Electron Beam Irradiation Research Articles

Photogalvanic Effect in the WSe2 Monolayer with Defects Generated by Electron-Beam Irradiation for Self-Powered 2D Photodetectors: A Computational Study

Photogalvanic Effect in the WSe₂ Monolayer with Defects Generated by Electron-Beam Irradiation for Self-Powered 2D Photodetectors: A Computational Study

Physical Pretreatments of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Fermentable Sugar Production

Physical pretreatments play a crucial role in reducing the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass, facilitating its conversion into fermentable sugars for bioenergy and chemical applications. This study critically reviews physical pretreatment approaches, including mechanical comminution, irradiation (ultrasound, microwave, gamma rays, and electron beam), extrusion, and pulsed electric field. The discussion covers the mechanisms of action, operational parameters, energy efficiency, scalability challenges, and associated costs. Methods such as ultrasound and microwave induce structural changes that enhance enzymatic accessibility, while extrusion combines thermal and mechanical forces to optimize hydrolysis. Mechanical comminution is most effective during short periods and when combined with other techniques to overcome limitations such as high energy consumption. Innovative approaches, such as pulsed electric fields, show significant potential but face challenges in large-scale implementation. This study provides technical and strategic insights into developing more effective physical pretreatments aligned with economic feasibility and industrial sustainability.

Impact Value Improvement of Polycarbonate by Addition of Layered Carbon Fiber Reinforcement and Effect of Electron Beam Treatment

Polycarbonate (PC) is a highly recyclable thermoplastic with high impact strength that bodes well to re-melting extrusion and shredding for positive environmental impact. For the goal of improving impact strength further, layered carbon fiber (CF) reinforcement has been added between PC sheets by hot pressing at 6.0 MPa and 537 K for 8 min. An addition of cross-weave CF layer reinforcement to PC increased Charpy impact value, auc of the untreated [PC]4[CF]3 composite over that of untreated PC resin reported at all accumulative probabilities, Pf. At medial-Pf of 0.50, auc was increased 3.13 times (213%), while statistically lowest impact value as at Pf = 0 calculated by 3-parameter Weibull equation was boosted 2.64 times (164%). To optimize auc, effect of homogeneous electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) treatment of 43.2, 129, 216, 302, or 432 kGy at 170 kV acceleration voltage to the CF plies before assembly with PC then hot press was also investigated. The 216 kGy HLEBI dose appears to be optimum, raising as at Pf = 0 about 6.5% over that of untreated [PC]4[CF]3 and agrees with a previous study that showed 216 kGy to be optimum for static 3-point bending strength, when quality can be controlled. Electron spin resonance (ESR) data confirms 216 kGy HLEBI generates strong peaks in CF and PC indicating dangling bond (DB) generation. Bending strength increase was higher than that of impact due to lower test velocity and higher deformation area spreading along specimen length, allowing more DBs to take on the load. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data of CF top ~10 nm surface layer in the sizing confirms C–O–H, C–H, and C–O peak height from 216 kGy exhibited little or no change compared with untreated. However, 432 kGy increased the peak heights indicating enhanced adhesion to PC. However, 432 kGy degraded as at Pf = 0 of the [PC]4[CF]3, and is reported to decrease impact strength of PC itself by excess dangling bond formation. Thus, the 432 kGy created increased PC/CF adhesion, but degraded the PC resin. Therefore, 216 kGy of 170 kV-HLEBI appeared to be a well-balanced condition between the PC-cohesive force and PC/CF interface adhesive force when fabricating [PC]4[CF]3.

Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on Network Carbon Nanotube Films Based Field Effect Transistors

AbstractSemiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotube random network thin films (network CNTs) hold promising applications in nanoelectronic devices. However, exposure to electron beam irradiation during characterization and fabrication of network CNTs via tools like scanning electron microscope (SEM) and e‐beam lithography (EBL) is often unavoidable and may degrade network CNT field effect transistors (FETs). This study investigates the influences of SEM electron beam irradiation on network CNT FETs, focusing on dose, energy, and dose rate, with the on‐state current (Ion) as the primary metric. At lower doses (≤7.2 × 1014 e cm−2), Ion exhibits a temporary reduction, while recovering mostly within 60 min in the ambient environment. At higher doses (>2.9 × 1015 e cm−2), Ion decreases significantly and persistently. The observed phenomena can be attributed to the charging of the SiO2 substrate and defect formation in the SiO2 substrate. The findings provide insights for optimizing electron beam‐based techniques in the characterization of network CNT FETs and device fabrication.

Excited-State Carrier Dynamics in Knock-on Damage of Monolayer MoS2 from First Principles.

Electron beam irradiation is an important approach for defect engineering of two-dimensional materials. In the monolayer MoS2, the sulfur atoms get displaced by the electron-nuclei collisions with low threshold displacement energy (TDE), which are assisted by the electronic excitations caused by the electron-electron collisions. In this study, using the real-time time-dependent density functional theory, the displacements of sulfur atoms are studied with the dynamics of the excited-state carriers comprehensively considered. The carriers rapidly recombine in the case of the band edge excitations with TDE not significantly reduced compared to the ground state, whereas the excitations of deep-level electrons yield low TDE that agrees with the experiment. Interestingly, the recombination of carriers from deep-level excitations can enhance the kinetic energy and boost the displacement. Additionally, the displaced sulfur atoms can carry net charge. These findings suggest that instead of the band edge excitations, the deep excitations should be considered in the analysis of the experiments.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, heat-shrinkable and morphological properties of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene butene copolymer (EBC) blends

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, heat-shrinkable and morphological properties of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene butene copolymer (EBC) blends

Electron Beam Irradiation’s Effect on Polyaniline/LiClO4/CuO Nanocomposite: A Study of Dielectric, Conductivity and Electrochemical Properties

A straightforward chemical polymerization process was used to create the polyaniline/LiClO4/CuO nanoparticle (PLC) nanocomposite, which was then exposed to varying doses of electron beam (EB) radiation and studied. The FESEM, XRD, FTIR, DSC, TG/DTA, and electrochemical measurements with higher EB doses showed clear changes. The FTIR spectra of the PLC nanocomposite showed variations in the C-N and carbonyl groups at 1341 cm−1 and 1621 cm−1, respectively. After a 120 kGy EB dose, the shape changed from a smooth, uneven surface to a well-connected, nanofiber-like structure, creating pathways for electricity to flow through the polymer matrix. The EB irradiation improved the thermal stability by decreasing the melting temperature, and the XRD and DSC studies reveal that the decrease in crystallinity is attributed to the dominant chain scission mechanism. The enhanced absorption and red shift in the wavelength (from 374 nm to 400 nm) observed in the UV-Visible spectroscopy were caused by electrons transitioning from a lower to a higher energy state, with a progressive drop in the band gaps (Eg) from 2.15 to 1.77 eV following irradiation. The dielectric parameters increased with the temperature and electron beam doses because of the dissociation of the ion aggregates and the emergence of defects and/or disorders in the polymer band gaps. This was triggered by chain scission, discontinuity, and bond breaking in the molecular chains at elevated levels of radiation energy, leading to an augmented charge carrier density and, subsequently, enhanced conductivity. The cyclic voltammetry study revealed an enhanced electrochemical stability at a high scan rate of about 600 mV/s for the PLC nanocomposite with the increase in the EB doses. The I-V characteristics measured at room temperature exhibited nonohmic behavior with an expanded current range, and the electrical conductivity was estimated, using the I-V curve, to be around 1.05 × 10−4 S/cm post 20 kGy EB irradiation.

Sustainable plasticization of dehydrated bacterial cellulose by glycerol and electron beam irradiation

Sustainable plasticization of dehydrated bacterial cellulose by glycerol and electron beam irradiation

Total Skin Irradiation in the Treatment of Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas: a Literature Review and Clinical Cases

Introduction: Primary cutaneous lymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of diseases, the treatment of advanced stages of which requires a comprehensive approach, including systemic therapy and skin-directed methods. Total skin electron irradiation (TSEB) demonstrates high efficacy due to the radiosensitivity of lymphoid cells. Despite the high overall response rate, the recommended dose ranges and fractionation schemes for TSEB vary, necessitating detailed investigation. Stratification of patients by clinical stage, type of lesions, and the extent of skin involvement is crucial for optimizing TSEB, improving outcomes, and reducing side effects.Total skin electron beam radiotherapy: A Trend Toward Low Doses: TSEB with cumulative doses of 30ʹ36 Gy has established itself as an effective treatment method; however, there is growing interest in lower doses (10ʹ29 Gy) due to the high radiosensitivity of lymphomas and the need to reduce radiation-related side effects. Studies have confirmed a high overall response to low doses, especially in early stages, with less pronounced radiation reactions and a comparable median duration of response. To optimize the approach, further research is needed, including the development of patient selection criteria and dose individualization with a potential boost to large lesions.Conclusions: The question of the optimal cumulative dose for TSEB in patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas remains insufficiently studied. Clinical cases confirm the efficacy of both standard doses (30ʹ36 Gy) and low doses (10ʹ20 Gy), demonstrating good clinical responses, symptom reduction, and lower toxicity. Low dose TSEB provides a comparable overall response to standard doses, reduces the number of treatment visits, and enables retreatment in case of disease relapse. The main tasks remain to study the factors influencing dose selection (disease stage, type of lesions, individual patient characteristics) and to develop patient management strategies. TSEB effectively controls disease manifestations even in complex cases. Data analysis highlights the need for unified patient selection criteria and optimization of irradiation techniques to improve outcomes and reduce treatment toxicity.

A novel approach for detecting negative charge accumulation induced by electron beam irradiation using power MOSFET devices.

Micro-discharging and electrostatic discharges, caused by secondary electron emission and other factors, can severely impact spacecraft and vacuum equipment. Therefore, electrostatic protection is essential for their safe and reliable operation. This paper presents a quantitative method for detecting surface charge accumulation from electron beam irradiation using power MOSFETs, enabling the controlled release of accumulated charges for electrostatic protection. First, a response model was developed for the drain-to-source voltage of MOSFETs based on gate charge accumulation from electron beam irradiation. The study investigated the charge response of four device types: N-channel depletion/enhancement and P-channel depletion/enhancement MOSFETs. Based on this, a dual-model test system for charge accumulation detection and electrostatic discharge protection was designed, with an external capacitor to adjust the charge accumulation-discharge threshold, offering flexibility for various applications. Quantitative measurement of charge accumulation under 30keV electron beam irradiation was conducted in the scanning electron microscope chamber, with a charge-discharge pulse precision of 3.27 nC. The measurement system can be calibrated using the actual incident beam current measurement results, with the charge accumulation rate measurement error being less than 0.15 nC/s. This research contributes to a measurement system based on a novel approach for electrostatic detection and controllable discharging, which can accurately detect weak charging and dynamically monitor the charge accumulation rate. It provides an innovative concept for electrostatic protection design.

Electron beam irradiation combined with cold plasma modification of chitosan to enhance physicochemical and functional properties.

Electron beam irradiation combined with cold plasma modification of chitosan to enhance physicochemical and functional properties.

Decomposition of MAPbBr3 single crystals under electron beam irradiation

Decomposition of MAPbBr3 single crystals under electron beam irradiation

Analysis of aroma component changes and identification of irradiation markers in Luzhou-flavor liquor within one year after electron beam irradiation.

Analysis of aroma component changes and identification of irradiation markers in Luzhou-flavor liquor within one year after electron beam irradiation.

Surface modification of Al-W laser-alloyed layer by high current pulsed electron beam irradiation

Surface modification of Al-W laser-alloyed layer by high current pulsed electron beam irradiation

An electron beam irradiation treated eco-friendly glucomannan-aloe vera bioplastic sheet with a two-year shelf-life observation

An electron beam irradiation treated eco-friendly glucomannan-aloe vera bioplastic sheet with a two-year shelf-life observation

Enhancement of high-temperature durability for Ni-20Co-28Cr-10Al-0.5Y coatings via high-current pulsed electron beam irradiation at 1323 K

Enhancement of high-temperature durability for Ni-20Co-28Cr-10Al-0.5Y coatings via high-current pulsed electron beam irradiation at 1323 K

Improved Dielectric Properties of Polypropylene Films by Electron-Beam Irradiation Modification for Power Capacitor

Improved Dielectric Properties of Polypropylene Films by Electron-Beam Irradiation Modification for Power Capacitor

A Review on Defect Engineering of Graphene

Defect Engineering” is a term, which means the application of controlled defects in the ultrathin arrangement of 2D materials to improve its structure and various properties. Graphene a 2D single atom thick layer allotrope of carbon shows outstanding crystalline structure, various physicochemical properties, remarkable optoelectronic properties, a very good thermal conductivity, charge transport performance, optical transparency, electronic characteristics and extraordinary band gap structure is regarded as the building material for fifth generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. The highly ordered lattice of graphene displays extraordinary device performance, but during growth and processing development of structural defects decreases the performances of the material in the devices. However, these defects can be modified by applying several advanced techniques, so that to realize better performances for device applications. Hence, “Defect engineering of Graphene” actually means perfection of the structure as well as the properties of graphene in order to enhance the functions by using organized defects. In nanotechnology, it is growing towards the route of a perfect material with superior properties for better device performances. This review briefly describes the recently applied advanced techniques that are useful for defect engineering of graphene i.e. Electron beam irradiation, plasma, chemical treatment and doping. Key words: Graphene, functionality, bandgap, e-beam irradiation, plasma, chemical treatment, doping.

Electron beam irradiated composite based on poly (lactic acid)/aloe vera and its applications in biodegradable food packaging

Using Aloe Vera powder (AV) at varying concentrations − 1, 2, and 3% – polylactic acid/aloe vera (PLA/AV) composite films were prepared using the solvent casting process. All of the composites were exposed to 10, 25, and 40 kGy of electron beam (EB) radiation. It was examined how the thermal and mechanical characteristics of PLA/AV films were affected by electron beam radiation. XRD, FTIR, TGA, and biodegradation (soil burial) were used to analyze the irradiation films’ characteristics. The findings showed that doses up to 25 kGy increased the neat PLA’s tensile strength (TS). At lower doses up to 10 kGy, the addition of AV raises the TS values (particularly at 2% concentration). It appears adding varying proportions of AV powder enhances the thermal stability of PLA/AV composites. Biodegradability showed that films with AV were the most biodegradable, while those without AV were the least.

Changes in the mechanical properties of tibialis anterior and peroneus longus allograft depending on sterilization method and storage time.

The aim of the present research was to analyze the effects of different sterilization methods and storage times on the mechanical properties (load at first break, strain at first break, maximum load, strain at maximum load, and Young's modulus of elasticity) of different allografts compared to native groups. Two types of grafts were harvested from human cadavers: 165 tibialis anterior (TA) and 166 peroneus longus (PL) tendons. According to the two types of sterilization methods (γ and electron beam irradiation) or the lack of one, and the six types of storage time (one to six months), 36 groups were created. In addition, we created a 1 to 1 native group, which was not sterilized and stored, tested within four hours of collection. In the results of tendon type TA compared to TA native group, we observed significant differences at the fifth month of storage for all measured parameters. Load at first break of the frozen values at the fifth month was significantly inferior to the native group (p = 0.034). For strain at first break and strain at maximum load, all sterilization methods were significantly inferior at the fifth month (p = 0.003 to p = 0.009). Maximum load values were significantly superior with E-beam irradiation at the fifth month (p = 0.003), and also significantly higher with γ irradiation at the fifth month (p = 0.009). Young's modulus showed significantly inferior values in the frozen tendons at the fifth month (p = 0.001 to p = 0.003). In tendon type PL, no significant differences were found for any of the tested parameters compared to the native group. Our results indicate that freezing alters mechanical properties via the decrease seen in the ultimate tensile strength. In addition, at the fifth and sixth months of storage, time could notably affect allografts rather than the sterilization procedures.