Electromyographic Analysis Research Articles

Analysis of Electromyography (EMG) Signal Processing with Filtering Techniques

The paper presents the Analysis of Electromyography (EMG) Signal Processing with Filtering Techniques. The problem in this study is how to consider the filtering techniques for fundamental EMG signal processing with high-level accuracy. The research method for designing the simulation codes for observing the EMG signal modeling and digital filtering techniques with mathematical approaches from the signals and systems concepts. The results confirm that the outcomes of this study met the performance target for noise removal techniques of EMG signals in real-world applications.

Neuromuscular Response Disparities in Non-Professional Athletes during Side-Cutting: Exploring Sex Differences through Electromyographic Analysis

This study aims to fill a knowledge gap by investigating electromyographic disparities in anterior and posterior muscle activation and coactivation ratios among non-professional men and women during side-cuttings. A cohort of 162 non-professional athletes participated in directional change maneuvers. Electromyographic assessments focused on coactivation ratios during the initial 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms of contraction, analyzing thigh muscle activations and exploring sex-based differences. Findings revealed higher quadriceps than hamstring muscle activation during directional changes, emphasizing the pivotal role of timing and coactivation ratios. Although the coactivation ratio, indicative of protective muscle control, approached 1 in all directional changes, 40% of subjects exhibited ratios below 0.8, suggesting an elevated injury risk. During open side-cutting at 30°, no significant sex differences were observed in anterior and posterior thigh muscle activation. However, in explosive ratios, women outperformed men, potentially attributable to uncontrolled motor unit recruitment. In open side-cutting at 45° and closed side-cutting at 45°, women displayed significantly higher H/Q ratios, indicating a nuanced sex-specific response. The study underscores the importance of an innovative coactivation ratio approach, revealing its early association with injury risk. Although anterior thigh muscle activation generally exceeded posterior, women exhibited poorer coactivation, potentially heightening knee injury risks during directional changes. This research contributes valuable insights into neuromuscular responses among non-professional athletes, particularly within the context of sex-specific differences.

Research Progress in Data Acquisition and Intelligent Sensing Methods for Lumbar Electromyographic Signals

Population aging trend is taking place in our country, and low back pain is a symptom of neuromuscular diseases of concern in the elderly. Accurately analyzing the disease of low back pain is important for both timely intervention and rehabilitation of patients. As a kind of bioelectrical signal, the acquisition and analysis of lumbar electromyography (EMG) signal is an important direction for the study of low back pain. The study reviews the acquisition of lumbar EMG by different types of sensors, introduces the signal characteristics of needle electrodes, surface electromyography electrodes and array electrodes, describes the use of signal algorithms, points out that wireless sensors and the use of deep learning algorithms are the direction of development, and puts forward prospects for its further development.

Posterior thigh muscles activity during the active H-test: An electromyographic and kinematic analysis

The Askling's H-test is considered a useful return to play criterion after a hamstring muscle injury (HMI). However, it assesses only the active and passive flexibility of posterior thigh muscles. This may lead the practitioner to underestimate a compensation or abnormal movement pattern. The aim of this study was to analyze these kinematic aspects and their reliability, and evaluate the hamstring (HM) and gluteus maximus (GM) muscles' activities. Twelve healthy male volunteers were tested during two session of three trials for passive and active tests. Dynamic flexibility (97.2 ± 6.0°) was significantly greater than the passive one (70.5 ± 14.7°) (p < 0.001), and good intra-individual reproductibility for most kinematic characteristics was observed. Biceps Femoris long head, semitendinosus and GM mean activities (20.1 ± 11.2%; 14.3 ± 7.3% and 25.2 ± 22.1%, respectively) were found to be low to moderate, indicating that only a moderate level of activity occurred during the active H-test, in comparison to other movements such as sprinting itself. In addition, the activity of the posterior thigh muscles during the active H-test appeared to be variable among the volunteers. These findings suggest that the H-test should be interpreted on an individual basis rather than relying on general characteristics, and be considered as an intermediate tool before more strenuous activities such as returning to sprint. With this comprehensive approach, clinicians can gain a more accurate understanding of their patients' progress and make more informed decisions about their readiness to return to play.

Investigations on the enhanced anti-microbial activity of one step synthesized ZnO, WO3, and rGO nano particles and fabrication of rGO nano electrode for EMG biomedical application

Abstract The proposed study aims to synthesize ZnO, WO3, and rGO nano particles (NPs) using simple and effective chemical reduction technique and to investigate its biomedical applications. According to the XRD results, synthesized NPs had hexagonal, monoclinic, and cubic crystal forms. The FESEM micro image shows sheet-like structure for rGO NPs, an algal crystal structure for ZnO, and a bulk cluster formation for WO3 NPs. The value of band gap was found to be 5.75, 5.37 and 3.01 eV for ZnO, WO3, and rGO NPs respectively. The presence of diverse functional groups in the produced NPs was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Investigations against different microorganisms indicated an augmentation in the antibacterial activity for ZnO and WO3 NPs. Electrodes coated with rGO NP were made and discovered to be effective in collecting human biomedical data more effectively. The performance of rGO NP coated electrodes was compared using a development board for electromyography analysis along with an android application for monitoring purposes. The quality of the signal, the ratio between the signal and the background noise, as well as the level of impedance between the electrode and the skin was observed to be better than conventional electrodes.

Applicability of electromyography (EMG) as a prospective technique for textural evaluation of different types of biscuits

Bakery industry is an important segment of the food industry, worldwide, and texture is an important determinant in the consumer acceptability of baked products especially biscuits. In this study, six different textured biscuits namely, whole wheat flour biscuit, chocolate biscuit, cumin biscuit, cardamom biscuit, pistachio biscuit and cashew biscuit, procured from local bakery, were analyzed for their proximate composition and color characteristics. The biscuits were having significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different values for proximate composition and color parameters. This study primarily aimed at investigating the application of electromyography (EMG) as a prospective technique for texture evaluation of these different types of biscuits. EMG is an upcoming technique for in vivo food texture evaluation which gives real-time information about the dynamic textural changes occurring during mastication of a food product. The EMG study was conducted on ten human subjects who were served six samples of biscuits in duplicate. To eliminate subject factor variance, two-way ANOVA was applied on the relative values of EMG variables. Two recordings of same subject in an EMG session for a biscuit sample showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) degree of similarity indicating that human mastication behavior is reproducible. Initially, twenty-eight EMG parameters were obtained which were reduced to five representative parameters using cluster analysis. Principal component analysis further classified these five masticatory parameters into two independent principal components (PC1 and PC2) for explaining the data variance. Cumulative proportions for PC1 and PC2 were 37.6% and 70.8%, respectively. The results showed that mastication time obtained from electromyographic analysis can evaluate sensory fracturability, hardness and chewiness. While middle interburst duration can effectively evaluate sensory cohesiveness and instrumental flexural strength. The study concluded that EMG can serve as a comprehensive texture evaluation tool in the bakery industry.

Clinical and electromyographic signals analysis about the effect of space-adjustment splint on overerupted maxillary molars

BackgroundOvererupted maxillary molars is common in adults, which can lead to insufficient intermaxillary vertical space ,great difficulty in prosthetic reconstruction ,and cause occlusal interference in movements.To reconstruct occlusal function, it is necessary to prepare enough space for prostheses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of space-adjustment occlusal splint on overerupted maxillary molars by clinical and electromyographic signals analysis.MethodsEighteen patients with overerupted maxillary molars were selected to wear space-adjustment occlusal splint suppressing overerupted maxillary molars for three months. Satisfaction was assessed by 5-point Likert; intermaxillary vertical space and the teeth transportation distance were measured in models; clinical periodontal status were evaluated by periodontal probing depth (PPT) and bleeding index (BI); electromyographic recordings of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles were monitored by Cranio-Mandibular K7 Evaluation System.ResultsAll the patients were satisfied with the treatment effect (Likert scale ≧ 4). The intermaxillary space in edentulous areas after treatment showed statistically significant increasing when compared with those before treatment. PPT and BI showed no significant difference. No statistically significant differences were found in electromyographic activity of anterior temporal muscles, while a reduction of muscle activity in masseter in the contralateral side were detected in post-treatment evaluations compared with pre-treatment at mandibular rest position.ConclusionsSpace-adjustment occlusal splint is an efficient treatment option on overerupted maxillary molars by intruding the maxillary molar to obtain adequate intermaxillary space for prostheses.

Colloidal study on the texture of sous vide (SV)-processed Tibetan chicken breast with human-machine collaborated electromyography analysis

Sous Vide (SV) is a potential meat thermal processing technology. However, the texture evolution of SV processed meat is not easy to understand due to the complex hierarchical structure of meat. In our research, a two-level meat colloidal model was carried out to analyze the texture of SV-processed Tibetan chicken breast. Moreover, electromyography analysis was used to collaborate the texture results between human sensory evaluation and machine detection. Although the denaturation and dehydration of sub-continuous phase cytoskeletal proteins are unavoidable even under 55 °C at 1 h or 65 °C at 0.5 h heating, the main-continuous phase collagen can achieve slow denaturation and sufficient conversion to gelatin if SV is applied. Different from collagen under high-temperature processing, gelatin does not exert shrinkage stress to the sub-continuous phase upon SV. Moreover, insignificant lateral contraction was revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus, limited water migration and minimized cooking loss were achieved because of the integrity of the colloid system upon SV. Furthermore, physical properties proved the tenderization effect of SV. Thus, our results showed that the colloidal model combined with an electromyography study was useful in revealing the textual detail of pure meat or imitation meat.

Quantitative assessment of muscle fatigue during rowing ergometer exercise using wavelet analysis of surface electromyography (sEMG).

In this paper, we present a quantitative assessment of muscle fatigue using surface electromyography (sEMG), a widely recognized method that is conducted through various analytical approaches, including analysis of spectral and time-frequency distributions. Existing research in this field has demonstrated considerable variability in the computational methods used. Although some studies highlight the efficacy of wavelet analysis in dynamic motion, few offer a comprehensive method for determining fatigue and applying it to specific movements. Previous research has focused primarily on discerning differences based on sport type or gender, with a notable absence of studies that presented results for quantifying fatigue during exercise with rowing ergometers. Developing on our previous work, where we introduced a method for determining muscle fatigue through wavelet analysis, considering biomechanical aspects of limb position changes, this current article serves as a continuation. Our study refines the research approach for a selected group, focusing on fatigue determination using the previously established method. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of DWT analysis in assessing muscle fatigue, as evidenced by the achievement of negative values of the regression coefficients of Median Frequency (MDF) during exercises performed to maximal fatigue. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that the homogeneity of the group and, in the case of the examined group, the results previously achieved or lower limb strength do not have an impact on the results. Finally, we discuss the main limitations of our study and outline the subsequent steps of our investigation, providing valuable information for future investigations in this field.

A Comparative Electromyographic Analysis of Masticatory Muscles Between Skeletal Class II and Skeletal Class I Malocclusion: A Cross-Sectional Study on a Syrian Population.

This study aimed to investigate whether there was a difference in the muscular activity of the masticatory muscles between patients with skeletal Class II and skeletal Class I malocclusion. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 56 selected patients referred to the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria. An electromyographic device measured the myoelectric activity of the perioral muscles on patients in the two created groups: the skeletal Class I malocclusion group (n=28 patients) and the skeletal Class II malocclusion group (n=28 patients). The study found a similarity in the muscular activity between the right and left sides within the same group, without significant differences between both sides for each muscle (P>0.05). The Class II group had significantly greater activity in the buccinator and digastric muscles than the Class I group (p<0.05).On the other hand, the Class I group had significantly greater activity in the orbicularis and mentalis muscles than the Class II group (P<0.05). Patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion and skeletal Class I showed differences in muscular activity. The buccinator and digastric muscles were more active in skeletal Class II patients, while orbicularis oris and mentalis were less active. The temporalis and masseter muscles showed similar activity in both groups.

A Proof of Principle Study Conducted by Community-Dwelling Seniors Using a Novel Passive Gait Assist System

It is vital for rehabilitating patients to perform as many task-related exercises as possible. These patients often need either force or trajectory assistance in order to perform gait. While this can be provided in the form of traditional gait rehabilitation or currently emerging robot-assisted gait training, there is a need for an affordable means to assist gait training. In this study, we present a passive gait assistance device that is composed of a spring-bar system attached to an elastic cord and a specialized shoe. The shoe has two straps attached such that both plantar and dorsiflexion torque can be applied to the user depending on the angle of the pulling force. The merit of the devices is that it is an affordable means to provide the user with gait assistance while allowing some freedom of one’s foot movement. We show that, with 20 community-dwelling seniors, our system successfully produces plantar flexion and dorsiflexion torque according to the gait cycle. Furthermore, electromyography analysis suggests that plantar flexor demand during the late stance phase and dorsiflexor demand during the swing phase are significantly reduced.

Does the Position of the Ankle Matter During the Single Gluteal Bridge in Futsal Players? An Electromyographic Analysis.

The aim of this study was to analyze the muscle activity of the hamstring muscles and the lateral gastrocnemius during different variants of the single-leg bridge (SLB) in futsal players. Cross-sectional study. Twenty-two futsal players (age = 24.8 [3.9]y) volunteered to participate in this study. The participants performed 3 variations of the SLB with the knee flexed at 45°. The first position was performed with the ankle in plantar position with flat support, the second with the ankle in dorsiflexion (DF) with heel support, and the third with the ankle in DF and external rotation (ER) with heel support. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test assessed the difference between variables for samples with the rank-biserial correlation effect size. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine the associations of the percentage maximal voluntary isometric contraction for each muscle with peak force and rate of force development with 3 different variances of the SLB. The variation of ankle DF and ER with heel support generated higher muscle activity in BF in concentric (P < .01, effect size [ES] = -0.613); isometric (P < .042, ES = -0.494); and eccentric (P < .005, ES = -0.668) contraction than ankle DF with heel support. In contrast, the variation of ankle DF and ER with heel support generated fewer muscle activity in lateral gastrocnemius in concentric (P < .001, ES = 0.779); isometric (P < .003, ES = 0.708); and eccentric (P < .014, ES = 0.589) contraction than ankle DF with heel support. The position of DF and ER was the best position in SLB to train the BF. It could be convenient to start rehabilitation of the BF with flat foot postition or ankle in DF with heel support and progress with the position of the ankle in DF and ER with heel support.

Next Generation Sequencing and Electromyography Reveal the Involvement of the P2RX6 Gene in Myopathy.

Ion channelopathies result from impaired ion channel protein function, due to mutations affecting ion transport across cell membranes. Over 40 diseases, including neuropathy, pain, migraine, epilepsy, and ataxia, are associated with ion channelopathies, impacting electrically excitable tissues and significantly affecting skeletal muscle. Gene mutations affecting transmembrane ionic flow are strongly linked to skeletal muscle disorders, particularly myopathies, disrupting muscle excitability and contraction. Electromyography (EMG) analysis performed on a patient who complained of weakness and fatigue revealed the presence of primary muscular damage, suggesting an early-stage myopathy. Whole exome sequencing (WES) did not detect potentially causative variants in known myopathy-associated genes but revealed a novel homozygous deletion of the P2RX6 gene likely disrupting protein function. The P2RX6 gene, predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, is an ATP-gated ion channel receptor belonging to the purinergic receptors (P2RX) family. In addition, STRING pathways suggested a correlation with more proteins having a plausible role in myopathy. No previous studies have reported the implication of this gene in myopathy. Further studies are needed on patients with a defective ion channel pathway, and the use of in vitro functional assays in suppressing P2RX6 gene expression will be required to validate its functional role.

Sensorimotor adaptation of locomotor synergies to gravitational constraint

This study investigates the impact of gravity on lower limb muscle coordination during pedaling. It explores how pedaling behaviors, kinematics, and muscle activation patterns dynamically adapts to changes in gravity and resistance levels. The experiment was conducted in parabolic flights, simulating microgravity, hypergravity (1.8 g), and normogravity conditions. Participants pedaled on an ergometer with varying resistances. The goal was to identify potential changes in muscle synergies and activation strategies under different gravitational contexts. Results indicate that pedaling cadence adjusted naturally in response to both gravity and resistance changes. Cadence increased with higher gravity and decreased with higher resistance levels. Muscular activities were characterized by two synergies representing pull and push phases of pedaling. The timing of synergy activation was influenced by gravity, with a delay in activation observed in microgravity compared to other conditions. Despite these changes, the velocity profile of pedaling remained stable across gravity conditions. The findings strongly suggest that the CNS dynamically manages the shift in body weight by finely tuning muscular coordination, thereby ensuring the maintenance of a stable motor output. Furthermore, electromyography analysis suggest that neuromuscular discharge frequencies were not affected by gravity changes. This implies that the types of muscle fibers recruited during exercise in modified gravity are similar to those used in normogravity. This research has contributed to a better understanding of how the human locomotor system responds to varying gravitational conditions, shedding light on the potential mechanisms underlying astronauts’ gait changes upon returning from space missions.

Altered Hip Flexor and Extensor Activation During Progressive Inclined Walking in Individuals With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome

Context: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a movement-related condition associated with pain and impaired function; yet the evidence for level ground walking hip biomechanics is limited and inconsistent. Challenging the hip with inclined walking for individuals with FAIS might be important for elucidating mechanically driven function loss and informing tailored rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of progressive inclined walking on sagittal hip biomechanics and hip flexor and extensor activity in individuals with FAIS. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Fourteen participants (7 individuals with FAIS and 7 asymptomatic individuals) underwent motion capture and electromyographic analysis during 3 treadmill walking conditions (0°/5°/10°). Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the sagittal hip kinematic waveforms and hip flexor (rectus femoris) and extensor (gluteus maximus) waveforms between groups and walking conditions. Results: Hip flexion was significantly increased throughout the gait cycle in individuals with FAIS compared with asymptomatic individuals (P &lt; .01) but was not dependent on incline. Rectus femoris activation was significantly increased throughout stance in individuals with FAIS compared with asymptomatic individuals (P &lt; .01). Gluteus maximus activity significantly increased with progressive inclination in asymptomatic individuals (P &lt; .01), with no significant change in activity for individuals with FAIS. Conclusions: Hip biomechanics and muscle activity during inclined walking mirrored that of arthrogenic muscle inhibition, highlighted by a prominent flexor role and lack of hip extensor activity in individuals with FAIS. Future research investigating discordant activity between hip flexors and extensors during complex functional tasks may help identify rehabilitation targets.

Effectiveness of Power Exercises vs Plyometric Training in Athletes: An Electromyographical Analysis

Introduction: Power training and Plyometric training exercises are recommended to improve the power of the upper and lower extremities. Research is necessary to provide coaches and practitioners with more information to plan their General power training and Plyometric training programs on various biomechanical and fitness measures. Aim: To compare the effect of General Power training vs Plyometric training on electromyographical parameter in athletes. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 subjects were divided into three groups: Power training group, Plyometric group, Control group. A total of 15 young athletes were randomly allocated to experimental and control group (N=15, n=5). Participants of three groups were asked to perform the dynamic activities during which amplitude of muscle activation with surface electrodes using four channel Electromyographic system were measured. Average of three trials were considered. Initially 16 muscles of both the sides were assessed. The intervention of Group A consisted of Power training exercises, Group B consisted of Plyometric drills and the control group performed regular training exercises. The intervention was given for 3 days a week for 6 weeks. All the outcome variables were recorded for baseline and after 6 weeks. Results: Within group analysis for both experimental groups were found to be statistically significant for Rectus femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles whereas between group analysis revealed general power training group to offer statistically significant improvement with p-value &lt;0.05. Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in in both the groups in terms of muscle activation; however, General Power training shows effective outcome than the Plyometric training.

Electromyographical Analysis on Combined Effect of Breathing Exercise and Core Stabilisation Exercise along with Breathing Cadence in Runner’s Stitch in Recreational Runner’s: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Runner’s stitch is a painful sharp or stabbing or cramping sensation that is experienced by a runner during the course of the activity. Pain is localised, prevalent in young people due to larger peritoneal space but it is not related to gender. The main function of the core is to maintain postural alignment during functional activity. Core stability is the muscular capacity of the lumbopelvic-hip complex. Breathing exercises is a process of moving air into and from lungs to facilitate gas exchange. Aim: To compare the effect of breathing exercise, core stabilisation exercise along with breathing cadence on onset latency of stitch, severity, location, muscle activation pattern, muscle co-activation ratio and lower limb power in runner’s stitch. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 subjects were randomly allocated to three groups. Group A consisted of core stabilisation exercises along with active stretching, group B performed core stabilisation exercises along with breathing exercises breathing cadence and active stretching, group C only performed active stretching as a controlled measured. The players were asked to perform the dynamic exercises desuring which amplitude of muscle activation pattern, onset, severity, location of side stitch, muscle co-activation ratio with surface electrode using four channel electromyographical system were measured for 12 muscles. Result: Data were significantly analysed by one-way ANOVA for within the group analysis and post hoc test used for multiple comparison. Group B showed significant improvement in mean amplitude, co-contraction of muscles with p value (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Core stability along with breathing exercise and breathing cadence help delay runner’s stitch in runners and can be implemented in athletes for better results.

The Effects of Mental Fatigue Induced by the Stroop Test on Muscular Endurance Performance and Neuromuscular Activation in Division III Female Athletes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that mental fatigue, as induced by a Stroop test, has on resistance training performance outcomes such as muscular endurance, power output, and neuromuscular activation. Seven female college-aged NCAA Division III student-athletes with at least one year of resistance training experience and were within the 50th percentile for maximal aerobic capacity provided informed consent for participation. During two separate visits, using a within-subject crossover experimental design, subjects completed either the experimental or control condition. Subjects then completed a to-failure leg press test at 50% of their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) followed by an isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) attempt with electromyography (EMG) analysis. The experimental condition consisted of a 30-minute Stroop test, while the control condition consisted of watching 30 minutes of a sitcom. Both activities were completed while cycling at 40% of their aerobic capacity. A NASA Task Load Index (TLX) inventory was administered following the completion of each cycling session to determine the perceived workload and mental fatigue of each activity. While the mentally fatiguing condition was significantly more mentally fatiguing (p = 0.02) than the control condition, mental fatigue did not statistically affect any of the evaluated performance outcomes (p&gt;0.05). These findings suggest that mental fatigue, a common symptom of psychological stress, does not affect resistance-training-related performance outcomes among female athletic populations.

Surface electromyographic analysis in élite Olympic and paralympic swimmer's shoulder.

Surface electromyographic analysis in élite Olympic and paralympic swimmer's shoulder.

Embodied Harmony: Examining Yoga's Fundamental Links via Electromyographical Analysis of Pose and Trunk Muscle Activity

The present study, "Embodied Harmony: Investigating Core Connections in Yoga through Electromyographical Exploration of Postures and Trunk Muscle Activity," explores the complex interplay between trunk muscle activation patterns and yoga postures. The research examines how various yoga positions activate and alter core musculature using electromyography (EMG) as a tool. The results are intended to contribute to a better understanding of the physiological elements of yoga practice, shedding light on efficient training methods and possible therapeutic uses for those looking to strengthen and stabilize their core.