Electromagnetic Radiation Monitoring Research Articles

Monitoring of Electromagnetic Radiation from Cellular Base Stations in Kuwait

A survey of the radio frequency electromagnetic environment in Kuwait was carried out. The primary purpose of this survey was to monitor electromagnetic radiation (EMR) field strength levels emitted by cellular base stations installed and operated by the Kuwait Mobile Telecommunications Company (MTC). Measurements were made at 26 cellular-phone base stations, chosen as a representative sample to include 14 school sites, 2 residential sites, 2 hospital sites, 3 ministerial building sites, 3 commercial sites and I typical stand-alone site. On all the selected sites measurements were made with a spectrum analyser to determine the emission level in the frequency bands used by the base station transmitters (917-960 MHz). The results indicated that total field strength, specifically due to the MTC base stations, found in public access areas, varied generally between 0.05 and 1.13 V.m -1 . These values are in the order of between 40 and 800 times lower than the new pan-European CENELEC pre-standard ENV 50166-2 'Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields'. In terms of power density the highest observed value (0.34 μW.m -2 ) was more than a thousand times below the prescribed standards.

A personal monitor using a surface area sensor

A personal electromagnetic radiation monitor having a surface area sensor to detect the radial electric field component directly from the radiating antenna or a secondary radial field component created by the current induced in the wearer of the personal monitor who is illuminated by the electromagnetic field is presented. The measurement of low frequency electric (E) fields in the presence of a human is difficult because of the field perturbation caused by the human. This monitor uses the very same mechanism for the perturbation of the field to monitor the level of the illuminating field. The radial field is the major energy component of the electromagnetic field near a radiator. It predominates for approximately 1/6 of a wavelength. At low frequencies and at close distances to the radiating antenna, the radial field from the antenna induces a surface charge on the sensor, which results in a displacement current which is measured and compared to a preset threshold value, above which will trigger the alarm. At farther distances from the radiating antenna, where the radial component is not as prominent, the vertical E field becomes the significant field illuminating the person wearing the monitor. The field will induce a current in the person which, in turn, will create a secondary radial E field close to the surface of that person. The surface area sensor will sense this secondary radial E field and cause the personal monitor to respond appropriately.

5600307 Surface charge personal electromagnetic radiation monitor and method : Aslan Edward E Plainview, NY, United States assigned to The Narda Microwave Corp

5600307 Surface charge personal electromagnetic radiation monitor and method : Aslan Edward E Plainview, NY, United States assigned to The Narda Microwave Corp

5373285 Personal electromagnetic radiation monitor: Aslan Edward E Plainview, NY, United States Assigned to The Narda Microwave Corp

5373285 Personal electromagnetic radiation monitor: Aslan Edward E Plainview, NY, United States Assigned to The Narda Microwave Corp

5373284 Personal VHF electromagnetic radiation monitor: Aslan Edward E Plainview, NY, United States Assigned to The Narda Microwave Corp

5373284 Personal VHF electromagnetic radiation monitor: Aslan Edward E Plainview, NY, United States Assigned to The Narda Microwave Corp

5168265 Personal electromagnetic radiation monitor: Edward E Aslan assigned to Narda Microwave Corp

5168265 Personal electromagnetic radiation monitor: Edward E Aslan assigned to Narda Microwave Corp

An Electromagnetic Radiation Monitor Calibration in Accordance With MIL STD 45662

A system for the calibration of electromagnetic radiation monitors, in accordance with the requirements of MIL STD 45662, is described. The calibration techniques are briefly discussed together with the means for traceability to the National Bureau of Standards. Procedures for out notification, automatic periodic recall, and before and after data are included.

Broad-Band Isotropic Electromagnetic Radiation Monitor

A probe using thin-film techniques to construct an array of extremely lossy dipoles makes possible an electromagnetic radiation monitor, having a 3-dB bandwidth from 300 MHz to 18 GHz, isotropic response, and independence of polarization. The measurement range is from 20 μW/cm2 to 20 mW/cm2.