PSTE. The findings reveal that freedom of contract in digital transactions is not absolute but limited by principles of fairness, propriety, and legal accountability. Specific regulations under PP PSTE and ITE Law establish administrative and technical constraints on electronic contracting, while the Civil Code remains the normative foundation ensuring balance and legal protection among business actors in the digital age.

Background/Objective: Psychological scales hold significant importance, measuring cultural sensitivity, experiences, values, and emotional expressions while controlling individuals' biases regarding certain cultures. Arabic is used in a widespread, predominantly Middle Eastern and North African region, but it has diverse expressive variations. Therefore, the value of translating and validating scales lies in their compatibility with cultural norms. This study focuses on measuring the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the widely used PERMA-Profiler to assess the general well-being of the Saudi adult population. Methods: Using stratified sampling, (N = 2927) Saudi adults were recruited via various electronic and social media. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed strong evidence of the instrument's validity, confirming well-being as a single latent factor composed of five dimensions with an acceptable degree of reliability. The correlation coefficients indicate considerable internal consistency for numerous factors, including positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, health, and happiness (α = 0.83, 0.79, 0.77, 0.84, 0.80, 0.69, 0.71), respectively. The Split-Half coefficient demonstrated significant reliability (0.87). Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the scale are supported, confirming that PERMA can be applied to measure the well-being of Saudi society. Furthermore, the Arabic version of PERMA can be utilized in counseling and psychotherapy practice as well as in research studies. It could be a helpful tool for exploring and preventing mental health issues and improving well-being within the community.

From the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis, the paper examines how the topic of lithium mining and extraction is metaphorically conceptualized in the Serbian political and media discourse, particularly focusing on the ways anti-lithium activists and politicians use metaphor in the argumentation of their viewpoints. Based on a dataset collected fromvarious electronic news media in the period June–September 2024, we aim to investigate the functions of the two metaphors manifested in the anti-lithium discourse, i.e., WAR and COLONIALISM, and how they help shape attitudes against Rio Tinto’s lithium mining and extraction in the Jadar river valley in Western Serbia. Our analysis shows that these two metaphors exhibit three main functions: the persuasive one, to convince the various audiences of the seriousness of the issue and mobilize the public against the Jadar lithium-mining project; the affective one, to create a sense of urgency in the public and deepen their emotional reaction to the project; and the evaluative one, to provide a negative judgment of opponents and belittle their arguments. The third function becomes particularly evident when anti-lithium activists and politicians use the ideologically charged COLONIALISM metaphor. The paper highlights the irreplaceable role of metaphor in structuring reasoning about controversial and contentious issues.

This study investigates the motivational factors within Pakistani journalists. That keeps them committed to their profession despite the problems they face, such as job insecurity, low wages, psychological stress, and personal safety threats. A qualitative approach was taken as a research design; eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with journalists from electronic and print media. Thematically analyzing the interviews, the study revealed that intrinsic motivations such as passion for truth, desire to create social change and idealism helped them sustain their professional dedication. Some other non-monetary benefits, which include public recognition, access to decision-makers, and a sense of power associated with journalism, emerged as a significant motivator. Although there was some dissatisfaction among the participants because of irregular salaries, lack of organizational support, their professional identity and commitment to informing the public outweighed financial disincentives. The findings suggest that intrinsic and social motivations play a larger role than extrinsic rewards in driving persistence. The study recommends that media managers provide greater financial and institutional support to enhance journalists’ organizational loyalty and well-being, ultimately contributing to a stronger and more responsible media landscape. Keywords: McClelland’s Theory of Needs; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation; Occupational Stress; Media Ethics; Organizational Commitment; Thematic Analysis; Freedom of Expression