Electromagnetic Bandgap Research Articles (Page 1)

Reliable wireless communication is a critical enabler of digital transformation in the mining industry, particularly in phosphate and mineral extraction environments, where safety, monitoring, and automation depend on robust connectivity. However, underground and semi-enclosed mining settings introduce severe electromagnetic (EM) challenges, including signal attenuation, multipath fading, and interference from dense equipment and layered geological structures. Traditional substrate engineering methods—such as buried diffused layers (BDL), metallized grids, guard rings, and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures—offer partial isolation but often fail to ensure stable performance in such harsh conditions. This paper proposes the application of a game-theoretic electromagnetic isolation framework to wireless communication systems in mining operations. By modeling isolation techniques as strategic players in a non-cooperative game, the framework derives equilibrium solutions that balance isolation, insertion loss, fabrication complexity, and deployment cost. Simulation studies across the 2–12 GHz band demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 25–30 dB improvements in coupling reduction compared to conventional approaches while maintaining practical scalability. These results highlight the potential of the framework to enable safe, interference-resilient, and efficient wireless connectivity for real-time monitoring, autonomous equipment control, and worker safety systems in phosphate and mineral mining environments.

A modified mushroom-shaped electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure is used in this work to demonstrate the gain enhancement of a pattern reconfigurable antenna (PRA). The primary aim of the design is to achieve significant gain improvement while maintaining pattern reconfigurability, which is essential for dynamic beam steering and adaptive communication in 5G systems. The EBG structure is strategically placed to suppress surface waves and reduce back radiation, resulting in enhanced radiation efficiency and peak gain performance. The suggested design covers the sub-6 GHz spectrum, with frequencies spanning from 4.8 to 5 GHz, making it appropriate for 5G applications. In various diode states, the suggested design provides a wide bandwidth of 700 MHz (4.4–5.1 GHz). At the center frequency, 4.9 GHz, the gain of the presented design is improved by about 2.6 dBi. Furthermore, by switching the pin diode states, the presented design can alter the main lobe direction, attaining pattern reconfigurability.

This study presents a compact and high-efficiency microstrip antenna integrated with a square electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure for radio frequency energy harvesting to power battery-less Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and medical devices in the 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The proposed antenna features a compact design with reduced physical dimensions of 36 × 40 mm2 (0.69λo × 0.76λo) while providing high-performance parameters such as a reflection coefficient of -27.9 dB, a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.08, a gain of 7.91 dBi, directivity of 8.1 dBi, a bandwidth of 188 MHz, and radiation efficiency of 95.5%. Incorporating EBG cells suppresses surface waves, enhances gain, and optimizes impedance matching through 50 Ω inset feeding. The simulated and measured results of the designed antenna show a high correlation. This study demonstrates a robust and promising solution for high-performance wireless systems requiring a compact size and energy-efficient operation.

Abstract This paper examines the development of a non-radiating electromagnetic source that utilizes
the concept of ”trapped mode” resonance in a one-dimensional (1D) periodic structure within the
microwave frequency range. The periodic structure comprises a ground-backed, dielectric-loaded
metallic patch with embedded shorting pins located at two corners. This design exhibits a narrow
electromagnetic bandgap with a bandgap to center frequency ratio Δf/f0 ≈ 4.99% , which results
in strong group velocity dispersion and a slowdown of electromagnetic waves, hence demonstrating
trapped mode resonance. The unit cell structure is ultimately transformed into an electromagnetic
source, resembling an antenna, where trapped mode resonance is excited on a single resonator using
a microstrip transmission line. This configuration generates horizontal magnetic loop currents that
create tightly confined electric field distributions within the metallic plates while maintaining a low
radiation efficiency of around 9% at resonance. Our conclusions stem from multipolar scattering
analysis, which extended to the magnetic quadrupole, as well as from full-wave electromagnetic
simulations and the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Lastly, we validated our
results through microwave measurements carried out in an anechoic chamber using a vector network
analyzer.

This paper introduces a compact 2-element MIMO antenna optimized for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications, addressing the critical need for miniaturization and high isolation in modern wireless systems. The design integrates staircase-shaped radiating elements and a comb-line Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structure to achieve an operational bandwidth of 3.28–12.77 GHz (122.5% fractional bandwidth), inter-port isolation exceeding 20 dB, and a return loss below −10 dB. Fabricated on a 26 × 31 mm Rogers RO4003 substrate (ε<sub>r</sub> = 3.55, tanδ = 0.0027), the antenna exhibits omnidirectional radiation patterns with a peak gain of 1.14 dB and mutual coupling as low as −36.9 dB. ANSYS HFSS simulations validate its performance, demonstrating an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) <0.01 and total efficiency >85%. The antenna’s compact form factor, wide bandwidth, and robust isolation make it suitable for 6G backhaul, IoT wearables, autonomous vehicles, and military communications

Abstract In this paper, we propose an ultra-wideband (UWB) Fabry–Perot cavity (FPC) antenna with dual-notch (DN) bands, utilizing a partially reflective surface (PRS) as a superstrate and an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) reflector to support and enhance a DN band UWB antenna. The antenna components work synergistically to improve gain and provide directional radiation characteristics, while effectively mitigating interference from 5G and WLAN signals in urban environment. The proposed FPC design is executed in two main steps. First, a planar monopole UWB antenna is designed to operate within the frequency range of 2.69 GHz–12.27 GHz, incorporating a DN at 5G-3.5 GHz and 5 GHz WLAN bands through a single-slotted electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) unit-cell placed near the feedline. Second, a 5 × 5 array of AMC reflector elements and a PRS are strategically placed at specific distances from the UWB antenna to increase the gain. The resulting FPC structure was designed, optimized in HFSS, fabricated, and experimentally validated. Both measured and simulated results confirm that the proposed FPC structure achieves a peak gain of 10.21 dBi at 8.8 GHz, highlighting its potential to address challenges in meeting UWB application requirements, including Radar systems dedicated to high-resolution infrastructure monitoring and microwave medical imaging.

The evolution of 6th generation (6G) wireless technology has become imperative due to the exponential growth of wireless devices and applications. In a macro-cellular scenario, the 6 GHz electromagnetic spectrum is projected to be the framework for 6G commencement. However, the main obstacles that inhibit their potential at the physical layer are the fabrication intricacies entailed in comprehending high port isolation () and other key performance indicator (KPI) of compact printed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antennas. Subsequently, to overcome these impediments, six novel meander line-based MIMO antennas () have been introduced for diverse 6G use cases, including internet of things, extended reality, artificial intelligence, vehicle-to-everything, unmanned aerial vehicle, and device-to-device integrated sensing and communications. Furthermore, two unique passive metamaterial structures of square ring () and shorting pins () have been studied for attaining an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG). Their performance were investigated by means of numerical simulations and validated through measurements conducted within the anechoic chamber. Meticulous strategies for accomplishing impedance matching, circularly polarization (CP), and high values have been presented. Each of the proposed MIMO antennas employed dual radiators, a defected ground, and an EBG structure to exhibit of 21 dB, quasi-isotropic CP, and other desirable KPI of MIMO antennas. Their assembly possessed a low-profile of 0.03 free-space wavelength () and an area of 1.1 1.1, thus being preferable for cost-effective compact terminals. During the measurements, each prototype yielded one or more remarkable MIMO antenna KPI in the 6 GHz band. Particularly, enabled filtered bandwidth (BW) of 8.84% and modest gain (G) of 6.4 dBic, attained high G of 7.1 dBic and enhanced efficiency () of 87%, yielded high of 94%, established notable radiation pattern with fair G of 5.8 dBic, provided filtered BW of 9.69% and prominent of 93%, and featured wide axial ratio (AR-BW) of 60.63%. Furthermore, all antenna measurements demonstrated good MIMO performance with envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain of <0.2 and 10 dB, respectively. The novelty of this work lies in the radiator and ground designs, as well as the accomplishment of numerous KPI that surpass state-of-the art MIMO antennas.

This study analyzes the growing need for effective in-band and out-of-band interference mitigation in ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems. We present a novel microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) with changeable triple-notched bands that preserves a large passband and a higher stopband. The filter comprises a multimode resonator (MMR) architecture that incorporates a hollow T-shaped structure that generates two transmission zeros at the passband boundaries, thereby boosting selectivity. Furthermore, we deploy a circular complementary split-ring resonator (CCSRR)-based metamaterial to extend the upper stopband and implement a folded 王-shaped electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) architecture for dynamic notch frequency modulation. This design achieves sharp notches at 4.93 GHz, 6.32 GHz, and 9.81 GHz, efficiently minimizing the interference from WLAN and X-band satellite signals. The simulation results revealed a passband ranging from 3.06 to 10.79 GHz, with an insertion loss of less than 1.2 dB and a relative bandwidth of 112.85%. The filter exhibits significant selectivity, including a skirt factor of 0.91 and an upper stopband reaching 19.8 GHz with an insertion loss of 18 dB, rendering it suitable for UWB applications that require substantial interference rejection.

This paper presents an analytical design of an integrated polygonal ultra-wideband (UWB) MIMO antenna, featuring a stepped electromagnetic band gap (EBG) integrated with a T-shaped stepped stub and utilizing characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The overall size of the antenna is 27×22×0.8 mm3. It comprises two symmetric octagonal radiating units, a T-shaped stepped floor, and an EBG structure positioned between the two radiating units. By analyzing the current and electric field distributions of the antenna’s characteristic modes, the feed point is identified at the rectangular microstrip line of the radiating unit, ensuring the simultaneous excitation of the antenna’s eight characteristic modes to achieve ultra-broadband characteristics. Meanwhile, the characteristic mode theory offers clear physical insights into antenna optimization. The bandwidth is improved by etching three positive T-slots on the floor. In comparison, the antenna isolation is enhanced by employing the EBG structure to suppress coupling currents and etching two inverted T-slots to modify the current path. Simulation and measurement results show that the antenna covers the 3.06-14 GHz band with isolation exceeding 20 dB. The antenna exhibits excellent radiation performance and a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC).

Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are widely used in satellite communication due to their low profile, compact size, and ease of fabrication. This paper presents a design of an X-band microstrip patch antenna using an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for CubeSat applications. The X-band is preferred for CubeSat missions in high-speed communication, long distance or deep space because it allows communication at higher data rates, and the antenna is smaller than those used for lower frequency bands. In our study, the EBG elements are analyzed, modified and optimized so that the antenna can fit a 10 cm × 10 cm surface area of a standard 3U CubeSat structure while providing a significant high gain and circular polarization (CP). A noticeable point of this research is that the simplicity of the antenna and the EBG structure are being maintained by just using a simple single-probe feed to achieve a total antenna efficiency exceeding 90%, and the measured gain of around 11.7 dBi at the desired frequency of 8.483 GHz. Furthermore, the measured axial ratio (AR) is around 1.4 dB at 8.483 GHz, which satisfied the lower-than-3 dB requirement for CP antennas in general. The simulation, analysis and measured results are discussed in detail.

This work presents a novel dual-polarized antenna array tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, specifically designed to operate in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum within the frequency range of 30–60 GHz. Leveraging printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) technology, the antenna ensures robust performance by eliminating parasitic radiation from the feed network, thus significantly enhancing the reliability and efficiency required by IoT communication systems, particularly for smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and high-speed sensor networks. The proposed antenna achieves superior radiation characteristics through a cross-shaped magneto-electric (ME) dipole backed by an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) cavity and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. These features suppress surface waves, reduce edge diffraction, and minimize back-lobe emissions, enabling stable, high-quality IoT connectivity. The antenna demonstrates a wide impedance bandwidth of 24% centered at 30 GHz and exceptional isolation exceeding 40 dB, ensuring interference-free dual-polarized operation crucial for densely populated IoT environments. Fabrication and testing validate the design, consistently achieving a gain of approximately 13.88 dBi across the operational bandwidth. The antenna’s performance effectively addresses the critical requirements of emerging IoT systems, including ultra-high data throughput, reduced latency, and robust wireless connectivity, essential for real-time applications such as healthcare monitoring, vehicular communication, and smart infrastructure.

Glide-symmetric double-corrugated parallel-plate waveguides (GS-DCPPWs) have essential technical properties such as an electromagnetic bandgap, lower dispersion, and the ability to control the equivalent refractive index. For this reason, a fast and simple analysis and design of GS-DCPPW structures have great importance to improve related microwave systems. This paper introduces a novel design methodology based on the auxiliary functions of generalized scattering matrix (AFGSM) for the dimensional synthesis of GS-DCPPWs. We test the applicability of the AFGSM method on a variety of numerical examples to determine the passband/stopband regions of single and GS-DCPPWs before applying the design procedure. Certain design specifications are chosen, and unit cell dimensions are constructed in accordance with the proposed design technique. Three design scenarios are considered to assess the success of how well the design criteria can be met with the proposed method. The designed unit cells have been periodically connected in a various finite numbers to create periodic filters as a test application for adjusting the electromagnetic bandgap. The success of the periodic GS-DCPPW filters obtained with the proposed design strategy in meeting the specified design requirements has been tested using full-wave electromagnetic simulators (CST Microwave Studio and HFSS). The results indicate that the combined use of the equivalent transmission line circuit and the root-finding routine provided by the proposed method facilitates rapid, efficient, versatile, and approximate designs for corrugated parallel-plate waveguides. Moreover, the design methodology provides the viability of developing a minimal unit cell and a compact periodic filter performance with respect to the literature counterparts.

In this research, a four-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) operating range and quad-notch characteristics at WLAN (4.7-5.9 GHz), X-band uplink and downlink satellite systems (6.6-8.1 GHz), X-band NATO type-2 spectrum (8.6-10.96 GHz), and Ku-band fixed satellite services (FSS) and direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services (11.6-12.9 GHz) is designed on the FR-4 substrate of dimensions of 0.28λ0 × 0.32λ0 × 0.01λ0 (28 mm × 36 mm × 1 mm). In order to attain inter-element isolation of more than 20 dB, a pair of inverse-L stubs is introduced in the common ground plane of the proposed antenna. Additionally, good radiation characteristics with a maximum gain of 5.6 dBi and diversity parameters have been analyzed with envelope correlation coefficient (ECC &lt; 0.001), diversity gain (DG &gt; 9.5 dB), mean effective gain (MEG ≤ -3 dB), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC &lt; -10 dB). The measured and simulated results of the proposed MIMO antenna, operating from 3.1 to 15.2 GHz, validate that it is a good choice for wireless communication applications.

This article introduces a planar, highly transmissive, 3-D printable metastructure with a low profile for enhancing the far-field radiation performance of conventional electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) resonator antennas. The proposed near-field phase transforming metastructure (PTM) is developed by employing the near-field phase transformation approach that transforms the non-uniform phase of a conventional EBG resonator antenna into a nearly uniform one and enhances the far-field radiation pattern. The novelty of this paper lies in reducing the height of the phase-transforming structure compared to state-of-the-art structures with better performance. The metastructure’s low profile is realized by incorporating metal inside the dielectric materials. The proposed PTM comprises two types of unit cells made of metal and dielectric material to achieve a wide range of phase coverage. All the phase transforming unit cells used are highly transmitting as their transmission coefficient (|S21|) is greater than −0.77 dB, which increases the aperture efficiency compared to previous designs. Additionally, the proposed metastructure is fully passive and polarization-independent. To achieve the desired performance, the PTM can be realized by using additive manufacturing technologies and exploiting RF-graded 3-D printing filament. The proposed metastructure-based wide-band EBG resonator antenna achieves a peak directivity, aperture efficiency, and 3 dB directivity bandwidth of 21.4 dBi, 54.65%

This paper presents the design and realization of a circularly polarized antenna for anti-drone applications. A broadband Archimedean spiral antenna is designed as a radiating element for circular polarization. A metamaterial ground plane is designed and used as a reflector for the spiral antenna. The extraordinary properties of metamaterial ground plane are used to transform the radiating element into high-gain, low-profile antenna. The unit cell for metamaterial ground plane is derived from the Mushroom-like Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) cell. The frequency band of operation of this cell is more than its parent cell........

This article proposed a design of an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) integrated Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The design employed the use of two quarter-wavelength (λ/4) resonators coupled close to a radiating patch for bandwidth enhancement. The proposed design is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.7, loss tangent of 0.02, and thickness of 2.5 mm. Zelt, a nylon-based material, with a surface resistivity of 0.01 ohm/sq and thickness of 0.063 mm was used as the radiating patch. The designed antennas were studied and analyzed using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio. Different parameters such as Return Loss, Bandwidth, Gain, and Efficiency were studied and compared for the antenna with and without EBG. The antenna achieved a fractional bandwidth of 9.4%. To improve other parameters, EBG was used thereby improving the gain of the antenna from 4.03dBi to 4.58dBi, and radiation efficiency from 52% to 53.2%. Such improvement showed that this antenna offers better performance compared to existing solutions, which often face limitations in bandwidth of 4%. The proposed antenna can be utilised in various wearable devices operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band of 2.45 GHz for healthcare monitoring, military communications, and implantable medical tools.

ABSTRACTIn this letter, a novel rectangular filtering dielectric resonator antenna (FDRA) using a fusion design approach with enhanced gain is proposed. An extended microstrip stub and a pair of U‐shape metal strips are elaborately designed and loaded to provide two radiation nulls at the edges of the passband. Besides, a mushroom‐like electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is arranged around the DRA to generate the third radiation null. Consequently, a good filtering response is obtained without extra filtering circuits. In addition, three radiation nulls can be controlled independently by adjusting the length of the extended microstrip stub, the U‐shape metal strips and sizes of EBG structure. A prototype FDRA is fabricated and measured for demonstration. The reflection coefficient, the radiation pattern, the antenna gain and total efficiency are studied, and reasonable agreement between the measured and simulated results is observed. The prototype owns a 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 12% (4.63–5.23 GHz), a peak realized gain of 7.32 dBi and a high out‐of‐band suppression level of 27.4 dB at the lower stopband, respectively. Besides, a cross‐polarization discrimination of more than 27 dB in each plane is obtained.

This work proposes the development of a metamaterial-loaded circularly dual-band cavity-backed substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) MIMO antenna designed for the sub-6 GHz, emphasizing sub-6 GHz 5G and WLAN applications. The creation of dual operating bands is enabled via a modified dual split ring resonator (CSRR)-shaped slot that is etched into the SIW cavity-backed rectangular radiator. Additionally, the antenna incorporates 6x3 modified SSRR unit cells strategically located in front of the intended radiators along the y-axis. This arrangement enables circular polarization and enhances the gain of the proposed radiator at 3.3 GHz and 5 GHz. The metamaterial loading of the proposed antenna yields a gain of 5.5 dB at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 dB at 5 GHz. Further, the implementation of a CSRR electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) decoupling structure reduces the mutual coupling between the radiators. The antenna exhibits an exceptional diversity performance. The experimental validation of the system confirms its intended functionality.

This paper presents a compact wearable antenna with a miniaturized Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure, designed to enhance performance in medical applications. The proposed antenna achieves a significant reduction in size while maintaining excellent radiation characteristics, making it suitable for integration into wearable medical devices. The miniaturized EBG structure enables a 30% reduction in antenna size compared to traditional designs, while still achieving a gain of 7.8 dBi and a bandwidth of (2.17-2.83) GHz. The antenna's performance is evaluated through simulations and measurements, demonstrating its suitability for medical applications such as wireless health monitoring and telemedicine. The proposed antenna design offers a promising solution for compact, high-performance wearable antennas in medical applications. Key Words: Wearable antenna, miniaturized EBG, medical applications, compact antenna design, high-performance antenna.

ABSTRACTA compact high‐gain 16‐port multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with a double spiral arm electromagnetic band gap (EBG) array is presented for 5G wireless networking applications. Each resonator of the proposed MIMO antenna consists of a microstrip line feeding, a fork‐like monopole, and a partial ground plane. An array of EBG unit cells is positioned beneath the antenna elements to increase gain while decreasing surface wave effects, resulting in improved isolation among the resonating elements. The −10‐dB impedance bandwidth of the trapezium‐shaped monopole antenna element with EBG is 13.6 GHz (20.6–34.2 GHz) and isolation of &gt; 54 dB. The peak gain of the double spiral arm EBG‐based antenna is 24.4 dB. The presented trapezium‐shaped mm‐wave MIMO antenna offers decent diversity proficiency metrics like envelope correlation coefficient (&lt; 0.26), directive gain (~10 dB), and total active reflection coefficient (&lt; −27.5 dB). The overall size of the presented 16‐port mm‐wave MIMO antenna is 43.5 mm × 43.5 mm and can be used for n257/n258/n261 5G wireless systems.