Electricity Production System Research Articles

Design and implementation of an efficient hybrid system for electricity production

This paper aims to develop a new method for the economical evaluation of Hybrid Systems for electricity production. The different types of renewable sources are specifically evaluated in the economical performance of the overall equipment. The presented methodology was applied to evaluate the design of a photovoltaic-wind-diesel hybrid system to produce electricity for a community in the neighbourhood of Luanda, Angola

Impact on the Spanish electricity network due to the massive incorporation of electric vehicles

Electric vehicles, along with renewable energy, are two of the most important components for achieving a more sustainable and cleaner future. This paper study the Spanish electricity demand at the Iberian Peninsula level during the eleven-year period 2007-2018 with daily data from the Spanish electricity network, calculating the monthly daily average for each year as actual data on the use of the electricity distribution network. Having in mind this information, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) that could be charged in Spain is being studied in order to reorganize the Spanish production system. Three different scenarios are analyzed (slow, accelerated and fast charging) according to the capacity conditions of the electric distribution network, previously determining the available electric energy that varies according to the electric demand. Results obtained reveals the need of a complex reorganization of the Spanish electricity production system due to the geographical seasonality of electricity demand.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN A SOLAR CHIMNEY WITH HYPERBOLIC COLLECTOR

The solar tower consisting of the chimney, the turbine, and the collector, initiated by Jorg Schlaich, is an electrical energy production system. This work aims to understand the phenomenon of natural air convection in the device as a function of solar radiation. A prototype designed at the L.E.T.RE laboratory made it possible to experimentally study the behavior of air in the device. To do this, we carried out readings on the solar tower using measuring devices such as the Midi LOGGER, the pyranometer and the hot wire anemometer. They showed that the air temperature changes depending on the amount of sunlight as well as the speed of the fluid entering the chimney. The temperature of the absorber is maximum between 12:30 p.m. to 1 p.m. with values ​​respectively of 87.1°C 88.5°C and 91.3°C for the days of October 8, October 9, and November 9, 2022. However, the temperature of the fluid drops from the collector to the chimney. The results show that the collector efficiency reaches 19.32% on average 34.05% and 33.49% respectively for the days of 08/10/2022, 09/10/2022 and 09/11/2022. The collector is insulated using polystyrene. With improvements the system could meet the needs for ventilation by thermal draft, drying as well as electricity production.

Thermodynamic Modelling, Technical and Operational Issues of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Generation Cycles for Industrial Applications: A Literature Review

Future electricity production systems will be able to harness the power of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO<sub>2</sub>) as it moves through thermal cycles. It serves the same goal as sources of energy such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, solar power, and the recovery of waste heat (or surplus heat from industrial processes). When the heat source temperature is between 350°C and 800°C, CO<sub>2</sub> as a working fluid exhibits excellent thermal efficiency. Its novel technological benefits over conventional steam Rankine cycles, such as the use of small turbo gear and compact heat exchangers, have captured the attention of scientists. It has excellent operational flexibility and may induce significantly cheaper energy costs. Aligned with these goals, this paper presents a panoramic work, exploring the current state of the art of S-CO<sub>2</sub> power generation, with a particular emphasis on the technical and operational perplexities. After providing a comprehensive overview of the thermodynamic principles that underpin this study, the foundation is established for an engaging discourse on the continuous research and development of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO<sub>2</sub>) cycles in power generation. Upon delving into the thermodynamic facets of CO<sub>2</sub> that propel this investigation, the spotlight is cast upon dissecting the existing state of research and development of S-CO<sub>2</sub> cycles in power generation before transitioning into encapsulating the principal domains of application and noteworthy thermodynamic modelling inquiries of S-CO<sub>2</sub> cycles. The present advancements and hurdles within the primary application areas are succinctly summarized, while future research trends are identified.

Multi-criteria decision-making for techno-economic and environmentally sustainable decentralized hybrid power and green hydrogen cogeneration system

For global sustainable development, supplying reliable, clean and affordable energy to all is critical. Also to achieve the stringent carbon emission reduction target, the global energy transition is towards increasing the renewable share of total power generation. As renewable resources are intermittent, widely variable and nature dependent, a decentralized hybrid energy system may be the potential solution to address these issues. However, mismatch between energy demand and generation of such systems is a critical problem that needs to be addressed. Excess power generated than local instantaneous demand must be utilized in a sustainable way. Production of hydrogen can address the above issues as it has large capacity and long term power absorption capability. Currently it is considered as a valuable energy carrier. This work proposes to convert the excess electricity of a distributed system to a value added by-product, i.e., ‘green’ hydrogen. This study presented an integrated methodology to evaluate the overall sustainability, i.e., techno-economic and environmental performances of this combined electricity and hydrogen production system. These sustainability assessments do not converge to a single optimal solution. Therefore, a multi-criteria decision making approach is adopted to decide the acceptable sustainable solution. This integrated methodology concludes that the solar-wind-diesel-battery-electrolyser combination is the acceptable optimal solution. It meets the required load and produces hydrogen as a by-product at least cost with optimal environmental impact (cost of electricity-$ 0.252/kWh, cost of hydrogen-$ 2.59/kg, renewable share- 98.4%, payback period- 6.1 yrs, human health- 76476.7 DALY, ecosystem 54.17 species.yr and resource-61521013 USD 2013).

Multi-Energy Cooperative Primary Frequency Regulation Analysis of a Hybrid Plant Station for Wind Power and Hydrogen Production Based on Ensemble Empirical-Mode Decomposition Algorithm

Wind curtailment and inadequate grid-connected frequency regulation capability are the main obstacles preventing wind power from becoming more permeable. The electric hydrogen production system can tackle the wind curtailment issue by converting electrical energy into hydrogen energy under normal operating circumstances. It can be applied as a load-reducing method during frequency regulation to help the system restore the power balance. First, this study proposes the concept of a hybrid plant station that combines the production of hydrogen and wind energy. This plant station will be referred to as a hybrid station with centralized hydrogen production and distributed energy storage. By mimicking the synchronous generator’s frequency control features, the primary frequency regulation mechanism of a hybrid plant station is examined. Secondly, due to the frequency regulation requirements of the power grid’s full-time domain hybrid power station, this paper proposes a hybrid plant station control strategy based on the EEMD variable parameter control algorithm. In frequency regulation power, the electric hydrogen production device load reduction responds to the low-frequency component, and the supercapacitor responds to the high-frequency component. The impact of the dynamic characteristics of alkaline electrolyzers on the frequency regulation effect is analyzed in this article, along with a comparison of the matching of various energy storage devices and electrolyzers in power grid frequency regulation. Finally, the feasibility and soundness of the proposed control strategy are confirmed by creating a simulation model representing a hybrid plant station involved in primary frequency management under various operational scenarios.

An innovative renewable energy–based tri-generation system for electricity, LNG regasification and hydrogen production

Waste incineration is a potent technique, that deals with the waste generated in a sustainable way to properly manage and reduce the generated waste and produce useful energy simultaneously. However, the waste-to-electrical efficiency of incineration plants is less (20–22) % because of the high moisture content of waste and flue gas heat losses. In the present study, a tri-generation system consisting of a solar parabolic trough collector integrated with a waste-to-energy plant, a liquefied natural gas (LNG), and a hydrogen production system is proposed and thermodynamically investigated. Parabolic trough collectors serve as a secondary heating source to the steam coming out of the incineration boiler. The useful heat collected by the parabolic trough solar field is provided to the fluid exiting the incineration boiler and entering into the steam turbine to improve the steam condition, while LNG is vaporized by the energy of exhaust flue gas and produces power for the PEM electrolyzer. Waste-to-energy incineration facility is capable of operating with a feed rate of 350 tons/day, producing 6.3 MW of power at an inlet temperature of 400 °C of the turbine. However, the net power produced is increased to 7.72 MW with increase in turbine inlet temperature to 515 °C. Results of the study conclude that the energetic and the exergetic efficiencies of the incineration plant are found to be 27.93 % and 26.51 %, respectively. In addition, both the first and second law efficiencies are observed as 21.51 % and 25.74 %, respectively, while the rate of hydrogen production is 7.72 kg/h. The cumulative exergy destruction rate of the system is 29.3 MW and the WtE boiler shares the maximum portion (58.14 %) of the exergy destruction.

Solar photovoltaic systems for the Short Sea Shipping’s compliance with decarbonization regulations in the European Union

Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) regulation came into force In January 2023 as one of the main International Maritime Organization’s measures to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG). Short Sea Shipping (SSS) demand significant electricity supply by reaching up to 30% of total on-board power. This paper addresses SSS-fleet compliance with CII regulation, Market and Goal-Based Measures imposed by the European Union (EU) through solar photovoltaic systems (PV) for on-board electricity production. The paper analyses the techno-economic feasibility of this solution from the shipowners’ standpoint in the medium-term. To meet this aim, a SSS Car-carrier between Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula is assessed by simulating PV performance, vessel’s technical implications, and economic consequences of GHG mitigation in the context of the EU. The results reveal that PV reduces fuel consumption for electricity generation by 15.5% by reducing the total CO2 emissions by 3.38%. Although this improvement is not substantial enough to change the CII score of the vessel, the Internal Rate of Return of the PV investment achieved 55% for 10 years with three years as payback period. This fact along with the robustness of the results achieved suggest PV system is a promising mitigation option for SSS vessels.

Effect Of Graphene Oxide on Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)-Grafted Natural Rubber Polymer Electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes (PE) are presently the subject of the majority of research due to their capacity to replace liquid electrolyte that suffer from high flammability and electrolyte leakage and also as a new forms of electrical power production and storage systems. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) typically have low ionic conductivity at room temperature because of the high crystallinity of the polymers. Methyl-grafted natural rubber has been studied extensively by a number of researchers due to its advantageous properties such as high flexibility, and ability to solvate inorganic salts to form a polymer-salt complex. Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a nanofiller, ammonium triflate (NH4CF3SO3) served as a dopant salt, and 30 % polymethyl methacrylate grafted natural rubber (MG30) served as the polymer host in the preparation of the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (CPE) using the solution casting-method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to analyse the ionic conductivity of the samples, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyse the complexation between salt, polymer host and filler while Optical microscope was used to study the surface morphology of the prepared CPE samples. The decrease in peak strength for C=O in the FTIR spectra indicates the interaction between the polymer host and salt The sample containing 15 weight percent NH4CF3SO3 had the highest conductivity, which was 2.05×10-5 S cm-1. This substance has the potential to be used in energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors as an alternative to commercial liquid electrolyte.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Performance Assessment of a Novel Solar-Based Multigeneration System for Electricity, Cooling, Heating, and Freshwater Production

Abstract This study offers a comprehensive assessment of the thermodynamic performance of a novel solar-based multigeneration system, which caters to the energy needs of a sustainable community by producing electricity, cooling, heating, and freshwater. The solar-based multigeneration system is comprised of four main components: the thermal subsystem of the parabolic trough collector (PTC) employing CO2 as a heat transfer fluid, a single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC), a supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) cycle, and an adsorption desalination (AD) cycle with heat recovery employing aluminum fumarate metal–organic framework (MOF) adsorbent material. A comprehensive parametric study was performed on the proposed solar-based multigeneration system by varying key parameters to evaluate its performance. It is found that the thermal and exergy efficiencies of a PTC were evaluated to be 68.35% and 29.88%, respectively, at a fixed inlet temperature of 225 °C and solar irradiation of 850 W/m2 and also a slight reduction in the ARC cycle when examining the variation in the thermal and exergetic COPs for the generator temperature. Additionally, the thermal and exergy efficiencies of electricity, cooling, and heating were determined to be 20.41% and 21.93%, 41.34% and 3.51%, and 7.14% and 3.07%, respectively, at the operating condition. The maximum specific daily water production (SDWP) value of 12.91 m3/ton/day and a gain output ratio (GOR) of 0.64 were obtained under steady operating conditions in the AD cycle.

Shielding factors for a fission-powered mars exploration rover

Background: With the advances in compact fission power systems and Stirling converters, the efficiency and portability of electrical energy production systems has increased substantially thanks to NASA’s Kilopower project. These 1-10 kWe-class reactors are compact enough to be transportable by pressurized rovers, allowing an extended human reach across the surface of Mars to produce scientific data at a rate that greatly surpasses the rate of robotic rover data collection. If rovers were to harness fission power while mobile, it is possible for near-limitless range. This capability could allow one crew on Mars for under a “Conjunction” class mission as outlined in NASA’s Mars Design Reference Architecture (DRA) 5.0 to visit many geological sites of interest instead of requiring additional landings to explore distant features of the Martian surface. This study explored the parameters that affected the mass of the shielding required to protect the crew against a fission reactor embedded in the chassis of a pressurized rover. Methods: An analytical approach was devised to estimate the required mass of a hypothetical solid tungsten shield under various conditions. Results: Power levels below 3.4 kWe were found to be impractical for rover applications. Between 3.4 kWe and 10 kWe would be able to recharge the rover without returning to base camp. The increase in shielding mass from a 3.4 kWe reactor and a 10 kWe reactor was 6%. The reduction between a 10 kWe reactor at 3 m and 6 m was 7%. Varying the shield thickness in accordance with astronaut activities resulted in a 19% reduction. Powering the reactor off before exiting the vehicle resulted in an additional 65% reduction. Conclusions: Knowledge of the crew activities and locations had the greatest impact on the required shielding mass and the mission activities should be well-understood before finalizing a shield design.

Overview: Using Hybrid Energy System for Electricity Production Based on the Optimization Methods

Renewable energy systems are mostly used in the world due to their inexhaustible and non-polluting production. As a result of a large utilization of these energy sources in different areas, the electricity production rate is increasing every day. Previous studies clarified uses, modeling, configuration, energy management operation, and optimization objectives based on different energy sources. For this reason, this paper focuses on an overview of multi energy systems as renewable and conventional power sources with the integration of an energy storage system coupled to the on-off electrical network. Furthermore, a survey is done regarding global energy production, configuration energy systems, energy storage systems, power management strategies, and optimization methods based on different hybrid energy systems. Multiple optimization approaches have been implemented to reach the global best solution for the hybrid power systems. To ensure the best optimization result, it is preferable to take hybrid optimization methods into consideration. These methods have been invented recently and have proved their efficacy and performance mainly in power systems.

Offshore Electrical-Oil Production Coupling System Reliability Analysis

The role played by offshore oil resources in energy supply is becoming more and more important, and the normal operation of oil production system on offshore oil platforms requires the reliable operation of the electric power system as a prerequisite; the failure of the components in the oil production system may lead to a large-scale production shutdown, and cause the related electrical components to shut down, making the power system ineffective in a certain range. In this paper, a coupled system model of the electric power system and production system of an offshore oil platform based on massively parallel computing is proposed. By analysing the connection between the oil production system and the electric power system, the coupled system model is established and the load data are calculated. Meanwhile, the reliability model of the coupling components is established based on the fault data, and the electric-related reliability index and the production-related reliability index of the coupling system are proposed. The broad-first search (BFS) algorithm was used to determine whether the coupling nodes were powered, and the depth-first search (DFS) algorithm was used to determine the connectivity of the coupling system. In addition, a minimum load-shedding model based on the integrated fault degree is proposed to reduce the load shedding of the coupled system.

Modification of Misfit-Layered Cathode Materials for Improving Electrocatalyic Activity in Reversible Protonic Ceramic Cells

The demand for sustainable regeneration energies such as solar and wind has been continuously increasing by the rise of environmental issues. However, several major technical issues such as intermittent electricity production and high system construction cost are major obstacles to large-scale commercialization for regeneration energies [1]. Reversible protonic ceramic cells (RPCCs) can be an alternative choice because of their high efficiency, long-term durability at intermediate temperatures, and bifunctionality for producing both hydrogen and electricity in an electrochemical device [2]. Until now, perovskite-structured cathode (air/steam electrode) materials have been in spotlight due to their fast oxygen reaction kinetics in RPCCs [3]. However, in spite of their high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen electrode reactions (oxygen evolution and reduction), low phase stability in humid atmospheres, thermal expansion mismatch to common proton electrolytes, and relatively low proton conductivity of RPCCs are still major obstacles to enter the era of hydrogen economy [4, 5]. Hence, we demonstrate novel misfit-layered structure Ca3Co4O9+δ (CCO)-based materials to overcome these technical issues with superior catalytic activity for high performance RPCCs. The thermal expansion coefficient value of CCO is 10-12×10−6 K−1, which is relatively similar to that of the BaCeO3-based proton electrolytes, implying that the CCO-based materials are thermo-mechanically stable during cell operations [6]. In addition, the needle-like morphology of the CCO-based materials is quite valuable in the supply of steam (or air) to the catalytic active sites and elimination the water produced by the electrochemical reaction. Furthermore, with the doping of alkali metal ion (Li, Na, and K) into Ca-site, CCO generates extra charge carrier species with the modified Co oxidation state. This triggers the proton uptake and diffusion properties of CCO-based materials with the improved electrical conductivity. As a result, 5 mol% Na-doped CCO-cell shows exceptionally high performance in both protonic ceramic fuel cell and electrolysis cell modes for RPCCs.

A comparative environmental Life Cycle Assessment study of hydrogen fuel, electricity and diesel fuel for public buses

Hydrogen fuel and electricity are energy carriers viewed as promising alternatives for the modernization and decarbonization of public bus transportation fleets. In order to choose development pathways that will lead transportation systems toward a sustainable future, the authors developed an environmental model based on the Life Cycle Assessment approach. The model tested the impact of energy carrier consumption during driving as well as the electricity origin employed to power electric buses and produce hydrogen. Energy sources such as wind, solar, waste and grid electricity were investigated. The scope of the study included the life cycles of the energy carrier and the necessary infrastructure. The results were presented from two perspectives: the total environmental impact and global warming potential. In order to create a roadmap, an original method for choosing sustainable development pathways was prepared. It was shown that the modernization of conventional bus fleets using hydrogen and electrical pathways can provide significant environmental benefits from both perspectives, but especially in terms of global warming potential. It was emphasized that attention should be paid to the use of low- and zero-emission energy sources, because their impact often strongly influenced the final environmental judgment. The energy carrier consumption also had a strong impact on the results obtained, and that is why efforts should be made to reduce it. In addition, it was confirmed that hydrogen and electricity production systems based on electricity generated by a waste-to-energy plant could be an environmentally reasonable dual solution for both sustainable waste management and meeting transport needs.

Dynamic Reconfiguration to Optimize Energy Production on Moving Photovoltaic Panels

Urban transport systems play a major role in the development of today’s societies, but they require technological changes to reduce their environmental impact. The problem lies in their level of autonomy, which is why electrical energy production systems are proposed for self-consumption, efficiently feeding their accumulators. As the energy provided by photovoltaic installations has lower recharge speeds, conventional systems with high transfer amperage and higher voltage are required. For this reason, solar installations are used for additional services and to support their autonomy. The present work tries to find the best solution for both constant voltage and peak current systems. Once found, these solutions will be applied in real time for the dynamic recharging of battery packs, trying to achieve vehicles that are progressively more energetically autonomous. To solve these situations, a new computational method for calculating voltage and amperage has been developed in this work, based on Dijkstra’s minimum path search algorithm on graph theory, adapted to electrical circuits. Once this algorithm has been established, the panel performance analysis sensors, developed at the University of Malaga, are combined with different electronic solutions described in this article (Wi-Fi relay devices using esp8266 chips or feeding these relays through panels and establishing the voltage drop to switch the connection), achieving precise and sufficiently fast solutions at very low cost. Both series and parallel transitions are possible, depending on the type of energy generation required. The theoretical solutions using Minkowski paths, analyzed in the past, have been simulated and subsequently constructed in this paper, indicating the diagrams necessary for their realization.

Thermal investigation and bi-objective optimization of a multi-product system with concentrated solar system

The current research is conducted with the aim of investigating a multi-generation energy system (MGS) for electricity, hydrogen, heating, cooling and hot water production using SRC, Kalina cycle and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis as the main subsystems. The thermodynamic analysis namely energy, exergy, and exergo-economic examination carried out. Analysis for each component is done after thermodynamic modeling. The exergy investigation showed that regenerator 2, vapor generator and condenser had the highest exergy destruction rate, respectively. A comparison was made between the current work and the basic system, and according to the results obtained, the system's ability to produce electricity, cooling, heating and hydrogen are calculated as 782 kW, 173.2 kW, 2265 kW and 0.01613 mol/day, respectively. Also, the energy and exergy efficiency of the proposed system increased by 3.13% and 5.37%, respectively. The optimization based on PSO method was carried out. The results of PSO optimization represented that in the case exergy destruction and exergy efficiency will be the optimization target these two outputs can reach the value of 2208 kW and 9.84%, while optimization based on exergy efficiency and production cost rate will lead to 9.86% and 166.6 $/h.

Optimal design of direct expansion systems for electricity production by LNG cold energy recovery

The aim of this paper is the investigation of cold energy recovery of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in regasification terminals achievable through direct expansion techniques. After an overview of the state of the art related to the LNG system and the technologies proposed for power recovery, multi-pressure direct expansion solutions with internal heat recovery (multi-pressure DE) are analysed. The purpose is to identify the highest level of recoverable energy and the optimal design parameters, considering technological constraints such as pressure and minimum end-expansion temperature. The multi-pressure DE solutions prove to be innovative power recovery methods because, with a relatively low use of seawater, it is possible to save regasified LNG and generate electrical power, valorising the energy invested in liquefaction. An estimate of recoverable power in operating terminals is carried out. Configurations with cryogenic or non-cryogenic turboexpanders are discussed. Using the proposed solution with non-cryogenic turboexpander and distribution pressure of 3.5 MPa, 56 kJ for each kg of LNG can be produced, which can become more than 150 kJ/kg with cryogenic turboexpanders. For long-distance distribution, cryogenic multi-pressure DE cycles can recover around 100–120 kJ per kg of LNG. The presented techniques can allow recovery of up to and over 30% of the maximum specific work available in LNG regasification.

Multi-objective particle swarm optimization applied to a solar-geothermal system for electricity and hydrogen production; Utilization of zeotropic mixtures for performance improvement

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy have become increasingly popular due to their environmental benefits and long-term sustainability. This study proposes an innovative integration of a solar system and a geothermal system to optimize the performance of a geothermal power plant. The geothermal system is coupled with a solar system, which utilizes a direct and storage system to increase the efficiency of solar energy utilization and minimize energy loss. To recover waste heat, an electrolyzer is used in a triple-flash geothermal system that operates at high feed geofluid temperatures, producing hydrogen as a byproduct. The organic Rankine cycle with a zeotropic mixture working fluid is employed to generate additional power. After considering eight candidate working fluids, Butene/R123 is selected. The designed system exhibits an impressive 10.83 MW net power, 9.87 kg/h hydrogen, 18.86% energetic efficiency, 29.45% exergetic efficiency, and 4.88 years payback period with a 29.72 M$ net present value. Additionally, two energy-economic and exergy-economic scenarios are evaluated to determine the optimum state. The energy-economic scenario has a lower payback period, whereas the exergy-economic scenario offers greater profitability over the system's lifetime.

Investigation and development of a novel solar-biomass integrated energy system for clean electricity and liquid hydrogen production

In the present work, an innovative power generation system based on solar and biomass energy resources is proposed. Energy and exergy methods are applied to analyze and model the system. Also, to evaluate the system's performance during the year, the values of solar radiation and ambient temperature as a transient are studied for a case study in Khuzestan province. The system consists of a biomass unit, a solar unit, a waste heat recovery unit, and a hydrogen liquefaction unit. The power is generated by two gas turbines and two Rankine cycles. Furthermore, the system produces liquid hydrogen with a Linde-Hampson hydrogen liquefaction process and a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, and hot water with a water heater. A gasifier is utilized to convert biomass to syngas, and a heliostat field is employed to harness solar energy. For solar energy storage, molten salt is used. The system’s power output is 7967 kW, while the exergy efficiency is 11.06%. Also, the production rates of liquid hydrogen and hot water are found to be 10.74 kg/h and 7 kg/s, respectively. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of using solar energy, a comparison of biomass, solar-biomass, and solar-biomass with waste-heat recovery is made. The results show that solar energy with waste-heat recovery reduces CO2 emissions by 30.5% while increasing the system's electrical power output by 44% as compared to scenario 1 in which only biomass fuel was used. In addition, the highest component cost rate is attributed to the solar power system, accounting for 51% of the capital investment cost.