Electrodes For Energy Storage Applications Research Articles

Phytosynthesis of Co3O4 Nanoparticles as the High Energy Storage Material of an Activated Carbon/Co3O4 Symmetric Supercapacitor Device with Excellent Cyclic Stability Based on a Na2SO4 Aqueous Electrolyte.

The benign preparation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) was performed using marine red algae extract (Grateloupia sparsa) as a simple, cost-effective, scalable, and one-pot hydrothermal technique. The nominated extract was employed as an environmental reductant and stabilizing agent. The resultant product showed the typical peak of Co3O4-NPs around 400 nm wavelength as ascertained by UV–vis spectroscopy. Size and morphological techniques combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the small size of Co3O4-NPs deformed in a spherical shape. The activated carbon (AC) electrode and Co3O4-NP electrode delivered a specific capacitance (Csp) of 125 and 182 F g–1 at 1 A g–1, respectively. The energy density of the AC and AC/Co3O4 electrodes with a power density of 543.44 and 585 W kg–1 was equal to 17.36 and 25.27 Wh kg–1, respectively. The capacitance retention of designed electrodes was 99.2 and 99.5% after 3000 cycles. Additionally, a symmetric AC/Co3O4//AC/Co3O4 supercapacitor device had a specific capacitance (Csp) of 125 F g–1 and a high energy density of 55 Wh kg–1 at a power density of 650 W kg–1. Meanwhile, the symmetric device exhibited superior cyclic stability after 8000 cycles, with a capacitance retention of 93.75%. Overall, the adopted circular criteria, employed to use green technology to avoid noxious chemicals, make the AC/Co3O4 nanocomposite an easily accessible electrode for energy storage applications.

Rapid microwave synthesis of molybdenum disulfide-decorated reduced-graphene oxide nanosheets for use in high electrochemical performance supercapacitors

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have great potential for various applications due to their unique electrochemical properties. In this study, we successfully synthesized molybdenum disulfide-reduced graphene oxide (MoS2-rGO) composites using the microwave-assisted method at 140 °C for 30 min with different concentrations of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, ((NH4)2MoS4). Morphology analysis of the composites revealed the distribution of Mo on the rGO sheets. The MoS2-rGO electrode synthesized with 0.01 M (NH4)2MoS4 exhibited a tremendous specific capacitance of 561.3 F g−1 at current density 0.8 A g−1 along with a capacitance retention of 92% after 10,000 cycles. Used in an asymmetric supercapacitor device, it demonstrated energy and power densities of 39.90 Wh kg−1 and 800 W kg−1, respectively. These results suggest MoS2-rGO as an outstanding potential candidate for supercapacitor electrodes in energy storage applications.

Performance of sunflower petal shaped CuCo2S4 wrapping on GO asymmetric capacitor for energy storage applications

Bimetallic sulfides possess great interest in energy storage application because of its multiple merits. In the present work, petal shaper CuCo2S4@GO was prepared by simple hydrothermal method and serves an active electrode to analyze for supercapacitor applications. FESEM images shows that wrapping of GO on the surface of CuCo2S4 shows petal shaped needle like structure with minute pores in it. It is noted that GO wrapped CuCo2S4 delivers the excellent electrochemical performance with the specific capacitance of about 900 Fg−1 with the capacity retention of about 80% after 5000 cycles. Addition to this asymmetric capacitor was fabricated by using CuCo2S4@ GO (3%) and AC as positive and negative electrode and delivers the higher energy and power density (47.2 Wh·kg−1, 0.896 kW·kg−1) and long cycling stability after 10,000 cycles. The electrochemical performance shows that CuCo2S4@GO will be a great electrode for energy storage applications.

Clay-assisted hierarchical growth of metal-telluride nanostructures as an anode material for hybrid supercapacitors

Exploring a novel electrode material with a rational composition/nanostructure design is a general strategy to fabricate the high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs). Clay mineral materials including montmorillonite are potential electrode materials owing to their inherently porous structure, high specific surface area, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, low electronic conductivity limits the application of montmorillonite alone as a high-performance electrode for SCs. Thus, it is essential to improve the surface conductivity by additional modification with metal sources. In this work, an advanced battery-type electrode is suggested based on montmorillonite as a template to enable the hierarchical growth of nickel telluride (NiTe) nanostructures with considerable porosity. Given their abundant micro-porous structure and high specific surface area, different compositions have been employed by varying the Ni and Te contents to understand the effect of coordination on electrochemical performance. It was found that the optimized composition of montmorillonite-based micro-nanostructure with 75% Ni and 25% Te (C-MN0.75T0.25) improves the specific surface area, allowing easy adsorption/desorption of electrolytic ions. With a high specific capacity, superior electrochemical performance was successfully demonstrated in a three-electrode configuration. Additionally, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device along with a capacitive-type electrode possessed excellent capacitance, long-term endurance, high energy, and power densities, exhibiting the desired properties of an energy storage system. This study paves the way toward the development of simple and low-cost clay-based electrodes for energy storage applications.

Quasi-one-dimensional van der Waals TiS3 nanosheets for energy storage applications: Theoretical predications and experimental validation

To cease the ever-increasing energy demand, additional enthusiastic focus has been given to generate more sustainable energy from alternative renewable sources. Storage of these energies for future usage solely banks on energy storage devices. A diversity of electrode materials based on two-dimensional (2D) transition metals and their derivatives have enticed the whole world owing to their tunable properties. Transition metal trichalcogenides (MX3 type) are the emergent class of 2D materials, which gathered a lot of interest because of their quasi-one-dimensional anisotropic properties with the van der Waals force of attraction in between the layers. Herein, TiS3 being a MX3-type of material is preferred as the battery type-supercapacitor electrode for energy storage applications with detailed theoretical predications and experimental validations. The highest capacitance attained for TiS3 is found to be 235 F/g (105 C/g) at 5 mV/s with a battery type of charge storage mechanism. The asymmetric hybrid device is fabricated using Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets as a negative electrode, and a brilliant 91% of capacitance retention is accomplished with an extensive potential window of 1.5 V. The investigational discoveries are substantiated by theoretical simulation in terms of the quantum capacitance assessment and charge storage mechanisms.

Fabrication of Asymmetric Supercapacitor Device Based on Nickel Hydroxide Electrode-Graphene Assembly

Designing the active materials for the growth of the electrode for energy storage application is an important initiative to resolve energy storage-related issues. In this work, flower-like three-dimensional nickel hydroxide F3D-Ni(OH)2 active electrode materials were synthesized through the simple hydrothermal process. The reaction factors such as different amount of nickel nitrate and urea were optimized during the reaction process. The synthesized materials were furthercharacterized in detail by several analytical techniques. The effect of the morphologies on the electrochemical supercapacitive performance was also studied through cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge (galvanostatic) techniques which shows that the F3D-Ni(OH)2 exhibited specific capacitance of 1240.0 Fg−1 at the current density of 1.0 Ag−1 compared to the other fabricated electrodes. The asymmetric supercapacitor was also assembled using F3D-Ni(OH)2 electrode with graphene (F3D-Ni(OH)2//Gr) which delivered the specific capacitance of 100.0 Fg−1 at the current density of 1.0 Ag−1 and better stability retention up to 93.0% which is due to the porous structure and high surface area originated from the three-dimensional structure. The contained results of the F3D-Ni(OH)2 electrode in half cell assembly and asymmetric supercapacitor suggest that the as-prepared active material could be the potential candidate for the energy storage application.

Self-Assembly of Hausmannite Mn3O4 Triangular Structures on Cocosin Protein Scaffolds for High Energy Density Symmetric Supercapacitor Application.

Recent advances in using biological scaffolds for nanoparticle synthesis have proven to be useful for preparing various nanostructures with uniform shape and size. Proteins are significant scaffolds for generating various nanostructures partly because of the presence of many functional groups to recognize different chemistries. In this endeavor, cocosin protein, an 11S allergen, is prepared from coconut fruit and employed as a potential scaffold for synthesizing Mn3O4 materials. The interaction between protein and manganese ions is studied in detail through isothermal calorimetric titration. At increased scaffold availability, the Mn3O4 material adopts the exact hexamer structure of the cocosin protein. The electrochemical supercapacitive properties of the cocosin-Mn3O4 material are found to have a high specific capacitance of 751.3 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 with cyclic stability (92% of capacitance retention after 5000 CV cycles) in a three-electrode configuration. The Mn3O4//Mn3O4 symmetric supercapacitor device delivers a specific capacitance of 203.8 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and an outstanding energy and power density of 91.7 W h kg-1 and 899.5 W kg-1, respectively. These results show that cocosin-Mn3O4 could be considered a suitable electrode for energy storage applications. Moreover, the cocosin protein to be utilized as a novel scaffold in protein-nanomaterial chemistry could be useful for protein-assisted inorganic nanostructure synthesis in the future.

3D porous H-Ti3C2Tx films as free-standing electrodes for zinc ion hybrid capacitors

Flexible zinc ion hybrid capacitor (ZICs) as a kind of emerging energy storage devices have great prospect for grid-scale energy storage and wearable electronics due to some advantages such as appropriate density, superb power output, abundant zinc resources, and nontoxic nature. Currently, there are still great demands to seek and design novel electrodes for zinc ion hybrid capacitors, especially for flexible free-standing electrode. Herein, a novel rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion hybrid capacitor using 3D porous H-MXene film (3D-PHMF) as the cathode was reported. The 3D porous H-MXene film was constructed with an interlayer interaction engineering via freeze-casting method, wherein the hydrogen ion (H+) was introduced to weaken electrostatic repulsion of MXene interlayer. The aqueous Zn//3D-PHMF capacitor delivers a specific capacitance of 105.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and good rate performance of 61.0 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 with remarkable cycling stability, which remains 90% of specific capacitance after 20,000 cycles. Besides, the capacitor also shows outstanding anti-self-discharge ability in which the self-discharge rate is 1.87 mV h−1. Remarkably, the as-obtained flexible cathode can be designed into a flexible quasi-solid-state device, which shows excellent flexibility and stability. This work demonstrates the promising possibility of MXene as free-standing electrode for energy storage applications.

Production of Activated Carbon Electrode for Energy Storage Application in Supercapacitors via KOH Activation of Waste Termite Biomass

Production of Activated Carbon Electrode for Energy Storage Application in Supercapacitors via KOH Activation of Waste Termite Biomass

Laser-Induced Conversion of Rhodochrosite/Polyimide into Multifunctional Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Laser-Induced Conversion of Rhodochrosite/Polyimide into Multifunctional Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Design and Additive Manufacturing of Optimized Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Design and Additive Manufacturing of Optimized Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Potential transition and post-transition metal sulfides as efficient electrodes for energy storage applications: review.

Electrochemical energy storage has attracted much attention due to the common recognition of sustainable energy development. Transition metal sulfides and post-transition metal sulfides have been intensively been focused on due to their potential as electrode materials for energy storage applications in different types of capacitors such as supercapacitors and pseudocapacitors, which have high power density and long cycle life. Herein, the physicochemical properties of transition and post-transition metal sulfides, their typical synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical energy storage applications are reviewed. Various perspectives on the design and fabrication of transition and post-transition metal sulfides-based electrode materials having capacitive applications are discussed. This review further discusses various strategies to develop transition and/or post-transition metal sulfide heterostructured electrode-based self-powered photocapacitors with high energy storage efficiencies.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Current from Non-Disintegrable Suspended Particles at a Rotating Disk Electrode

Understanding the current response at an electrode from suspended solid particles in an electrolyte is crucial for developing materials to be used in semi-solid electrodes for energy storage applications. Here, an analytical model is proposed to predict and understand the current response from non-disintegrable solid particles at a rotating disk electrode. The current is shown to be limited by a combination of ion diffusion within the solid particle and the mean residence time of the particle at the rotating disk electrode. This results in a relationship between current and angular frequency of instead of the classical predicted by Levich theory. Specifically, the current response of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) microparticles suspended in a non-aqueous electrolyte of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC) was determined experimentally and compared favorably with predictions from the proposed analytical model using fitting parameters consistent with the experimental conditions.

Characterization of Carbon Nanomaterials Dispersions: Can Metal Decoration of MWCNTs Improve Their Physicochemical Properties?

A suitable dispersion of carbon materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) in an appropriate dispersant media, is a prerequisite for many technological applications (e.g., additive purposes, functionalization, mechanical reinforced materials for electrolytes and electrodes for energy storage applications, etc.). Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been considered as a promising “green” alternative, providing a versatile replacement to volatile organic solvents due to their unique physical-chemical properties, being recognized as low-volatility fluids with great dispersant ability. The present work aims to contribute to appraise the effect of the presence of MWCNTs and Ag-functionalized MWCNTs on the physicochemical properties (viscosity, density, conductivity, surface tension and refractive index) of glyceline (choline chloride and glycerol, 1:2), a Type III DES. To benefit from possible synergetic effects, AgMWCNTs were prepared through pulse reverse electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles into MWCNTs. Pristine MWCNTs were used as reference material and water as reference dispersant media for comparison purposes. The effect of temperature (20 to 60 °C) and concentration on the physicochemical properties of the carbon dispersions (0.2–1.0 mg cm−3) were assessed. In all assessed physicochemical properties, AgMWCNTs outperformed pristine MWCNTs dispersions. A paradoxical effect was found in the viscosity trend in glyceline media, in which a marked decrease in the viscosity was found for the MWCNTs and AgMWCNTs materials at lower temperatures. All physicochemical parameters were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), at a 5% level of significance.

Synthesis and overview of carbon-based materials for high performance energy storage application: A review

The vast seeking of energy and lacking of fossil fuels has concerned adequate attention of investigators to advance materials, including outstanding electrochemical characteristics. Carbon-based materials, for example, graphene, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, have gained massively focus because of their essential electrical, thermal and mechanical characteristics. CNT and graphene are practicing a make of electrodes for energy storage applications. Carbon materials as anode materials have some limitations because charge storage is bound through adsorption-desorption of ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, producing a double layer, and their collection while synthesis and processing result in lower electrochemical activity. Carbon nanomaterials with 3D and 2D structures, like CNT, GN, GN foams and carbon nanofibers, have been extensively published due to their distinct morphological and physical characteristics for energy storage purposes. This review article estimates and collects published data to exhibit an essential and comprehensive state of the art survey.

Natural fibers and reduced graphene oxide-based flexible paper electrode for energy storage applications

Natural fibers and reduced graphene oxide-based flexible paper electrode for energy storage applications

Insights into binding mechanisms of size-selected graphene binders for flexible and conductive porous carbon electrodes

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO), MXene, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been recently used as a conductive binder for manufacturing carbon electrodes in energy storage applications. It has been demonstrated that 2D nanosheets can be used to replace the insulating polymer binders, as well as providing flexible electrodes. However, the optimum dimension of 2D nanosheets has not yet been explored for maximizing the electrode performance. Herein, we have investigated the binding mechanisms of size-selected graphene (GP) nanosheets, in which the activated carbon (AC) is used as an active porous material. The unique morphology of the electrode surface, resulting from different graphene dimensions, plays a crucial role in the charge storage mechanism in terms of the ability of ion diffusion at the outer and inner surface. The use of the medium-sized graphene nanosheet (mGP; ∼350 nm) as a binder in the AC electrode displays superior improvement of charge storage by 20% as well as good charge retention by 10% compared to the binder-free AC electrode. This is due to a presence of the continuous conductive mGP network, leading to the formation of hierarchical interconnected porous ACs with excellent conductivity that allows the access of electrolyte ions and facilitates the transport of charged ions through the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the electrode. These results demonstrate that the optimized graphene nanosheet binder with the unique morphology could enhance the capacitive performance of porous carbon materials, which is beneficial for development of scaling-up supercapacitors and various energy storage devices.

Double linker MOF-derived NiO and NiO/Ni supercapacitor electrodes for enhanced energy storage

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived nanomaterials have emerged as novel electrodes for electrochemical energy storage application. Herein, MOF-derived NiO and NiO/Ni composite electrodes have been successfully synthesized by a unique double-linker MOF-strategy involving a series of calcination procedures (400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C). The introduction of calcination temperature influenced both the textural and electrochemical properties of the MOF-derived NiO/Ni-400 and NiO/Ni-500 composite electrodes obtained at 400 °C and 500 °C respectively, as well as the NiO-600 electrode produced at 600 °C. With the combined benefits of improved uniform pore-size distribution and electrical conductivity, the composite electrodes delivered an enhanced supercapacitor performance with specific capacitances of 104.6 mAg−1 (NiO/Ni-400) and 37.4 mAg−1 (NiO/Ni-500) compared with 28.5 mAg−1 for the NiO-600 electrode at the same current density. Interestingly, NiO/Ni retained about 90% of its original capacitance after 1000 cycles when measured in 3 M KOH electrolyte solution. Furthermore, the electrochemical kinetic analysis used to probe the energy storage mechanism revealed pseudocapacitive behaviors at all tested scan rates; with NiO/Ni contributing 67% of the total capacitance at a scan rate of 5 mV/s which increased to 87% at 100 mV/s. The results obtained confirm that the approach described in this study is promising for the design of MOF-based electrodes for energy storage applications.

La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3/Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3/Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Self-template bagasse-based porous carbons for high performance supercapacitors

Developing the unique structure of biomass as a template is beneficial for promoting the commercial application of template-based hierarchical porous carbon materials. Herein, self-template bagasse-based porous carbons with high capacitance performance are successfully synthesized though low-temperature carbonization to fix the original vascular bundle structure of the bagasse and high-temperature activated carbonization to obtain hierarchical porous structures in the tube wall. As electrode materials for supercapacitors, the as-fabricated self-template porous carbons display a high specific surface of 1351.7 m2 g−1, abundant oxygen functional groups of 17.33%, an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 418.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a good rate performance of 63.1% at a current density ranging from 0.5 to 10 A g−1, which is mainly attributed to both natural and synthetic hierarchical porous structures in the obtained samples. Moreover, the self-template bagasse-based porous carbon devices also possess a remarkable energy density of 14.5 Wh kg−1 at 125 W kg−1 and good cycling stability of up to 98.9% after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g−1. The design strategy described in this work offers a method to further simplify the template synthesis steps, while improving the performance, of biomass-based hierarchical porous carbons. Therefore, these materials can be developed as high capacitance electrodes for energy storage applications.