Analog Electronics Research Articles

Two-Positron-bonded Dihalides: Ps2XY (X, Y=F, Cl, Br).

This study explores the energetic stability and physical properties of complexes formed by two halide anions (X-, Y-=F-, X-, Br-), and two positrons (Ps: positron-electron pair). We combine electronic coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) calculations with positronic multicomponent renormalized partial third-order propagator (MC-REN-PP3) calculations to effectively recover correlation energies. Analysis of potential energy curves confirms the energetic stability of these positronic molecules, with optimized structures identified as global minima. Further investigation of electron and positron densities reveals stabilization owing to the formation of two-positron bonds. The global stability of the complexes contrasts with the metastable two-positron-bonded (PsH)2, which energetically favors the emission of Ps2. Comparative analysis of one- and two-positron dihalides indicates that the addition of a positron to PsXY- generally results in shorter bond distances, higher force constants, and lower dissociation energies, with exceptions due to differences in positron affinities of PsXY- and Y-. We explore the analogy between two-positron-bonded dihalide systems and two-electron-bonded dialkali molecules AB, (A, B=Na, K, Rb). The bonding properties in two-positron dihalides and their electronic dialkali analogs are comparable, displaying identical periodic trends. However, compared to their isoelectronic AB counterparts, the positron bonds in have shorter bond lengths, higher force constants, and higher bond energies.

A simplified approach to counting statistics with an imperfect pileup rejector

A simplified theoretical model is developed to predict counting statistics for a stationary Poisson process passing through a spectrometer with pulse-pileup rejection. The model is applicable to digital counters used for spectrometry as well as set-ups utilising analogue electronics for pulse shaping and pileup rejection. In comparison with an existing model for a perfect pileup rejector, the new model addresses the common imperfection of having a finite time resolution of the fast channel, allowing quasi-coincident signals to pass through the pile-up rejector. From the Laplace transform of a simplified interval-density distribution, approximate expressions are derived for the throughput factor and the variance of the number of counted events. The results are compared with computer simulations of a cascade of extending dead time and subsequent pileup rejection. In addition, a rigorous throughput factor is derived from probabilistic reasoning, as well as an effective throughput factor for singular and coincident events.

Tunable THz-whistle built on a two-dimensional electronic analog of a Helmholtz resonator

We propose a tunable THz generator built on a two-dimensional electronic analog of a conventional Helmholtz resonator. The generator excitation is provided by a flow similar to that in a whistle in conventional hydrodynamics. The output frequency, hydrodynamic parameters, and practical implementation of the THz-whistle are discussed in relation to possible applications.

Design and Application Prototype of soft starting Three-Phase AC Motor by Using Analog Electronics Control for Teaching Aids of Power Electronics Practice

In general, palm oil processing factories, from fresh fruit bunches to Crude Palm Oil, require three-phase electric motors to drive or rotate it. The problems that often arise when using three-phase electric motors simultaneously in large numbers will result in very large surges in the electric current, which can affect the performance of electronic devices. To overcome this problem, a prototype of a three-phase AC voltage regulator circuit was made by adjusting the SCR triggering delay angle using an analog electronics equipment control that can be used for three-phase motor soft start applications in a palm oil factory. This prototype will be used as a learning tool for the practical for Aceh Polytechnic students for power electronics courses. This system is built with a method where the three-phase source is first lowered using a transformer arranged in a star on the primary and secondary sides, then each voltage is compared to the ground using an IC LM324, which aims to produce pulses wave. This pulse then connected to a triangular wave generator circuit, this triangular wave is then compared with the DC source voltage from the potentiometer, which aims to regulate the SCR triggering angle of SCR via MOC3063 driver, where the load used is resistive and connected in a star. The measurement using an oscilloscope and observing the change of triggering angle for several variations of each phase, the different Vrms voltage between measurements compared to mathematical analysis influenced by several factors, including, the transformer is made of three transformers that not identically, the electronic components used are not in ideal condition, and observations on the oscilloscope are carried out visually using the eye and manually adjusting the potentiometer rotation so that the level of measurement accuracy between one person and another will produce different values.

The Mu2e crystal and SiPM calorimeter

The calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment is being assembled, with all production components completed and tested, apart from the digital electronics that is still underway. The mechanical structure is fully built, with a complete integration and test of all the analog sensors and electronics. We summarize construction and assembly phases, Quality Control tests, calibration procedures and first tests performed in the assembly area, as well as the installation and commissioning plans of the final disks in the Mu2e hall.

Magnetoelectrics for Implantable Bioelectronics: Progress to Date.

ConspectusThe coupling of magnetic and electric properties manifested in magnetoelectric (ME) materials has unlocked numerous possibilities for advancing technologies like energy harvesting, memory devices, and medical technologies. Due to this unique coupling, the magnetic properties of these materials can be tuned by an electric field; conversely, their electric polarization can be manipulated through a magnetic field.Over the past seven years, our lab work has focused on leveraging these materials to engineer implantable bioelectronics for various neuromodulation applications. One of the main challenges for bioelectronics is to design miniaturized solutions that can be delivered with minimally invasive procedures and yet can receive sufficient power to directly stimulate tissue or power electronics to perform functions like communication and sensing.Magnetoelectric coupling in ME materials is strongest when the driving field matches a mechanical resonant mode. However, miniaturized ME transducers typically have resonance frequencies >100 kHz, which is too high for direct neuromodulation as neurons only respond to low frequencies (typically <1 kHz). We discuss two approaches that have been proposed to overcome this frequency mismatch: operating off-resonance and rectification. The off-resonance approach is most common for magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) that typically have resonance frequencies in the gigahertz range. In vivo experiments on rat models have shown that MENPs could induce changes in neural activity upon excitation with <200 Hz magnetic fields. However, the neural response has latencies of several seconds due to the weak coupling in the off-resonance regime.To stimulate neural responses with millisecond precision, we developed methods to rectify the ME response so that we could drive the materials at their resonant frequency but still produce the slowly varying voltages needed for direct neural stimulation. The first version of the stimulator combined a ME transducer and analog electronics for rectification. To create even smaller solutions, we introduced the first magnetoelectric metamaterial (MNM) that exhibits self-rectification. Both designs have effectively induced neural modulation in rat models with less than 5 ms latency.Based on our experience with in vivo testing of the rectified ME stimulators, we found it challenging to deliver the precisely controlled therapy required for clinical applications, given the ME transducer's sensitivity to the external transmitter alignment. To overcome this challenge, we developed the ME-BIT (MagnetoElectric BioImplanT), a digitally programmable stimulator that receives wireless power and data through the ME link.We further expanded the utility of this technology to neuromodulation applications that require high stimulation thresholds by introducing the DOT (Digitally programmable Overbrain Therapeutic). The DOT has voltage compliance up to 14.5 V. We have demonstrated the efficacy of these designs through various in vivo studies for applications like peripheral nerve stimulation and epidural cortical stimulation.To further improve these systems to be adaptive and enable a network of coordinated devices, we developed a bidirectional communication system to transmit data to and from the implant. To enable even greater miniaturization, we developed a way to use the same ME transducer for wireless power and data communication by developing the first ME backscatter communication protocol.

Electronic and thermal transport engineering of a highly earth-abundant and low-cost Sn-based thermoelectric material

Tin monosulfide (SnS), composed of abundant, low-cost, and environmentally friendly elements, has garnered significant attention in the field of thermoelectrics due to its analogous electron and phonon transport properties to SnSe. However, undoped SnS exhibits a limited charge carrier concentration, resulting in poor electrical conductivity. In this study, a dual doping approach was employed, introducing both cationic (Na and Pb) and anionic (Se and Te) dopants into polycrystalline SnS. This approach yielded a notable enhancement in electrical properties and a reduction in thermal conductivity. As a result of these modifications, the figure of merit (zT) reached 0.38 at approximately 525 K. Specifically, the power factor increased to 2.25 μWcm−1K−2, while the total thermal conductivity was reduced to 0.3 Wm−1K−1. These findings highlight the potential of synergistic cation and anion doping strategies to significantly improve the thermoelectric performance of SnS at relatively lower temperatures, offering a pathway for further exploration of cost-effective thermoelectric materials based on SnS.

Mood regulation in euthymic patients with a history of antidepressant-induced mania.

The use of antidepressants in bipolar disorder (BD) remains contentious, in part due to the risk of antidepressant-induced mania (AIM). However, there is no information on the architecture of mood regulation in patients who have experienced AIM. We compared the architecture of mood regulation in euthymic patients with and without a history of AIM. Eighty-four euthymic participants were included. Participants rated their mood, anxiety and energy levels daily using an electronic (e-) visual analog scale, for a mean (SD) of 280.8(151.4) days. We analyzed their multivariate time series by computing each variable's auto-correlation, inter-variable cross-correlation, and composite multiscale entropy of mood, anxiety, and energy. Then, we compared the data features of participants with a history of AIM and those without AIM, using analysis of covariance, controlling for age, sex, and current treatment. Based on 18,103 daily observations, participants with AIM showed significantly stronger day-to-day auto-correlation and cross-correlation for mood, anxiety, and energy than those without AIM. The highest cross-correlation in participants with AIM was between mood and energy within the same day (median (IQR), 0.58 (0.27)). The strongest negative cross-correlation in participants with AIM was between mood and anxiety series within the same day (median (IQR), -0.52 (0.34)). Patients with a history of AIM have a different underlying mood architecture compared to those without AIM. Their mood, anxiety and energy stay the same from day-to-day; and their anxiety is negatively correlated with their mood.

Demonstration of 800°C SiC MOSFETs for Extreme Temperature Applications

Silicon Carbide (SiC) enhancement mode MOS electronics offer several benefits for realizing analog, digital and mixed signal electronics, but limitations on gate dielectric reliability has limited the adoption of MOS in high temperature application. In this work, we report GE’s lateral SiC MOSFETs exceeding previously reported temperature capabilities for SiC MOSFETs with experimental results that have shown that &gt;500°C operation of SiC MOSFETS is possible with &gt;400 hours demonstrated at 620°C, and short-term functionality demonstrated to 800°C. The result shows that MOS-based SiC electronics can continue to be a viable choice for circuit implementations at extreme temperatures &gt;600°C.

A Finite-Time Control Design for the Discrete-Time Chaotic Logistic Equations

Finite-time control theory has been widely used as a mathematical tool to design robust controllers. By manipulating the finite-time convergence proof of this theory, we developed a new control design appropriately tuned for the finite-time control of the chaotic logistics system. In this experimental setup, the logistic equation is programmed into a PIC microcontroller, and a part of the controller was conceived using analog electronics. Because the system to be controlled is in the discrete-time domain, and the finite-time stability proof is stated in the continuous-time representation, our finite-time control approach is a good example for designing control algorithms in both time domain schemes. Hence, our experimental results support our main contribution. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is the format used to translate digital signals into the continuous-time field. Therefore, the main contribution of this article is the theoretical foundations for creating a recent controller that satisfies the convergence criterion in finite time and its construction using an 8-bit microcontroller. All this contributes to the chaotic logistical map.

Electronic analogue of Fourier optics with massless Dirac fermions scattered by quantum dot lattice

Abstract The field of electron optics exploits the analogy between the movement of electrons or charged quasiparticles, primarily in two-dimensional materials subjected to electric and magnetic (EM) fields and the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium with varied refractive index. We significantly extend this analogy by introducing an electronic analogue of Fourier optics dubbed as Fourier electron optics (FEO) with massless Dirac fermions (MDF), namely the charge carriers of single-layer graphene under ambient conditions, by considering their scattering from a two-dimensional quantum dot lattice (TDQDL) treated within Lippmann–Schwinger formalism. By considering the scattering of MDF from TDQDL with a defect region, as well as the moiré pattern of twisted TDQDLs, we establish an electronic analogue of Babinet’s principle in optics. Exploiting the similarity of the resulting differential scattering cross-section with the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern, we construct a dictionary for such FEO. Subsequently, we evaluate the resistivity of such scattered MDF using the Boltzmann approach as a function of the angle made between the direction of propagation of these charge-carriers and the symmetry axis of the dot-lattice, and Fourier analyze them to show that the spatial frequency associated with the angle-resolved resistivity gets filtered according to the structural changes in the dot lattice, indicating wider applicability of FEO of MDF.

Engineering of TiN/ZnO/SnO2/ZnO/Pt multilayer memristor with advanced electronic synapses and analog switching for neuromorphic computing

The two-terminal memristor is a promising neuromorphic artificial electronic device, mirroring biological synapses in structure and replicating various synaptic functions. Despite its advantages, challenges in achieving high reliability, gradual switching, and low energy consumption hinder progress in neuromorphic devices. This study explores electronic synapses and simulates analog switching in a Pt/TiN/ZnO/SnO2/ZnO/Pt multilayer (ML) configuration, featuring a ∼3 nm SnO2 layer between ZnO layers. Results show enhanced cycling endurance (more than 250 cycles), resistance window (102), tunable synaptic plasticity, and multilevel switching. ML memristors exhibit low coefficient of variation (4.5 %) in set voltage, low energy consumption (set = ∼0.12 nj, reset = ∼0.1 nj), and fast switching speeds (set = 300 ns, reset = 200 ns), suitable for high-density memory and neuromorphic systems. They successfully emulate synaptic functions, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), spike voltage-dependent plasticity (SVDP), spike width-dependent plasticity (SWDP), spike frequency-dependent plasticity (SFDP), and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Modulating pulse amplitude and width achieves multilevel conductance in long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Using nonlinear conductance data, a 96.5 % image pattern recognition accuracy is achieved in a deconvolution neural network (DNN) simulation. These results highlight the ML memristor's potential in efficient neuromorphic computing systems.

Exploring the dynamics of a four-dimensional Chua-like system: Numerical simulations and hardware investigations

In this work, we employ simulations to investigate deterministic and stochastic dynamics of a system governed by four coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) derived from the canonical three-dimensional Chua model, replacing the piecewise nonlinearity with a cubic function. We employed two simulation approaches: (i) using software — where we performed numerical simulations (digital computation) in the ODEs model, and (ii) using hardware — where we performed experimental studies (analog computation) in the ODEs model. In the initial software-based approach for simulations, we performed stability and bifurcation analyses of the trivial equilibrium point, which were analytically conducted, along with the numerical continuation method. We solved the model using digital computation and explored its intricate dynamical behavior through nonlinear dynamics techniques applied to the parameter planes. In the second approach, employing hardware for simulations through analog computation, we designed an electronic circuit using analog electronics to solve the model in a continuous-time integration. The experimental setup mirrored the numerical simulations, yielding comparable results in terms of dynamical behaviors. This study underscores significant agreement between numerical and experimental findings, highlighting the robustness of the model across digital and analog contexts and offering practical insights into the various nonlinear dynamics presented in this system.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ МНОГОПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СХЕМ С ЛИНЕЙНЫМ АКТИВНЫМ УСТРОЙСТВОМ

It is proposed to use matrix methods for mathematical modeling of the operation of electronic analog linear devices. They allow using computational tools to obtain results with high calculation speed and acceptable accuracy. For example, a scheme of an active second-order electronic filter based on an operational amplifier is proposed. A multiparametric analysis of the transfer function based on the primary parameters of the electronic circuit is proposed. The proposed method for analyzing linear active electronic circuits based on the conduction matrix can significantly reduce the calculation time and significantly simplify the forms of writing analytical expressions. The calculation results are com-pared with the results obtained in a specialized program for modeling electronic circuits OrCAD PSpice. For example, the transfer function is analyzed according to the following parameters: sensi-tivity, statistical synthesis, optimization of tolerances

Exploration and Practice of Ideological and Political Integration in Electronic Information Major Courses under the Background of New Engineering--Taking the course "Analog Electronics Technology" as an example

Exploration and Practice of Ideological and Political Integration in Electronic Information Major Courses under the Background of New Engineering--Taking the course "Analog Electronics Technology" as an example

ВКЛАД ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫХ УЧЕНЫХ В РАЗВИТИЕ УСТРОЙСТВ ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The study reflected two stages of digital computing, when discrete counting devices and analog computers were created. (Research purpose) The research purpose is identifying the design features of computers in which the ideas of domestic scientists were implemented at the mechanical and electromechanical stages of the development of computer technology. (Materials and methods) Conducted a historical and scientific analysis of literary sources, original works of Russian scientists, descriptions of inventions and patents related to the mechanical and electromechanical stage of the development of computer technology. We studied materials from the Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, descriptions of serial computers manufactured in the USSR. (Results and discussion) We considered the outstanding role played by academician P.L. Chebyshev in the history of the construction of continuous counting machines. The design features of the adding machine created by V.T. Odner and further developments of adding machines by domestic engineers (adding machine "Soyuz") were presented. It was noted that with the invention of the Odner adding machine in 1890, the stage of serial production of computer equipment in Russia began. It was shown that in the field of analog computing, a significant contribution was made in the construction of hydraulic integrators by engineer V.S. Lukyanov; electrical integrators by academicians A.N. Krylov, I.S. Bruk. The first electronic analog computers were created at the Electrotechnical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of L.I. Gutenmacher. (Conclusions) The ideas and design features of mechanical and analog computing devices were reflected in the works of domestic scientists and engineers. We have traced the continuity in the creation of mechanical and electromechanical calculating machines. We have studied unique samples of computer technology, such as the integrator by A.N. Krylov, the hydraulic integrator by V.S. Lukyanov, the electrical integrators by I.S. Bruk, L.I. Gutenmacher, the electro-optical reading machine by engineer V.E. Agapov.

Assessing the Influence of Nonischemic A-Fiber Conduction Blockade on Offset Analgesia: An Experimental Study

Offset analgesia (OA) is believed to reflect the efficiency of the endogenous pain modulatory system. However, the underlying mechanisms are still being debated. Previous research suggested both, central and peripheral mechanisms, with the latter involving the influence of specific A-delta-fibers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of a nonischemic A-fiber conduction blockade on the OA response in healthy participants. A total of 52 participants were recruited for an A-fiber conduction blockade via compression of the superficial radial nerve. To monitor fiber-specific peripheral nerve conduction capacity, quantitative sensory testing was performed continuously. Before, during, and after the A-fiber block, an individualized OA paradigm was applied to the dorsum of both hands (blocked and control sides were randomized). The pain intensity of each heat stimulus was evaluated by an electronic visual analog scale. A successful A-fiber conduction blockade was achieved in thirty participants. OA has been verified within time (before, during, and after blockade) and condition (blocked and control side) (P < .01, d > .5). Repeated measurements analysis of variance showed no significant interaction effects between OA within condition and time (P = .24, η²p = .05). Hence, no significant effect of A-fiber blockade was detected on OA during noxious heat stimulation. The results suggest that peripheral A-fiber afferents may play a minor role in OA compared with alternative central mechanisms or other fibers. However, further studies are needed to substantiate a central rather than peripheral influence on OA. PerspectiveThis article presents the observation of OA before, during, and after a successful A-fiber conduction blockade in healthy volunteers. A better understanding of the mechanisms of OA and endogenous pain modulation, in general, may help to explain the underlying aspects of pain disorders.

Cosmo ArduSiPM: An All-in-One Scintillation-Based Particle Detector for Earth and Space Application.

Thanks to advancements in silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPMs) and system-on-chip (SoC) technology, our INFN Roma1 group developed ArduSiPM in 2012, the first all-in-one scintillator particle detector in the literature. It used a custom Arduino Due shield to process fast signals, utilizing the Microchip Sam3X8E SoC's internal peripherals to control and acquire SiPM signals. The availability of radiation-tolerant SoCs, combined with the goal of reducing system space and weight, led to the development of an innovative second-generation board, a better-performing device called Cosmo ArduSiPM, suitable for space missions. The architecture of the new detector is based on the Microchip SAMV71 300 MHz, 32-bit ARM® Cortex®-M7 (Microchip Technology Inc., Chandler, AZ, USA). While the analog front-end is essentially identical to the ArduSiPM, it utilizes components with the smallest possible package. The board fits in a CubeSat module. Thanks to the compact design, the board has two independent channels, with a total weight of only 40 grams within a CubeSat form factor. The ArduSiPM architecture is based on a single microcontroller and fast discrete analog electronics. It benefits from the continued development of SoCs related to the IoT (Internet of Things) market. Compared with a system with a custom ASIC, this architecture based on software and SoC capabilities offers considerable advantages in terms of cost and development time. The ability to incorporate new commercial SoCs, continuously emerging from advancements in the aerospace and automotive industries, provides the system with a robust foundation for sustained growth over the years. A detailed characterization of the hardware and the system's response to different photon fluxes is presented in this article. Additionally, coupling the device with a scintillator was tested at the end of this article as a preliminary trial for future measurements, showing potential for further enhancement of the detector's capabilities.

Unveiling an electronic LogP analogue within the conceptual density functional theory framework

The partition coefficient (Log P) is a fundamental parameter in medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and environmental science, indicating the equilibrium distribution of a compound between water (aqueous phase) and an organic solvent (lipophilic phase, typically octanol). This coefficient reflects a molecule’s affinity for water (hydrophilicity) or fats (lipophilicity), which is crucial for drug design and environmental assessments. Leveraging Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT), we introduce an electronic analogue to Log P. Our analysis across diverse molecular families demonstrates strong correlations between it and Log P, highlighting its efficacy as a theoretical descriptor. The advent of the electronic partition coefficient, enriched with physical–chemical insights, is set to enhance the prediction, and understanding of partition coefficients and solubility.

Design and Characterization of the Engineering Model of the Spectrometer Onboard LuSEE‐Night

AbstractThe Lunar Surface Electromagnetics Explorer—Night, LuSEE‐Night, is a low‐frequency radio astronomy experiment that will explore the cosmic Dark Ages signal on the radio‐quiet farside of the Moon. The LuSEE‐Night carries a radio frequency spectrometer consisting of a set of antennas, analog and digital processing electronics, and will be launched by NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services in 2025. The spectrometer is designed to observe the spectrum of the radio sky in the 0.5−50 MHz band. The engineering model (EM) of the four‐channel spectrometer has been developed. The EM has been characterized for linearity, gain, noise, and their temperature dependence, confirming that the EM meets all the requirements for LuSEE‐Night. Three mitigation techniques have been implemented and verified to suppress self‐induced electromagnetic interference. The flight model of the spectrometer is currently being developed and is scheduled to be shipped to the integration site in early 2024.