Electronic Differential System Research Articles

Solution-Phase Synthesis of KCl Nanocrystals Templated by PEO-PPO-PEO Triblock Copolymers Micelles.

The current work introduces the synthesis of inorganic salt nano/micro-crystals during the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) by Pluronic triblock copolymers (P123, PEO20-PPO70-PEO20). The morphologies and component were confirmed using an electron microscope with an electronic differential system (EDS), and the crystal structures were determined with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphologies highly depend on the concentrations of Pluronic and pH values. The mean size of the nanocrystal and hollow micro-crystal were controlled typically in the range of 32-150 nm (side length) and 1.4 μm, respectively. Different from the electrospray-ionization (EI) method, a model in which KCl forms a supersaturated solution in the micellar core of Pluronic is used to explain the formation process. This work provides the new insight that inorganic salt nanocrystals could be synthesized with the template of micelles in pure aqueous solutions.

RDmaster: A novel phenotype-oriented dialogue system supporting differential diagnosis of rare disease

BackgroundClinicians often lack the necessary expertise to differentially diagnose multiple underlying rare diseases (RDs) due to their complex and overlapping clinical features, leading to misdiagnoses and delayed treatments. The aim of this study is to develop a novel electronic differential diagnostic support system for RDs. MethodThrough integrating two Bayesian diagnostic methods, a candidate list was generated with enhance clinical interpretability for the further Q&A based differential diagnosis (DDX). To achieve an efficient Q&A dialogue strategy, we introduce a novel metric named the adaptive information gain and Gini index (AIGGI) to evaluate the expected gain of interrogated phenotypes within real-time diagnostic states. ResultsThis DDX tool called RDmaster has been implemented as a web-based platform (http://rdmaster.nbscn.org/). A diagnostic trial involving 238 published RD patients revealed that RDmaster outperformed existing RD diagnostic tools, as well as ChatGPT, and was shown to enhance the diagnostic accuracy through its Q&A system. ConclusionsThe RDmaster offers an effective multi-omics differential diagnostic technique and outperforms existing tools and popular large language models, particularly enhancing differential diagnosis in collecting diagnostically beneficial phenotypes.

Design of Electronic Differential System for an Electric Vehicle with Four Independently Controlled In-Wheel PMSM

Design of Electronic Differential System for an Electric Vehicle with Four Independently Controlled In-Wheel PMSM

Review on electronic differential system for electric vehicles

Review on electronic differential system for electric vehicles

Review on electronic differential system for electric vehicles

Review on electronic differential system for electric vehicles

Real-Time Implementation of Sensorless DTC-SVM Applied to 4WDEV Using the MRAS Estimator

This article presents the DTC-SVM approach for controlling a sensorless speed induction motor. To implement this approach, a practical prototype is built using a microcontroller, an embedded GPS module, and a memory card to collect real-time data during the driving route, such as road geographical data, speed, and time. These data are then utilized in the laboratory to implement the control law (DTC-SVM) on the electric vehicle. The d-q model of the induction motor is first presented to explain the requirements for calculating the rotor speed. Then, an adaptive model reference system speed estimator is developed based on the rotor flux, along with a controller and DTC-SVM strategy, which are implemented using the dSpace 1104 board to achieve the desired performance. The simulation results demonstrate satisfactory speed regulation with the proposed system. In this study too, an electronic differential system is modeled for the four wheels of an electric vehicle equipped with an integrated motor, all controlled by the DTC-SVM strategy. Vehicle speed and electrical vehicle steering angle variations, as well as wheel speeds estimated by code system, are verified using MATLAB/Simulink simulations.

Pulsed Laser Spot Welding Thermal-Shock-Induced Microcracking of Inconel 718 Thin Sheet Alloy.

This paper investigates the change in solidification microcrack susceptibility under the influence of thermal-shock-induced effects for pulsed laser spot welding molten pools with different waveforms, powers, frequencies, and pulse widths. During the welding process, the temperature of the molten pool under the effect of thermal shock changes sharply, triggering pressure waves, creating cavities in the molten pool paste area, and forming crack sources during solidification. The microstructure near the cracks was analyzed using a SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDS (electronic differential system), and it was found that bias precipitation occurred during the rapid solidification of the melt pool, and a large amount of Nb elements were enriched in the interdendritic and grain boundaries, which eventually formed a liquid film with a low melting point, known as a Laves phase. When cavities appear in the liquid film, the chance of crack source formation is further increased. Using a slow rise and slow fall waveform is good for reducing cracks; reducing the peak laser power to 1000 w is good for reducing cracks in the solder joint; increasing the pulse width to 20 ms reduces the degree of crack damage; reducing the pulse frequency to 10 hz reduces the degree of crack damage.

Elektronik Diferansiyel Sistemli Elektrikli Aracın Farklı Yol Koşullarında Testi

The harmful gases emitted by vehicles using oil-based fuels have been widely discussed in recent years. For this reason, in vehicle technology, a tendency has started to use vehicles with lower greenhouse gas effect engine types. Electric motor vehicles are more complex in terms of control when compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, it offers a much more comfortable use for essential needs such as cleaning, maintenance and repair. There are many studies in the literature on mathematical simulations of electronic differential system (EDS) and laboratory scale EDS trials for electric vehicles. In this study, the mathematical model of EDS for an electric vehicle, is simulated. Unlike previous studies, the mathematical model of EDS was embedded on a microprocessor and used to control a prototype electric vehicle. Real road tests were carried out with the prototype electric vehicle. Simulation and road tests were carried out under 3 different road conditions (dry, wet and slippery) and 3 different steering angles (5^o, 〖15〗^o, ve 〖25〗^o). In order to interpret the results, current and speed data of the right and left wheels on the prototype vehicle were taken in real time. The results confirm that the vehicle does not spin when turning in different road conditions.

Effects of borosilicate glass on pollucite crystallization and Cs+ immobilization in geopolymer materials

Since Fukushima nuclear power plant accident there have been many publications on immobilization of radioactive 137Cs in the crystalline structure of pollucite (CsAlSi2O6). In this article, we report a novel method where Cs-polluted soil (metakaolin) and a specially formulated borosilicate glass power are sintered together to form a pollucite-based glass crystalline materials. Fine pollucite crystals are uniformly distributed in the matrix of glass phase. This is equivalent to pollucite being encapsulated by the borosilicate glass and theoretically this should enhance the chemical durability. Extensive characterizations of this material with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), r-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and electronic differential system (EDS) reveal optimum glass content and that the formation temperatures of pollucite in the glass matrix was as low as 900 ℃, which is significantly lower than those used in forming Cs-pollucite by conventional sintering methods. Test showed that the Cs+ leaching rate of sample with 20 wt% glass content was only 4.19×10–4 g·m–2·d–1, lower than the sample without glass addition almost by an order of magnitude. This study not only presents an improved technique for 137Cs immobilization but may also provide a methodology for immobilization of other potential radioactive species.

The investigation of heat transfer enhancement by using different mixture conditions of graphene nanofluids on a downward facing surface

Abstract In this study, graphene nanofluids were used to explore the effect of various concentrations on boiling heat transfer of downward-facing heating. Five concentrations of graphene nanofluids were prepared for pool boiling heat transfer experiments. The experimental results show that when the mass concentration is 10 mg/L, the maximum enhancement of the CHF is up to 76.1%. In order to explore the mechanism of graphene nanofluid enhancing boiling heat transfer, after the experiment, the wettability and roughness of the heating surface were measured and the heating surface was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electronic differential system (EDS). The results show that the wettability is enhanced and the surface roughness is reduced. In addition, boiling curves (the curves of heat flux with surface superheat) and the curves of heat transfer coefficient with heat flux at different concentrations have also been observed to further explore the mechanism of enhanced heat transfer.

Electronic Differential Control System Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and PID Control

For the front wheel steering, the control effect of the four-wheel hub-driven electric vehicle driven by the rear wheel is not accurate and stable. It is proposed to replace the traditional PID control system with the particle swarm algorithm to realize the online optimization of the PID regulator parameters. The simulation model of the improved system is built in MATLAB. Compared with the conventional PID control method, the results show that the improved four-wheel drive system has a smaller slip ratio between the left rear wheel and the right rear wheel, which improves the directional stability and braking efficiency of the wheel electric vehicle.

Polyelectrolyte wrapped methylation morpholine-phthalocyanine@gold nanorod for synergistic photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy photodegradation of DNA

It has been demonstrated that the synergistic photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy offer a great therapeutic potential, although more research need to be exploit before this approach could be implemented. We investigated the synergistic effect of water soluble morpholine methylated phthalocyanine loaded on the surface of multilayer polyelectrolyte-coated gold nanorods for photodegradation of DNA. Two morpholine substituted zinc(II)/silicon(IV) phthalocyanines and their corresponding methylation water soluble cationic complexes were synthesized. The photophysical properties of two phthalocyanines were compared by UV/Vis, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. Tetra-[N-(methyliodide-morpholinyl)ethoxy] zinc(II) phthalocyanine (MLZnPcI4) was loaded into the multilayer polyelectrolyte-coated gold nanorods to form AuNR-PSS-MLZnPcI4 nanoparticles through electrostatic interaction. The nanoparticle was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) as well as electronic differential system (EDS). The photophysical/photochemical properties of nanoparticles were studied. After being loaded on the gold nanorods, the fluorescence intensity, fluorescence quantum yield of MLZnPcI4 decreased. Upon irradiated by laser, MLZnPcI4 was released from nanoparticles due to the gold nanorods absorbed light energy and transformed it into heat and simultaneously produce 1O2, AuNR-PSS-MLZnPcI4 could effectively photodegrade DNA through synergistic photodynamic and photothermal therapy effect.

Design of Electronic Differential System for an Electric Vehicle with Four Independently Controlled In-Wheel Pmsm

Design of Electronic Differential System for an Electric Vehicle with Four Independently Controlled In-Wheel Pmsm

Hierarchical control for cornering stability of dual-motor RWD vehicles with electronic differential system using PSO optimized SOSMC method

This paper proposes a novel control scheme with a three-layer hierarchical structure to improve the cornering stability of the dual-motor rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicles with the electronic differential system (EDS). The proposed hierarchical structure for the control system includes the observing layer, control layer, and actuation layer. In the observing layer, the driver model is designed to obtain the nominal steering angle, and the state observer is designed to obtain the yaw angle which cannot be easily measured. Then, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and second order sliding mode control (SOSMC) are employed in the control layer. The SOSMC part is used to design the control law to eliminate the chattering problem in the sliding mode algorithm, and the PSO part is used to obtain the optimal weights in the sliding mode surface to meet the minimum sideslip angle error and yaw rate error. The actuation layer allocates the corrected yaw moment by distributing the driving force to each independent driving wheel. Finally, the numerical tests are carried out under the double line change (DLC) maneuver. The results show that the proposed control system can effectively improve the cornering stability of the dual-motor RWD vehicles and reduce their motor power consumption.

Electronic Differential System Based on Adaptive SMC Combined with QP for 4WID Electric Vehicles

This study investigates an adaptive differential control system for 4WID (4-wheel-independent-drive) electric vehicles. The novel adaptive system will maneuver the independently operating hub motors without the help of any conventional steering mechanism. The control system consists of a hierarchical structure to confront the vehicle stability condition, which includes a novel SMC (sliding mode control) with a fuzzy algorithm parameter modification to achieve the required virtual control signal at the top level, and a quadratic programming-based torque allocation algorithm at the bottom-level controller. The proposed controller was tested through Simulink/Carsim simulation and experiments. All the test cases showed the advantages of the proposed method over some of the currently existing 4WID control strategies.

Individual Drive-Wheel Energy Management for Rear-Traction Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors

In-wheel motor technology has reduced the number of components required in a vehicle’s power train system, but it has also led to several additional technological challenges. According to kinematic laws, during the turning maneuvers of a vehicle, the tires must turn at adequate rotational speeds to provide an instantaneous center of rotation. An Electronic Differential System (EDS) controlling these speeds is necessary to ensure speeds on the rear axle wheels, always guaranteeing a tractive effort to move the vehicle with the least possible energy. In this work, we present an EDS developed, implemented, and tested in a virtual environment using MATLAB™, with the proposed developments then implemented in a test car. Exhaustive experimental testing demonstrated that the proposed EDS design significantly improves the test vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics and energy consumption. This paper’s main contribution consists of designing an EDS for an in-wheel motor electric vehicle (IWMEV), with motors directly connected to the rear axle. The design demonstrated effective energy management, with savings of up to 21.4% over a vehicle without EDS, while at the same time improving longitudinal dynamic performance.

Non-linear backstepping speed control for Asian electric scooter uses

The electric scooter has become very popular especially in large European and Asian urban areas, thanks to its some advantages. While its popularity is increasing, studies about these electric scooters are also increasing. The main objective of this study is to introduce the design of an autonomy extended electric three-wheeled scooter. For this aim, a model is obtained firstly and it is driven by two BLDC motors placed on the rear wheels independently controlled by a non-linear controller named as Backstepping. Indeed, it contains a powerful electronic differential system to ensure the security of passenger while entering the curved road. The studied model is simulated through the MATLAB Simulink environment where interesting results are shown in results.

Development of autonomous traction system of electric vehicle with electronic differential and fuzzy control system

The article discusses the optimal layout of an autonomous vehicle traction system. In modern society, a special place is occupied by environmental issues. From year to year, a huge amount of statistics is published that reflect the scale of the damage that human products cause to the environment. Today, the main “pest” on the planet is surely cars with an internal combustion engine. At the same time, a complete rejection of motor transport, both in Russia and in the world, is impossible, because the life of modern man is inextricably linked with the constant movements, which are not always possible through urban electric transport. In recent years, many manufacturers of transport systems see the way out in autonomous electric transport systems development, which, in the future, will be able to replace vehicles with an internal combustion engine. In this article traction system variants, choice of electric motor optimal location, and also the control systems analysis which would correspond to requirements to the given technical process are considered.

Electronic Differential Control of Independent Wheel Drive NEV using Drive Current Balancing Strategy

This paper presents the design and real-time implementation of an electronic differential speed control system (EDSC) for a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV) with a decentralized power train configuration. The EDSC supervises the desired speed variation of the drive motors of the vehicle at various turning trajectories. The core focus of this design is to reduce the system complexity, computation delay and design expenses with an aid of a newly proposed drive current balancing algorithm (DCBA). The embedded DCBA based EDSC allocates the necessary torque to each wheel solely depending on the motor current variables. Thus, it eliminates the necessities of typical feedback variables-steering and speed to control the EDSC. The developed system performance is being investigated in situ real time on-board experiment. Results in the context of response time, design simplicity and performance reveal the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

A Double-Rotor Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicles With Magnetic Differential

In this article, a novel double-rotor flux-switching permanent-magnet (DR-FSPM) motor is proposed for electric vehicles with the capability of magnetic differential (MagD). The key is to introduce a new set of winding, which magnetically couples with the two rotors of the DR-FSPM motor in such a way that the magnetic coupling winding field can interact with the PM fields in the two rotors. Hence, the differential torque can be generated between wheels to achieve accurate cornering during vehicle steering. Consequently, the proposed system can offer higher efficiency and compactness than the conventional mechanical differential system, while providing higher reliability and safer operation than the electronic differential system. The operation principle and performances of the proposed DR-FSPM motor are thoroughly analyzed by finite element analysis while the proposed MagD system is also evaluated with system simulation. Finally, the motor prototype is built while the prototype and MagD system are tested for experimental verification.