Transition-metal-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), especially Ni-MOFs, have emerged as attractive candidates for electrochemical energy storage owing to their considerable theoretical specific capacitance. However, their poor electrical conductivity severely limits the overall electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. By virtue of the excellent conductivity of conductive MOFs (cMOFs), in this work, a series of MOF-on-MOF heterostructures were fabricated by integrating cMOFs M-HHTP (M = Ni, Co; HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) with Ni-MOFs (Ni-BTC, Ni-BDC; H3BTC = trimesic acid, H2BDC = terephthalic acid). Electrochemical tests reveal that all of the composites exhibit enhanced energy storage performance compared to that of the pristine MOFs, with Co-HHTP@Ni-BDC demonstrating the most outstanding performance in the application of aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors.

ABSTRACT This research examined the impact of external patent agency capabilities on the generation of high-value green patents within China's electrochemical energy storage sector. It addressed a significant gap in understanding how these capabilities drive green innovation. The study aimed to analyse the direct effects of external patent agency capabilities on green patent outputs and explore the mediating roles of patent strategy and organisation. Data were collected from 295 professionals at Chinese electrochemical energy storage companies through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. These professionals included patent managers, engineers, and analysts well-versed in patent agency operations. Analytical methods involved SPSS and Smart PLS-SEM, with structural equation modelling used to examine the relationships among patent agency capabilities, patent strategies, patent organisation, and green patent outputs. The findings indicated that external patent agency capabilities significantly enhance green patent production, with both patent strategy and organisational practices serving as crucial mediators. This study underscores the strategic importance of enhancing patent agency capabilities and aligning patent strategies and organisational practices to boost high-value green patent production, offering valuable theoretical insights for managing patents in green innovation within the Chinese context.

With the increasing integration of high-proportion renewable energy, power systems are exhibiting low-inertia and low-damping characteristics, posing severe challenges to frequency stability. This paper proposes a coordinated supplementary frequency regulation strategy utilizing electrolytic aluminum (EA) loads and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Firstly, a system frequency response model is established, incorporating EA, electrochemical energy storage, pumped hydro storage, and conventional generation units. Secondly, an improved variable filter time constant controller is designed, supplemented by fuzzy logic, to achieve adaptive power allocation under different disturbance magnitudes. Concurrently, regulation intervals are defined based on the area control error (ACE), enabling a tiered response from source-grid-load resources. Simulation results demonstrate that under a severe disturbance of 0.05 p.u., the proposed strategy reduces the maximum frequency deviation from 0.198 Hz to 0.054 Hz, achieving a 72.7% performance improvement, and shortens the system settling time by 59.5%. Furthermore, the state of charge (SOC) of the electrochemical storage is successfully maintained within the range of [0.482, 0.505], effectively balancing frequency regulation performance and device lifespan. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in enhancing the frequency resilience of low-inertia power grids.

Aqueous batteries have played a pivotal yet fluctuating role in the evolution of electrochemical energy storage. From their foundational success in lead-acid and nickel-based chemistries to their eclipse by lithium-ion batteries, aqueous systems were long regarded as technologically inferior due to limited energy density and poor cycling stability. However, the urgent demand for safe, low-cost, and sustainable storage has sparked a renaissance, fueled by breakthroughs in electrolyte engineering and advanced electrode materials for both anodes and cathodes. This review revisits the historical trajectory of commercialized aqueous batteries, extracting lessons from past successes and failures while highlighting the technological advances that now enable extended voltage windows, improved cycling stability, and scalable manufacturing. We argue that the future of aqueous batteries lies not in directly competing with lithium-ion in high-energy applications, but in complementing them across grid-scale storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and decentralized energy systems where safety, cost, and recyclability are paramount. By connecting history with current progress, we reflect on how these insights reshape expectations for the next generation of aqueous batteries and their role in a more diversified and sustainable energy storage landscape.

Ice crystal template-assisted preparation of S/N/O co-doped microporous carbon from pine sawdust for dual-function materials: electrochemical energy storage and CO2 adsorption

MoS2/MXene composites: Fabrication and application in electrochemical energy storage

2-Dimensional hierarchical cobalt–aluminium layered double hydroxide decorated with cerium oxide nanoarchitectures with tuned interfaces for next-generation electrochemical energy storage

Synthesis and electrochemical energy storage study of N-doped Nd2S3@MnS/nickel foam electrodes

3D printing of metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage devices

Synergistic electronic structure tuning and defect engineering for boosting electrochemical energy storage in multi-metal layered hydroxides

Engineering strategies of MOFs-based materials for rechargeable batteries: Advances and perspectives.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant technology for electrochemical energy storage. However, the surging demand for LIBs has intensified concerns over cobalt (Co) scarcity, ethical sourcing, and cost volatility. To overcome these challenges, Co-free Ni-rich layered cathode materials have attracted growing attention. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in their preparation processes and performance optimization. The dual role of Co in conventional cathodes is first clarified: Co mitigates Li/Ni cation disorder but also induces lattice distortion, oxygen release, and microcrack formation. Eliminating Co, however, aggravates Rich-Ni-related issues such as structural phase transitions and severe Li/Ni cation mixing, which compromise structural and electrochemical stability. Recent progress in addressing these challenges is summarized, focusing on composition regulation, surface engineering, and structural design strategies. Preparation methodologies are discussed in detail, including wet chemical approaches that enable precise control over morphology and composition control, and solid-state techniques that offer scalability for industrial application. Optimized Co-free Ni-rich layered materials exhibit enhanced capacity retention, structural integrity, and thermal stability. Finally, the review highlights future research directions toward simplified processes, synergistic multi-technology coupling, and data-driven design to promote the commercialization of Co-free Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes for electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems.

Self-adaptive energy storage through electrolyte-electrode synergy in dynamic environments.

Fabrication of nitrogen-doped laser-induced graphene-based electrodes: evaluation of electrochemical energy storage performance of symmetric supercapacitor devices

Bifunctional MnFe2O3/g-C3N4 nanohybrids with superior electrochemical energy storage and hydrogen evolution activity

Sustainable porous carbons from sugarcane bagasse via synergistic pre-carbonization and activation for electrochemical energy storage

MXenes are an emerging family of two-dimensional layered materials composed of transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides that have attracted broad attention because of their unusual combination of properties. Since their discovery, their metallic-level electrical conductivity, high accessible surface area, adjustable surface terminations, and lamellar architecture have made them strong candidates for electrochemical energy storage. Across a wide range of battery chemistries, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, lithium sulfur, and zinc-ion systems, MXenes have been explored as fast-charging electrodes, conductive frameworks that improve electron transport, building blocks in performance-boosting composites, and even as current-collector modifications. Among these functions, one of the most central is their direct participation as charge-storing host materials. In this review, I summarize recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of MXenes and critically assess their use as active materials in divalent metal-ion batteries, with a focus on strategies that improve electrochemical performance. I also examine the dominant charge-storage pathways and how they evolve in pure MXenes versus MXene-based composites within these multivalent systems. Finally, I highlight key limitations and open challenges and outline future directions, emphasizing microstructure engineering as a practical route to designing MXenes that deliver stronger divalent-ion storage performance.

Pursuing high-power-density all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is an attractive approach toward large-scale commercialization in a techno-economic manner. The suboptimal intrinsic activity of conventional catalysts undermines flow batteries' inherent electrode design flexibility, restricting their current density to the low hundreds of mA cm-2 range and curtailing their technological viability. Here, for the first time, we present a few-layer bismuthene nanoflake (BieneNF) catalyst in the field of redox flow batteries (RFBs). The design strategically exploits the ultra-high intrinsic reactivity of BieneNF's outermost lattice periphery, including individual bismuthene monolayer edges where synergistic nanostructural effectsand surface chemistry collectively enhance vanadium redox kinetics and thermodynamics. Notably, this edge-activated catalytic mechanism demonstratessignificant intrinsic activity enhancement over bulk bismuth, effectively addressing the dual challenges of deactivation and ohmic losses in flow battery systems. Accordingly, the fueled VRFB reaps an energy efficiency (EE) of up to 80.51% and a reliable catalyst stability over 10000 cycles at 0.8 A cm-2, together with an unprecedented peak power density of 3.047 W cm-2. The demonstrated performance metrics not only establish new benchmarks for VRFB technology but also provide a generalizable strategy for designing high-activity nanostructured catalysts in electrochemical energy storage systems.

Architecting the Third Dimension of Electrochemical Energy Storage

Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used electrochemical energy storage technology due to their excellent performance. They play a crucial role in enabling the widespread adoption of sustainable transportation and renewable energy storage. Comprehensive battery monitoring, encompassing both performance and safety aspects, presents various challenges. Generally, this task is handled by a battery management system (BMS). Therefore, this paper provides a brief introduction to the key battery state parameters, such as the state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and state of power (SOP). Subsequently, after a brief overview of BMS structural and software architectures, this work focuses on a detailed description of equivalent circuit models (ECMs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), which represent part of the modeling approaches available in the literature, providing a characterization of the complex and nonlinear dynamics underlying lithium-ion batteries. These approaches are systematically evaluated, including hybrid methods to highlight their respective advantages, limitations, and suitability for different BMS functionalities.