This paper introduces a novel electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system which is both tailored for operation on a discontinuous track made of steel segments and aimed at improving the integration and modularity of contemporary transportation systems like Maglev. The key innovation involves using the same track than for the propulsion system with a homopolar motor, which seeks to lower infrastructure costs and resource consumption, enhancing the synergy between the propulsion and levitation systems. The paper tackles critical issues such as iron losses and force ripple, which can significantly impact the energy efficiency and ride comfort of Maglev systems.

Comparison of Cone-Beam CT Angiography and Contrast-Enhanced CT Guidance Using Electromagnetic Navigation for Percutaneous Liver Microwave Ablation: A Retrospective Nonrandomized Observational Study.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries equate to a large proportion of Emergency Department attendances worldwide and continue to place significant burden on primary care services. Diagnosis of this injury relies on subjective physical examination tests such as the Lachman's and Pivot Shift test; results of which can vary depending on clinician experience and individual interpretation. This review seeks to identify current approaches past and present to objectively measuring knee laxity caused by ACL injury and appraise the methods of the current apparatus' available to do this within the clinical setting. A literature search across three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL) was conducted, and an inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to the 780 retrieved texts to extract 19 papers fulfilling this objective. Articles published after the year 2000 were considered. The main technologies noted that quantified knee laxity were arthrometry devices, inertial motion units (IMUs), electromagnetic measurement systems (EMS), optical motion capture systems (OMC), and dynamic MRI. Despite there being a multitude of technologies with capability to accurately measure aspects of knee laxity, there is no agreed objective measure for doing so in the clinical setting. This highlights a need for improved collaboration between the relevant stakeholders to achieve this aim.

In this study, we investigate the heat transfer dynamics of ternary metal oxide nanofluids in the context of electromagnetic systems, specifically focusing on their application in enhancing cooling efficiency. The research explores the behavior of these advanced nanofluids when flowing over a stagnation point on an electromagnetically charged stretching sheet. The complex interplay between melting heat transfer and the unique properties of ternary metal oxide nanoparticles comprising three distinct metal oxides ( A l 2 O 3 , Ti O 2 Si O 2 ) / H 2 O yields significant insights into optimizing thermal management in high-performance electromagnetic systems. To simplify solving complex fluid flow problems, we use a special technique called ‘similarity solutions. A powerful computer programme (MATLAB’s bvp4c) then tackles the equations. We analyze the results to understand how different physical aspects, like velocity and temperature, change throughout the flow. Graphs are used to visualize these findings, allowing us to examine the velocity profile, temperature profile, skin friction, and local Nusselt numbers. Our findings reveal that ternary metal oxide nanofluids exhibit superior thermal conductivity and heat dissipation capabilities compared to conventional fluids, leading to enhanced cooling performance. The results underscore the potential of these nanofluids in applications where efficient thermal regulation is critical, such as in electronic devices, power systems, and industrial processes. This study provides a foundation for further research into the development and implementation of advanced cooling technologies using nanofluids in electromagnetically active environments.

The increasing complexity of electromagnetic (EM) environments in defense and communication systems necessitates shielding solutions that are both adaptive and efficient. Conventional static shielding domes, while effective in blocking electromagnetic interference (EMI), are inherently limited by their fixed frequency response, high structural weight, and lack of real-time adaptability. This research investigates the design and performance of reconfigurable metasurface panels for active electromagnetic shielding of protective domes, with the aim of enhancing shielding effectiveness, tunability, and structural efficiency. The study explores the integration of reconfigurable metasurfaces into dome architectures, enabling dynamic control of electromagnetic wave propagation through electronically tunable elements. Performance metrics including shielding effectiveness (in dB), tunable frequency ranges, angular stability, and real-time adaptability were evaluated and benchmarked against conventional static shielding designs. Results indicate that reconfigurable metasurface domes achieve superior shielding performance across wide frequency bands while offering significant weight reduction and improved adaptability. These characteristics make them well-suited for critical applications such as military radomes, satellite communication shelters, aerospace systems, and secure civilian infrastructures. However, challenges remain regarding large-scale fabrication, integration complexity, power requirements for active tuning, and environmental durability. Despite these limitations, the findings highlight the transformative potential of reconfigurable metasurfaces as the foundation of next-generation adaptive shielding technologies. This research demonstrates that reconfigurable shielding domes not only address the shortcomings of static designs but also pave the way for resilient, flexible, and future-proof electromagnetic protection systems.

The scapula facilitates the windmill pitching motion, providing a stable base for the shoulder muscles to accelerate the humerus. Given the repetitive range of motion facilitated by the shoulder musculature about the scapula, shoulder overuse injuries are a significant concern in softball pitchers. Therefore, we aimed to provide normative values of scapular kinematics during the windmill pitching motion in high school-aged softball pitchers. Kinematic data from 17 high school-aged softball pitchers (15±1 y; 1.7±0.1 m; 72.3±15.0 kg) throwing fastball pitches at regulation distance 13.1 m (43 ft) were obtained using an electromagnetic tracking system synced with motion analysis. Scapular kinematics throughout the windmill pitching motion indicated that the scapula maintains an anteriorly tilted and internally rotated (protracted) position while moving within 5 and 22° in each plane, respectively. Additionally, on average, the scapula remained upwardly rotated throughout the start and top of the pitch, through foot contact, but moved into downward rotation at ball release. Description of scapular biomechanics during the windmill softball pitch is an area that has not been extensively researched. Our data reinforce the significance of the scapula as a dynamic stabilizer of the shoulder and its critical role in the kinematics and kinetics of the fastpitch softball windmill pitch.

Abstract. In recent years, marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) systems have become increasingly crucial for offshore resource exploration. However, the high-power operation of these systems poses significant safety challenges, mainly stemming from undetectable thermal anomalies. This study introduces a novel integration of non-contact infrared thermal imaging technology into MCSEM transmission systems, superseding conventional contact-point temperature measurement methods with comprehensive, real-time surface thermal monitoring. The proposed system effectively resolves several critical issues specific to MCSEM operations, particularly electromagnetic interference (EMI) resilience, high-temperature operational stability, and data transmission bandwidth limitations. Our hardware–software co-design methodology achieves dual optimization of measurement efficiency and operational safety. Hardware advancements incorporate Gigabit Ethernet for enhanced data throughput, EMI-resistant circuitry for improved signal integrity, and motorized zoom lenses for adaptive infrared imaging capabilities. Concurrently, our software architecture facilitates real-time thermal visualization, robust offline data storage, and intelligent region-of-interest temperature alert mechanisms. This research establishes a new operational paradigm for MCSEM monitoring systems, significantly enhancing safety protocols and enabling proactive risk management in high-power offshore applications.

Hydraulic fracturing is a crucial technology for developing unconventional oil and gas resources. However, conventional geophysical methods struggle to efficiently and accurately image proppant-connected channels created by hydraulic fracturing. The borehole-to-surface electromagnetic imaging method (BSEM) overcomes this limitation by utilizing a controlled cased well source. Placing the source close to the target reservoir and deploying multi-component receivers on the surface enable high-precision lateral monitoring, providing an effective approach for dynamic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing operations. This study focuses on key aspects of forward modeling for BSEM. A three-dimensional finite-volume method based on the Yee grid was used to simulate the borehole-to-surface electromagnetic system incorporating metal casings, validating the method of simulating metal casing using multiple line sources. The simulation of the observation system and the frequency-domain electromagnetic monitoring simulation based on actual well data confirm BSEM’s high sensitivity for monitoring deep subsurface formations. Critically, well casing exerts a substantial influence on surface electromagnetic responses, while the electromagnetic contribution from line sources emulating perforation zones necessitates explicit incorporation within data processing workflows.

The integration of advanced soil and crop sensing technologies with data-driven strategies is revolutionising precision agriculture, addressing urgent global challenges such as increasing food demand and sustainability. Recent advancements in both proximal and remote sensing methods, including electromagnetic, optical, thermal and LiDAR systems, are enhancing the ability to assess soil status, moisture levels, nutrient availability and crop development. Moreover, the innovative application of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming raw sensor data into actionable insights, enabling more efficient irrigation, optimised nutrient management and improved yield prediction. These technologies are improving operational efficiency considerably by limiting the wastage of resources, lowering labour needs and allowing for timely interventions. Notably, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging are being applied for crop health monitoring, AI-driven pest detection and biomass estimation using 3D modelling advancing sustainable, data-driven precision agriculture. However, despite these promising developments, challenges remain, including difficulties in calibration, system interoperability and the high costs associated with implementation. Therefore, this review addresses the need for standardized methodologies, user-friendly tools for farmers and scalable AI solutions to enhance adoption. Ultimately, by aligning cutting-edge technology with practical agricultural needs, these innovations pave the way for more climate-resilient, productive and sustainable smart farming practices.

ABSTRACT There is a quantitative relationship between the mechanical properties of steel and impedance signals. However, there is a lack of effective online monitoring and characterised methods for steel microstructures and mechanical properties, leading to issues such as low qualification rate of steel quality and high alloy costs (to ensure mechanical strength). In order to control steel production from the perspective of steel microstructures, advanced detection methods and measurement instruments are necessary for online monitoring of the production process. In this study, by investigating the electromagnetic response of steel, an online electromagnetic non-destructive characterisation system is established. The relationships between impedance, ferrite phase fraction and mechanical properties were established, showing that for steel, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 25 MPa, yield stress by 36 MPa and impedance by 0.0016 Ω, while for HRB400E, UTS increased by 22 MPa, yield strength by 17 MPa and impedance by 0.006 Ω. Therefore, it is possible to monitor the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel production in real time using the electromagnetic non-signals.

Abstract Alginate-based magnetic micro/millirobots have demonstrated significant potential for biomedical applications due to their flexible structures and capacity to carry various types of cargo, such as cells, enabling targeted therapy to specific diseased regions within the body. Their active therapy is typically achieved through magnetic actuation and magnetic heating, while monitored by medical imaging methods like CT which pose additional risks due to radiation exposure. In the last decades, a novel imaging method for superparamagnetic materials, known as magnetic particle imaging (MPI), has been under active development, offering not only positional tracking but also the ability to measure concentration and temperature. Here, we report the world’s first MPI-traceable magnetic hydrogel robots, which employ a combination of iron oxide nanoflowers, NdFeB powder, and calcium alginate. Unlike previous magnetic alginate robots composed of a single magnetic material, the synergistic combination of NdFeB and nanoflowers enables these robots to exhibit triple magnetic functionalities: magnetic heating, locomotion at low magnetic fields, and tracking, all of which can be controlled using a single all-in-one electromagnetic coil system. The effects of various magnetization fields, as well as different concentrations of NdFeB and nanoflowers on the robots’ magnetic properties were analyzed. This led to the development of three types of triple-function robots (spiral, droplet, and hybrid), with experimental results demonstrating biocompatibility, a magnetic heating temperature increase of over 10 ºC in plasma fluid under a magnetic field of 13 kA·m‒1 at 200 kHz, locomotion speeds of up to 25 mm·s‒1 in fields below 2 mT, and an MPI tracking error of 2.8 mm with a selection field of 0.4 mT·mm‒1. Additionally, the robots’ capacity for localized thermal therapy and selectively targeted cell delivery, as well as their locomotion within a medical phantom against a maximum flow of 50 mm·s‒1 were demonstrated.

This study presents a quasi-static optimization framework for the pressure-based control of a multi-segment soft continuum manipulator. The proposed method circumvents traditional curvature and length-based modeling by directly identifying the quasi-static input–output relationship between actuator pressures and the 6-DoF end-effector pose. Experimental data were collected using a high-frequency electromagnetic tracking system under monotonic pressurization to minimize hysteresis effects. Transfer functions were identified for each coordinate–actuator pair using the System Identification Toolbox in MATLAB, and optimal actuator pressures were computed analytically by solving a constrained quadratic program via a manual active-set method. The resulting control strategy achieved sub-millimeter positioning error while minimizing the number of actuators engaged. The approach is computationally efficient, sensor-minimal, and fully implementable in open-loop settings. Despite certain limitations due to sensor nonlinearity and actuator hysteresis, the method provides a robust foundation for feedforward control and the real-time deployment of soft robots in quasi-static tasks.

To achieve both quality and productivity in continuous casting at a high dimension, a new electromagnetic flow control system was proposed, in which AC and DC magnetic fields are superimposed. Numerical simulations and experiments at an industrial continuous casting machine were carried out.

The utilization of resonant-unit-based metamaterials in beam control and compact stealth applications is inherently limited by the strong correlation between unit in-plane dimensions and reflection characteristics. Therefore, this study proposes a resonator-free metamaterial based on ferromagnetic dielectric that decouples the amplitude and phase by regulating interface interference, thereby achieving phase modulation independent of the in-plane dimensions of the FD units. With the introduction of a constant phase gradient and tuning of unit dimensions, reflected waves can be deflected or even converted into surface waves that propagate along the metamaterial interface. This enables a novel electromagnetic loss mechanism wherein the reflected energy undergoes mandatory attenuation by horizontally propagating within the lossy ferromagnetic dielectric. Simulations and experiments are conducted to prove this phenomenon, yielding an improvement of 36.64% in the average power loss density, a minimum reflection loss of -52dB. Further, the efficacy of ferromagnetic dielectric units is validated for compact stealth cloaks, and a conformal curved stealth strategy that requires only unit dimension tuning to achieve scattering-field camouflage for arbitrarily shaped targets is proposed. Given its resonator-independent operation, the proposed metamaterial exhibits miniaturization advantages of cross-scale downsizing (in-plane dimension < λ/12)-a critical advancement for compact electromagnetic defense systems.

In this study, we applied the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to the multi-objective optimization of the performance of a solar-electromagnetic energy heating system (SEHS). Optimizing the performance of SEHS as a sustainable heating solution in rural areas is crucial for improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. To achieve the optimal balance between economy, system performance, energy efficiency, and comfort, we developed a FAHP-based optimization model using system simulation data from the experimentally validated TRNSYS model. The results show that the optimal decision scheme improved the overall performance by 38% compared to the original design scheme. This work confirms the effectiveness of FAHP in dealing with uncertainty and multi-objective decision-making in SEHS and provides valuable scientific support for engineering practice.

Vibration-related issues are common causes of failure in precision machines, and energy harvesting techniques can help mitigate harmful vibrations and recycle waste energy. This Letter introduces an electromagnetic energy harvester utilizing a quasi-zero stiffness mechanism to achieve simultaneous vibration isolation and energy harvesting. The system utilizes mutually exclusive magnets to generate positive stiffness and flexible bending beams to offer negative stiffness, which counterbalances each other to realize quasi-zero stiffness. Physical prototypes were fabricated, and their vibration isolation and energy harvesting performance were assessed under various magnet distances and excitation conditions. Experimental results validate that the proposed system achieves both vibration isolation and energy harvesting. It exhibits outstanding vibration isolation performance when the frequency exceeds 5 Hz. Notably, the magnet distance significantly affects the energy harvesting performance: compared to the 37 mm configuration, adjusting the magnet distance to 41 and 39 mm increased the power output by 54.9% and 31.7%, respectively. This study lays an important foundation for advancing integrated vibration isolation and energy harvesting technologies.

Abstract Rigid foldable origami, valued for its geometric programmability, load‐bearing capacity, and reconfigurability, is essential for applications in architecture, engineering, and biomedicine. Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)‐based active origami offers reversible deformation, large actuation strain, and multi‐stimuli responsiveness but has been limited by alignment technology, hindering high‐resolution voxel‐to‐voxel alignment in 2D and vertical directions. Herein, a hybrid alignment strategy combining photoalignment and vertical polyimide (PI) alignment via a patterned mask is proposed, enabling precise molecular control in monolithic LCE films. This approach allows high‐resolution fabrication of voxel units in various forms, achieving precise control over folding patterns, curvature, angles, and kinetics. Several thermally and photo‐responsive LCE origamis in simulations and experiments are demonstrated, along with an LCE Miura‐ori‐based microwave metasurface that supports 46.8 times its weight and modulates microwave frequency and reflectance with 8.81 dB depth at 24.28 GHz. This strategy advances applications in biomimetic devices, deployable structures, and reconfigurable electromagnetic systems.

The accelerated fuel qualification (AFQ) methodology is applied by simulating accelerated fuel tests of the General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems’ fuel system for its 44-MW(electric) gas-cooled, fast-spectrum fast modular reactor (FMR). This fuel is comprised of UO2 pellets in SiGA® cladding, a silicon carbide ceramic matrix composite. Fast reactors, like the FMR, offer many benefits, including high fuel utilization and flexibility, but may require a lengthy material design process if tests are performed using fast neutron irradiation alone. A thermal neutron irradiation can instead be used to rapidly test how well key components of the current material models extend to high burnup. Thermal neutrons produce a different radial power distribution within the pin than fast neutrons. However, the temperature and burnup values for the two neutron types are comparable, and the differences between the simulated fuel responses are relatively small, demonstrating the weak sensitivity of the physics-based fuel model calculations on the neutron type and the irradiation rate. Furthermore, the deformation of the SiGA cladding saturates after about 1 displacement per atom for both neutron spectra. In an accelerated fuel test, the irradiation time required to reach the target fuel burnup can be reduced by a factor of 3 by using a small rodlet with a 45% smaller pellet diameter while maintaining the same linear power. Therefore, the time for data collection up to high burnup can be significantly reduced while maintaining the same temperature profile, which largely determines the material response. Tests of fuel rodlets of standard and compact size will be carried out in the Idaho National Laboratory’s Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), including full size and compact rodlets with varying gap sizes. By applying physics-based mechanistic modeling and simulation in accordance with the AFQ methodology, this type of compact rodlet testing in a thermal test reactor captures the necessary phenomena to test fuel material models up to high burnup and to simulate the expected impact of fast neutron radiation on the fuel in FMR operations. This approach to testing fast reactor fuels in existing thermal test reactors, paired with advanced physics-based mechanistic modeling and simulation, is expected to be applicable to a range of advanced fuels and will decrease the overall fuel qualification timeframe from decades to years.

Helmholtz coils are widely used to generate controlled magnetic fields in magnetometer calibration, electromagnetic system testing, material property research experiments, and biotesting. Existing limitations in the homogeneity region of magnetic fields create difficulties in implementing experimental studies. Using multilevel generators with adjustable currents in coils allows generating gradient fields, which speeds up biotesting and increases its accuracy. This work is devoted to modeling gradient hypomagnetic fields using square Helmholtz coils. In COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1, a finite element model has been developed for analyzing magnetic fields generated by DC coils interacting with the Earth’s external magnetic field. The patterns of field formation for different coil orientations relative to the declination and inclination angles of the magnetic field vector have been studied. The study of the formation patterns of gradient hypomagnetic fields in the space between square Helmholtz coils placed in the external magnetic field of the Earth was carried out using finite element modeling in the COMSOL Multiphysics software environment. The effect of currents in the coils on the distribution of the hypomagnetic field intensity in space and along the axis was investigated. Dependences of the informative parameters of the gradient curve of the hypomagnetic field intensity on the value of currents in the coils were obtained, allowing one to construct control functions for currents in square Helmholtz coils to form multi-level fields with an adjustable attenuation coefficient. The results of numerical modeling performed for cases of uniform and gradient distribution of magnetic fields were experimentally confirmed. The conducted full-scale experiments made it possible to compare the calculated data with actual measurements, which indicates a high reliability of the developed model.

Electromagnetic navigation system for CT-guided percutaneous abdominal tumour ablation: Safety and effectiveness.