Electronic invoicing (e-invoicing) has emerged as a crucial component of digital transformation strategies across the public and private sectors. However, scholarly investigations into this domain remain fragmented. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to trace the global evolution of e-invoicing research, identify leading contributors, and uncover thematic patterns. Using a structured search of the Scopus database, 398 records were initially retrieved and subsequently refined to 375 documents through data cleaning and standardization. Analytical tools such as Scopus Analyzer and VOSviewer were employed to examine co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and citation dynamics. The findings reveal a notable rise in publication activity after 2015, with significant growth from 2021 to 2024. Moreover, China, Germany, Brazil, and the United States (US) lead in publication output, while Finland and the United Kingdom (UK) demonstrate high citation impact and collaborative strength. Prominent themes identified include digital invoicing systems, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), and blockchain technology, indicating a strong convergence between technological innovation and regulatory frameworks. The analysis also highlights key contributors to the field and the most influential studies, providing insights into the research community’s structure. Despite the increasing volume of publications, the results indicate limited international collaboration and a concentration of studies within specific thematic clusters. This bibliometric review contributes to understanding how e-invoicing research has developed over time and offers a foundation for future investigations into its adoption, implementation, and governance. In addition, the study underscores the need for broader interdisciplinary research to enhance the maturity and practical relevance of the field.

The article describes how to use Apache Spark to improve Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) transactions. Apache Spark has high potential to address scalability, performance, and integration issues that commonly occur during peak loads in traditional EDI systems, including retail and logistics settings. In this study, it was established that the distributed computing services offered by Spark minimise load, increase processing speed, and minimise resource utilisation. The research compares performance by developing a quantitative assessment of real-world data from EDI systems using Spark and traditional centralised systems. Analysis results indicate that Spark-based systems are quick at handling transaction processing, can be extended, and are cost-effective. The article is about modernising the business EDI infrastructure, and as a result, massive savings have been made. It also implies directions for future research to make the use of distributed systems even lighter in EDI applications, e.g., Apache Spark.

E-procurement emerged in the 1980s alongside the development of Electronic Data Interchange. Advances in Electronic Data Interchange technology enabled organizations to establish online vendor catalogs, streamlining procurement processes. Despite its recognized benefits, many government ministries, including those in Kakamega County, still face significant inefficiencies due to persistent manual procurement processes, leading to delays and resource misallocation. This study investigated the diffusion of electronic procurement systems within Kakamega County Government Ministries, focusing on the relationship between electronic procurement adoption, information and communications technology training, procurement innovations, and implementation challenges, specifically addressing the ongoing challenges of manual systems and proposing solutions through technological integration. A qualitative case study design was adopted, grounded in the Resource-Based View theory, to provide practical insights beyond theoretical constructs. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis, with rigorous validation measures such as pilot testing, member checking, and triangulation ensuring data trustworthiness. A purposive sampling strategy was employed, targeting 10 participants across three ministries under study. Thematic analysis and validation were utilized to extract meaningful conclusions aligned with qualitative research methodologies. The findings revealed that targeted information and communications technology/information technology training enhanced user confidence and optimized procurement workflows, directly addressing the lack of preparedness for electronic procurement systems. The adoption of innovative tools such as mobile applications and blockchain technology improved efficiency and transparency, offering solutions to existing bottlenecks. However, challenges such as limited training access and infrastructure gaps persisted, requiring tailored interventions to overcome resistance to change and ensure successful implementation. These efforts transformed Kakamega County Government’s procurement practices into a more efficient and accountable framework. This study held significance beyond its immediate scope, with contributions that informed policy decisions, enriched existing literature by addressing the empirical gap in local ministry electronic procurement adoption, and enhanced operational efficiency within government ministries and the broader field of supply chain management by providing actionable strategies for overcoming implementation hurdles.

This article explores the historical evolution of commerce and its transformative effect on accounting systems. It begins by discussing the classical definitions of trade by thinkers like Ibn Khaldun and Adam Smith to establish the core principles of traditional commerce. The study then analyzes the historical development of e-commerce, from its early steps with technologies like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) in the 1970s, to the rise of online marketplaces like Amazon and eBay in the 1990s, and to the emergence of mobile and social commerce in the 2000s. The primary focus of the article is on the innovations e-commerce has brought to traditional accounting models. These include a shift to a more flexible accounting framework, the adoption of digital documents, the complexity of revenue recognition processes, and the increased role of automation. It also addresses the new challenges of international taxation and currency fluctuations. In conclusion, the article argues that e-commerce has become more than just a sales channel; it has created a new paradigm for the field of accounting, setting the stage for future research.

Purpose: This study sought to establish the relationship between electronic communication and supply chain performance in Large Retail Chains in Kenya. The study was guided by disruptive innovation theory. Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design and positivist research paradigm. The study targeted 12 Large Retail Chains in Kenya. The target population for this study was 240 respondents. Census method was used in this study. The study used research questionnaires to collect primary data. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and presented in prose form. Qualitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, and means were used. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for testing strength and direction between the independent and the dependent variables. A multiple regression model was used to test the significance of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Findings: The study findings revealed that electronic communication has a positive and significant effect on supply chain performance of Large Retail Chains in Kenya. The study concludes that electronic communication has a positive and significant effect on supply chain performance of Large Retail Chains in Kenya. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: Based on the findings, this study recommends that the management of large retail chains in Kenya should implement integrated Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems to enhance communication across their supply chains. The study contributes to theory by showing electronic communication as a strategic resource for supply chain performance, informs policy by highlighting the need for supportive frameworks to enhance digital integration, and guides practice by urging retail managers to adopt EDI systems for greater efficiency and competitiveness.

The healthcare industry confronts dual challenges of maintaining compliance with evolving Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards while adhering to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy requirements. This creates substantial barriers to artificial intelligence adoption and increases operational costs. A novel framework combining Federated Learning (FL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) addresses these challenges by enabling decentralized model training that keeps Protected Health Information (PHI) at its source while automating compliance processes. Confidential Computing creates hardware-protected execution environments for secure data processing, while Zero-Knowledge Proofs enable compliance verification without revealing sensitive information. The architecture implements a three-layer approach: a decentralized data layer utilizing FHIR APIs and Confidential Computing; an AI layer integrating FL and RL components; and an automated compliance layer. Implementation across healthcare organizations demonstrates significant improvements in EDI migration timelines, error reduction, and compliance management. Despite challenges including model bias and regulatory complexity, the framework presents a promising pathway toward self-optimizing compliance systems that transform regulatory adherence from a costly burden into a strategic advantage, while maintaining stringent privacy protection through mathematically provable differential privacy guarantees.

Digitalization has become a necessity across all sectors, in line with the rapid development of digital technology and the shift towards Society 5.0. The use of digital technology is now a crucial aspect in various activities, including the economic, social, and educational sectors. In the economic sector, in particular, the implementation of electronic data interchange (EDI) and the use of social media in marketing strategies have expanded to various business sectors, including micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The shift in interaction patterns between consumers and sellers towards digital is both a challenge and an opportunity for MSMEs. However, the reality on the ground shows that most MSMEs in the regions, particularly in Sumbawa Regency, still experience gaps in digital literacy and human resource readiness in managing information technology. To address this challenge, digitalization outreach and training activities are being conducted for MSMEs and the general public in the region. These activities aim to improve understanding and basic skills related to the use of digital technology in running and developing businesses, such as online marketing, digital data management, and the use of e-commerce platforms. This outreach also emphasizes the importance of adapting to technological developments to increase the competitiveness and sustainability of MSMEs in the digital era. The results of this activity showed a 3% increase in participants' understanding of digitalization, as evidenced by a comparison of pre-test and post-test results. While this improvement is initial and modest, it reflects positive changes that can be further developed through follow-up programs and ongoing mentoring. Therefore, community empowerment through digital education is a strategic step in strengthening the role of MSMEs as key drivers of the local and national economy in the digital era.

Thailand's port logistics sector faces significant challenges in achieving secure and interoperable electronic data exchange across stakeholders. Although a standardized Port Community System (PCS) has been promoted, persistent issues-including fragmented digital platforms, security vulnerabilities, and institutional mistrust-impede Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) effectiveness. This study investigates the key barriers (BAR) to EDI implementation and examines how blockchain technology can be a foundational solution to overcome (OVB) them. A structured survey of 350 PCS service users and providers was administered. The data were examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to check the different parts of the study and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to look at the relationships between seven identified barrier factors (like infrastructure, legal issues, and budget) and seven strategies to overcome them (such as technology acceptance, organizational readiness, and management support). The first canonical function showed a strong relationship, with a correlation coefficient of 0.652 (p < 0.01), meaning that certain organizational actions are closely linked to reducing important barriers. This research is the first empirical study in Thailand to apply multivariate statistical modeling to blockchain-enabled PCS adoption. It contributes methodological rigor through validated measurement models, structural analysis, and practical insight for policymakers, port administrators, and logistics managers. The findings suggest blockchain can enhance transparency, trust, and secure data integration in national logistics infrastructures.

This study examined the influence of information and communication technology on supply chain performance of manufacturing companies. Descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Subjects were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The population comprised staff, distributors and wholesalers of selected manufacturing companies totaling one thousand one hundred and twenty-nine (1129). A sample size of two hundred and ninetyseven (297) was used for the study. Data were statistically analyzed with multiple regressions. The result revealed that; barcode scanner, radio frequency identification (RFID) and electronic data interchange (EDI), significantly influenced supply chain performance of manufacturing companies (positively). Hence, we recommended among others that manufacturing firms should employ the use of ICT tools such as barcode scanner, radio frequency identification, and electronic data interchange in their supply chain operations because of the obvious boost on their performance.

This study examines the influence of financial compensation on turnover intention by considering the mediating roles of affective and normative commitment among employees of PT. Electronic Data Interchange Indonesia (EDI-Indonesia). The high rate of employee resignations in this company forms a critical background for identifying internal factors that affect employee loyalty and retention. The objective of this research is to empirically test the direct and indirect effects of financial compensation on turnover intention, and to explore the mediating roles of affective and normative commitment in this relationship. A quantitative approach was employed using explanatory research design. Primary data were collected through a survey using a Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to the entire population of permanent employees at EDI-Indonesia, comprising 50 individuals, with a total sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares (PLS) through SmartPLS version 4 software. The results revealed that financial compensation has a significant positive effect on both affective and normative commitment, and a significant negative effect on turnover intention. Furthermore, affective commitment was found to mediate the relationship between financial compensation and turnover intention. However, normative commitment did not mediate the relationship between financial compensation and turnover intention. The findings highlight the importance of a fair and competitive financial compensation structure in enhancing employee loyalty and reducing the intention to leave the organisation. It is recommended that the company strengthens its compensation policy by taking into account the psychological and emotional aspects of its employees. This research provides a strategic foundation for human resource policy development and serves as a theoretical reference for future studies in organisational management.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a technology that enables business to exchange business documents electronically in standardize format. It is electronic data in predefined format that is transferred from one computer application to another over communication link. There are several ways to represent data in any computer system e.g. XML , JSON , Objects and Map, in either of the representation data is tied with a key which tells what underlying data represents. The EDI contains only data and what the data is maintained separately. This make EDI unreadable, it must be integrated with it’s specification to make it readable. This is integration framework uses best of both worlds, i.e. specification of an EDI will be integrated with the EDI at run time. This framework is used to generate EDI from data objects like JSON and read EDI to generate data object like JSON at runtime.

This study aims to explore the range of digital services provided by the Indian Customs Electronic Gateway (ICEGATE) through its Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system and assess its progress in facilitating India’s export-import (EXIM) trade from 2019 to 2024. ICEGATE offers a suite of online services, including electronic filing of Bills of Entry and Shipping Bills, digital signature integration, e-payment of duties, and real-time cargo tracking, which collectively contribute to reducing paperwork and improving operational transparency. The study uses secondary data sources and applies trend analysis and variation metrics to evaluate the adoption and growth of ICEGATE’s services over the selected period. The findings highlight steady progress in user engagement and digital transaction volumes, reflecting ICEGATE’s evolving role in modernizing customs clearance and supporting India’s broader digital trade objectives.

Technology and Digitalisation have become more important in companies' supply chains activities. The business environment is now more complex and fast therefore there is a need to also have a more effective and efficient supply chain. This study was conducted to assess the impact of information technology on improving the downstream supply chain performance of the AB-Water water board. This study used content analysis and Microsoft excel to analyse the data which was coded and located to objectives. The objectives are (a) IT applications used in the downstream supply chain (b) information technologies contribution to the downstream supply chain performance (c) challenges faced when using the IT systems or applications (d) suggested recommendations of suitable IT systems to add for improving the downstream supply chain performance. The results indicated that IT had a positive impact on the downstream supply chain of AB-Water water board and the recommendations are that AB-Water water board should procure the electronic data interchange system (EDI), AB-Water should use e- tendering and should procure an enhanced infrastructure.

This study aims to design a cash receipt system based on the integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) technologies, supporting the automation of transactions and data reconciliation in the financial sector. The primary focus is on applying a Data Flow Diagram (DFD) to model the flow of data. This research adopts a system design approach using DFD to identify data flows from RFID devices, banks, and the cash receipt system. The analysis illustrates the processes of data collection, data transmission through EDI, and bank reconciliation. The DFD for RFID and EDI integration enables the automatic collection of transaction data and structured data transmission. The DFD further details data verification by the cash receipt system module and automatic reconciliation between data from RFID and banks. Findings indicate that this integration enhances operational efficiency, minimizes human errors, and supports card-based transaction automation. The system has the potential to significantly improve efficiency and accuracy in financial transaction management, with substantial implications for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the financial sector.

Contemporary enterprises increasingly contend with the multifaceted challenge of integrating diverse applications and managing large-scale data flows. Although foundational, traditional Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) solutions often fail to address the real-time processing, intelligent automation, and dynamic adaptation demanded by today’s digital landscape. The study investigates the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence agents into EAI and EDI ecosystems to surmount these limitations. We posit that the autonomous, reactive, proactive, and social attributes intrinsic to AI agents render them particularly adept at advancing integration capabilities. This research introduces an innovative agent-based architectural framework focusing on sophisticated routing, dynamic data transformation, and automated workflow orchestration. The proposed system leverages machine learning algorithms for adaptive data mapping and employs reinforcement learning to optimize agent collaboration and resource allocation in the existing EAI/EDI infrastructure. Empirical evaluations, comprising simulations and case analyses, reveal pronounced improvements in key performance metrics such as transaction throughput, latency reduction, and error minimization relative to traditional integration methodologies. This whitepaper expounds on the strategies and methodologies integral to the effective deployment and operationalization of Agentic AI within EAI and EDI contexts. It delineates the architectural refinements crucial for AI-driven transformation and proposes deployment frameworks designed to maximize scalability and resilience through AI orchestrators. By addressing the inherent complexities and offering tailored solutions, this study provides actionable insights for enterprises seeking to harness autonomous AI to bolster efficiency, curb operational costs, and unlock new pathways for innovation.

EDI currently remains one of the most significant technological formats that respond to contemporary rapid and connected business environment by ensuring real-time, efficient and accurate data exchange in supply chain management. This paper's central idea is the evolution of EDI from the early days of standard trade papers to contemporary technologies like blockchain, AI, ML, and IoT. Focusing on processes where these innovations add value for EDI, providing real-time data, improving security, and facilitating better decisions, this paper emphasises the essential functions of EDI in the modernisation of supply chains. In addition, it examines how EDI integration can help to minimise cost; manage stocks; and enhance business associations. Altogether, this paper showcases EDI’s positive effects on performance-enhancing aspects of the supply chain and outlines prospective applications of novel technologies to add further value to global supply chain processes.

Centrally administrated systems have historically facilitated inter-organizational data exchange in supply chains (SC), relying on the message standard electronic data interchange (EDI). However, the current use of EDI fails to meet information needs, as point-to-point interfaces complicate information sharing among multiple partners and batch processing lacks real-time capabilities. This results in information asymmetries, leading to inefficiencies. Distributed ledger technology (DLT), which offers decentralized communication and data storage, presents a potential solution. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review comparing the centralized architectures utilizing EDI applications with the decentralized architecture of DLT within SCs. We identified the limitations of the current systems and assessed whether DLT offers a solution. The findings show that DLT enhances real-time data exchange, automation potential, and transparency, but also faces shortcomings. Integrating EDI with DLT offers a promising approach to leverage synergies and address the weaknesses of both technologies, e.g., lacking standards for DLT.

Digital commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, refers to the buying and selling of products and services via online channels. This process occurs through digital platforms and computer networks, primarily utilizing the Internet. It includes a diverse array of technologies, such as mobile commerce, electronic payment systems, supply chain logistics, web-based marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory control systems, and automated data gathering tools. Contemporary e-commerce usually incorporates the World Wide Web at some point during the transaction process. Additionally, it integrates various other technologies, including email, mobile apps, social media networks, and telecommunications tools.

Introduction: E-commerce has several benefits, among which are saving cots, promotion of products, timely obtaining of information, consistency of information and superior customer service .Methods: The study’s proposed model is based on TOE Framework towards the examination of the influencing variables of e-commerce adoption in the SMEs of Jordan and literature dedicated to information communication technology, information system and electronic data interchange. Accordingly, the study examined five hypotheses formulated on factors influencing the adoption and use of e-commerce, whereby data was obtained from 224 Jordanian SMEsResults: Based on the findings, complexity, manager’s characteristics and consumer pressure were significant predictors of e-commerce adoption, while relative advantage and organizational readiness were insignificant predictors . The model succeeded in explaining 85% of the variance in intention towards e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Jordan.Conclusions: The study provides insight into the perceptions of managers concerning the adoption of E-commerce in SMEs in the Jordanian context and it has implications for Jordanian enterprises who export products at a global scale.

The growing dependence of logistics platforms and third-party logistics providers (3PLs) on electronic data interchange (EDI), application programming interfaces (APIs), and partner ecosystems has heightened exposure to supply-chain attacks. High-profile incidents, including the NotPetya disruption of maritime operations and the MOVEit exploitation in 2023, illustrate the systemic risks when a single compromised node cascades across global networks. This study examines cybersecurity maturity in logistics platforms using a combined framework of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 and NIST SP 800-161r1, cross-referenced to ISO/IEC 27001:2022 controls. The methodology applies a maturity audit lens to identify typical weaknesses in EDI/API configurations, partner authorization mechanisms, and data protection practices, while also analyzing incident patterns reported in the sector. Findings indicate that inadequate partner vetting, weak API authorization, and insufficient encryption controls represent recurrent vulnerabilities. Mapping failure modes to mitigation measures shows that implementing supplier risk governance, zerotrust access principles, and continuous third-party assurance programs substantially reduces the attack surface. The practical contribution of this research lies in providing a structured, standards-based model that logistics firms and 3PLs can adopt to benchmark resilience and prioritize cybersecurity investments in complex supply-chain ecosystems.