Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor Research Articles

Electrode surface roughness greatly enhances the sensitivity of electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors

With the development of medical science and the extension of people's life expectancy, medical care and health monitoring in daily life have become a universal, worldwide concern. Accurate quantification of glucose is of great concern in diagnostics because it can indicate diabetes and help avoid related medical complications. Over the years, a variety of analytical methods have been used to sense glucose with good selectivity, good feasibility, sensitive response and low cost. Nevertheless, there is a lack of universal approach which can be applicable for the measurements across a variety of biological fluids (e.g., blood, sweat and urine), as the concentrations of glucose in there fluids vary significantly from low-micromolar to millimolar range. To fill this role, we proposed a glucose biosensor platform to improve the adaptability of glucose biosensor in clinical application. In our study, we coupled an electrochemical etching approach with the manipulation of nanostructured surfaces of gold electrodes to achieve arbitrarily tunable detection range for glucose measurements, with the detection range in blood sample (20 ∼ 1000 μM), sweat (6 ∼ 1000 μM), and urine (1.6 ∼ 100 μM), respectively.

Green Fabrication of Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles for Tear Fluid Analysis.

In this report, a green, simple, inexpensive, and effective nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor was fabricated using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) decorated with copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Basil seed mucilage (BSM) was served as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of CuO NPs.The prepared MWCNT/CuO nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrochemical methods. The FTIR results indicated that the nanocomposite surface was covered by BSM. The FESEM results show that the CuO NPs with an average particle size lower than 10nm have been well distributed on the walls of the MWCNT. The electrochemical behavior of the nanocomposite was explored by studying the electrocatalytic behavior of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified by the nanocomposite (SPCE-MWCNT/CuO) toward the glucose oxidation. In the optimum conditions, the electrode indicated a wide linear response from 5.0 to 620.0μM with regression coefficients of 0.992, the sensitivity of 1050 μA mM-1cm-2, a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.7μM, and a reproducibility with relative standard deviation (RSD) variations from 3.5 to 11% for three measurements at each point. The obtained results also showed good selectivity to glucose against interfering species such as lactate (LA), L-ascorbic acid (AA), and urea (U) due to the use of the negatively charged BSM in the form of a coating on the nanocomposite surface. The applicability of the sensor was successfully verified by the determination of glucose concentration in artificial tears with a certain amount of glucose.

Reusable electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on Au-inlaid nanocages

Reusable electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on Au-inlaid nanocages

Prussian Blue-Based Flexible Thin Film Nanoarchitectonics for Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor

Prussian Blue-Based Flexible Thin Film Nanoarchitectonics for Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor

Chitosan polymer matrix-derived nanocomposite (CuS/NSC) for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

In this study, N and S co-doped chitosan polymer matrix-derived composite (CuS/NSC) was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal technique using a low-cost copper complex of chitosan polymer. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry revealed excellent electrocatalytic performance. The glucose sensor exhibited a linear range of 160 μM to 11.76 mM, a low detection limit 2.72 μM and a sensitivity of 13.62 mA mM−1 cm−2 with an excellent linear response. Furthermore, the sensor also displayed selectivity for glucose over potential interfering agents and exhibited a satisfactory recovery percentage using real sample in human serum. The results demonstrate that, CuS/NSC is an efficient nanocomposite material for non-enzymatic glucose sensors and is applicable for glucose detection in biological fluids.

A novel flexible non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor of excellent performance with ZnO nanorods modified on stainless steel wire sieve and stimulated via UV irradiation

A novel flexible non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor was constructed with hexagonal structured ZnO nanorods hydrothermally grown on bendable stainless steel wire sieve (SSWS) electrode. The electrocatalytic capability of the sensor towards glucose was obviously enhanced with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation introduced during the electrochemical measurements. To be specific, UV irradiation promotes the generation of holes in the ZnO nanorods and these holes raise the amount of hydroxyl. Accordingly, more hydroxyl reacts with glucose and further the electron yield of the glucose sensor is notably increased, thus the sensitivity of the glucose sensor is raised from 36.4 μA mM−1 cm−2 to 91.8 μA mM−1 cm−2. The glucose sensor can maintain 60% and 90% of the initial current after being bended 100 times and used 20 times, respectively. Besides, the glucose sensor also exhibits ignorable response towards interfering substances like d-galactose, fructose, urea, uric acid, ascorbic acid, l-phenylalanine, NaCl, and KCl, and can reliably determine glucose concentrations in human serum samples. This method is considered as an effective way to enhance the electrocatalytic capability of other semiconductor-based electrochemical biosensors.

Laser-scribed graphene sensors on nail polish with tunable composition for electrochemical detection of nitrite and glucose

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) techniques enable the direct laser writing or scribing of conductive graphene electrodes on insulative polymer substrates without complicated synthesis or fabrication processes. The precursors of LIG essentially determine its quality and applications in various fields including electrochemical devices. Here, we demonstrate that the widely used nail polish (NP) is a promising precursor of LIG, which can be converted into 3D porous graphene electrodes in air using a 405 nm laser engraving machine. The produced nail polish-based LIG (NP-LIG) electrodes possess high conductivity, good mechanical property, and tunable composition and electrochemical activity. These unique properties make NP-LIG a promising platform for developing cost-effective electrochemical sensing devices. A robust flexible electrochemical sensor of nitrite was therefore constructed on NP-LIG using chitosan as a sensing material, which shows a sensitive and selective response for the detection of nitrite with a calibration range of 2.0–1000 μM and a detection limit of 0.9 μM (S/N = 3). In addition, a non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor was constructed by doping NP-LIG with copper ions (Cu2+/NP-LIG), suggesting the doping ability of NP-LIG by a simple mixing method.

Single-Atom Pt Boosting Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing on Ni(OH)2/N-Doped Graphene.

Conventional nanomaterials in electrochemical nonenzymatic sensing face huge challenge due to their complex size-, surface-, and composition-dependent catalytic properties and low active site density. In this work, we designed a single-atom Pt supported on Ni(OH)2 nanoplates/nitrogen-doped graphene (Pt1/Ni(OH)2/NG) as the first example for constructing a single-atom catalyst based electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensor. The resulting Pt1/Ni(OH)2/NG exhibited a low anode peak potential of 0.48 V and high sensitivity of 220.75 μA mM-1 cm-2 toward glucose, which are 45 mV lower and 12 times higher than those of Ni(OH)2, respectively. The catalyst also showed excellent selectivity for several important interferences, short response time of 4.6 s, and high stability over 4 weeks. Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculated results reveal that the improved performance of Pt1/Ni(OH)2/NG could be attributed to stronger binding strength of glucose on single-atom Pt active centers and their surrounding Ni atoms, combined with fast electron transfer ability by the adding of the highly conductive NG. This research sheds light on the applications of SACs in the field of electrochemical nonenzymatic sensing.

Copper Nanoparticles/Polyaniline/Molybdenum Disulfide Composite as a Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor

Copper Nanoparticles/Polyaniline/Molybdenum Disulfide Composite as a Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor

A Novel and Ultra Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor in Real Human Blood Samples Based on Facile One-Step Electrochemical Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxides Nanoparticles Onto a Three-Dimensional Inconel 625 Foam

A Novel and Ultra Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor in Real Human Blood Samples Based on Facile One-Step Electrochemical Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxides Nanoparticles Onto a Three-Dimensional Inconel 625 Foam

Novel electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on 3D Au@Pt core–shell nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite

A novel carbon composite was integrated with Au@Pt core–shell nanoparticles (Au@Pt NPs) to construct a sensing interface for enzyme-free electrochemical detection of glucose. As surfactant, graphene oxide (GO) was used to disperse multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). After the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the mixture of GO and MWCNTs, the Au@Pt NPs were decorated on it. The prepared novel three-dimensional sensor interface was applied to detect glucose without enzyme at a remarkable negative potential (at about −0.013 V vs. Ag/AgCl), demonstrating a low detection limit (4.2 × 10−8 M) and two wide linear range from 5 × 10−8 to 1 × 10−4 M and 1 × 10−4 M to 2.5 × 10−3 M. In addition, the non-enzymatic glucose sensing platform can be realized for practical application.

Metal Oxide-Based Composites in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors

The new generation of glucose biosensors has gained immense research interest owing to its cost effectiveness, quick response, good stability, reproducibility, and low detection limit. The enzymatic glucose sensor suffers from numerous intrinsic disadvantages; therefore, there is a need to develop a new biosensor which can overcome the disadvantages of enzymatic glucose biosensors. In that context, metal oxide-based nanostructures and their compostites exhibit properties that can overcome the drawbacks of enzymatic glucose sensors. This review discusses recent developments in some of the metal oxides (CoO, NiO, CuO, and ZnO) along with their composites as well as their applications toward nonenzymatic glucose sensors. The metal oxide composites possess excellent features which signify the potential commercial applications of metal oxide-based composites for nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing.

A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor based on NiO nanohives

Diabetes is a dangerous chronic disease leading to death. Regular glucose level monitoring in the blood is very important to reduce the risk of diabetes. A lot of methods have been developed to measure the glucose concentration. The non-enzymatic glucose sensor is one of the efficient methods, which has attracted much attention from researchers. In this work, a facile process for the synthesis of NiO nanohives on the surface of nickel foam substrate was reported to apply for the non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing. Morphologies and components of the obtained materials were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. FE-SEM images show homogeneous NiO nanohives covering the surface of nickel foam with each cavity diameter of 300–500 nm. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry were conducted to measure the electrochemical properties of the synthesised NiO/Ni electrodes. The results show that the sensor is highly sensitive (10.08 mA mM−1 cm−2) with a low detection limit (7.25 μA), which is evaluated highly potential to apply for the non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor.

Copper Nanoparticles Decorated Halloysite Nanotube/Polyaniline Composites for High Performance Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor

Developing high-performance sensors for glucose detection is of great significance in clinical diagnostics and life science. This paper presents a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor with high performance. The halloysite nanotube/polyaniline (HNT/PANI) nanocomposite was obtained by chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline on the surface of halloysite nanotubes, then a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Cu nanoparticles decorated halloysite nanotube/polyaniline (Cu-HNT/PANI) nanocomposite was fabricated by in situ reduction of Cu precursor on HNT/PANI nanotubes under mild condition. Benefits from the high specific surface area and abundant active sites of the conductive substrate, the Cu-HNT/PANI nanocomposites modified glass carbon electrodes (GCE) exhibited significantly enhanced glucose sensing performance. The glucose sensor based on Cu-HNT/PANI composite demonstrated an excellent linear relationship in glucose concentrations range of 0.01–5 mM. The sensitivity in low concentration range (0.01–0.1 mM) reached 434.0 μA mM−1 cm−2 with the detection limit of 0.27 μM (S/N = 3). Besides, the Cu-HNT/PANI composites modified GCE exhibited extraordinary selectivity, stability and reproducibility in glucose sensing. Taking advantage of the low cost and mild synthesis conditions, Cu-HNT/PANI is a promising glucose-sensing material with broad application prospect.

A novel non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity based on CdIn2O4 nanoparticles on 3D Ni foam substrate

Due to the poor conductivity of Fe based, Cu based and Co based electrode materials commonly used in the electrochemical detection of glucose, and the uneven stirring and poor conductivity of the traditional preparation method based on glassy carbon electrode. In order to solve the above problems, in this work, CdIn2O4 with high electrical conductivity was directly grown on three-dimensional (3D) Ni foam to prepare electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. CdIn2O4 nanoparticles is prepared from cadmium acetate and indium nitrate hydrate in benzyl alcohol by non-aqueous sol–gel method. The electrocatalytic oxidation performances of CdIn2O4 electrode material for non-enzymatic glucose are studied. The results show that the proposed CdIn2O4 electrode material has good electrochemical properties and sensing performance for glucose detection. The electrochemical response of CdIn2O4 electrode material to glucose is recorded that calibration plot for glucose concentrations ranging from 1.0 μM to 1.0 mM (R 2 = 0.99), a limit detection of 0.08 μM, an excellent sensitivity of 3.2925 mA.mM−1.cm−2, a rapid response time of 1.58 s, a good selectivity and a good long-term stability. These demonstrate the significant potential of CdIn2O4 electrode material based on 3D Ni foam as non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which makes it possible to use it as a practical glucose detector. This work could introduce a new concept of nanoparticles modified electrode material grown directly on 3D Ni foam, thus a simple and reliable electrochemical glucose sensor platform is realized. This study was completed in 2019 in the school of materials and energy, Yunnan University.

NiCo-LDH nanoflake arrays-supported Au nanoparticles on copper foam as a highly sensitive electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor

The detection of glucose in human blood is of great importance in the diagnosis and prevention of diabetes. In this work, we fabricated a novel electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor, NiCo-LDH nanoflake arrays-supported Au nanoparticles on copper foam (NiCo-LDH@ Au/Cu) by galvanic replacement and electrodeposition methods. Owing to the synergistic effect of three-dimensional (3D) architecture of Cu foam, high electrocatalytic activity of Au nanoparticles and NiCo-LDH nanoflake arrays, the NiCo-LDH@Au/Cu electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic ability for glucose oxidation in NaOH solution. Under optimized conditions, the NiCo-LDH@Au/Cu electrode shows excellent activity with a linear range from 0.5 to 3000 μM at the potential of 0.50 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), a low detection limit of 0.23 μM (S/N = 3), an ultra-prompt response time of 0.5 s, and a high sensitivity of 23100 μA mM−1 cm−2, as well as good selectivity and stability. Furthermore, the as-fabricated non-enzymatic glucose sensor was successfully applied to the glucose detection in human serum as a promising candidate in the development of electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Flexible Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing with One‐Step Laser‐Fabricated Cu2O/Cu Porous Structure

Integrated flexible nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors have attracted substantial interest because they enable portable noninvasive glucose detection stably and accurately. Manufacturing of these sensors generally requires complex step‐by‐step processes, including synthesis of noble and functional materials, patterning the as‐synthesized noble materials into electrodes/contacts, and subsequent working electrode functionalizing. Herein, the one‐step fabrication of a working electrode and electrical contacts on a flexible substrate for an integrated sensor is realized through laser writing of a low‐cost Cu ionic precursor. The obtained Cu2O/Cu porous structure not only has a low sheet resistance of 1.3 Ω sq−1 to ensure signal transmission in the sensor, but also provides a remarkable sensing performance for glucose detection, especially at a low detection potential of 0.3 V and a low detection limit of 0.34 μm. Due to its anti‐interference and flexibility, the integrated sensor has the potential to directly detect trace amounts of glucose in body fluids as demonstrated in sweat sensing. This work highlights an efficient route to fabricate low‐cost integrated flexible electrochemical sensors.

Review on non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor of hybrid nanostructure materials

This review made on the progress of five years non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose. Following a brief discussion of the merits and limitations of enzymatic glucose sensors, we discuss the history of unraveling the mechanism of direct oxidation of glucose and theories of non-enzymatic electro-catalysis. And also we discussed non-enzymatic glucose electrodes based on the use of the metals (platinum, gold, nickel, copper, of alloys and bimetals, of carbon material), and of metal-metal oxides and some electrochemical techniques which are used to analyze different real samples according to their techniques of analysis as well a show of different sensors are produce signals from the analyte of interest.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on dumbbell-shaped double-shelled hollow nanoporous CuO/ZnO microstructures

A high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on hybrid metal-oxides is proposed. Dumbbell-shaped double-shelled hollow nanoporous CuO/ZnO microstructures (CuO/ZnO-DSDSHNM) were prepared via the hydrothermal method using pluronic F-127 as a surfactant. This structure is studied by various physicochemical characterizations such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, elemental mapping techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. This unique CuO/ZnO-DSDSHNM provides both a large surface area and an easy penetrable structure facilitating improved electrochemical reactivity toward glucose oxidation. The prepared CuO/ZnO-DSDSHNM was used over the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the active material for glucose detection and then coated by Nafion to provide the proposed Nafion/CuO/ZnO-DSDSHNM/GCE. The fabricated glucose sensor exhibits an extremely wide dynamic range from 500 nM to 100 mM, a sensitivity of 1536.80 µA mM−1 cm−2, a low limit of detection of 357.5 nM, and a short response time of 1.60 s. The proposed sensor also showed long-term stability, good reproducibility, favorable repeatability, excellent selectivity, and satisfactory applicability for glucose detection in human serum samples. The achieved high-performance glucose sensing based on Nafion/CuO/ZnO-DSDSHNM/GCE shows that both the material synthesis and the sensor fabrication methods have been promising and they can be used in future researches.

Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Human Serum Glucose Sensor

Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Human Serum Glucose Sensor