The residential and commercial sectors account for nearly one-third of the total electricity consumption in India. During the period from 1971 to 2012, the highest increase in electricity consumption was seen in the residential sector with a 9.4% compound annual growth rate, followed by the commercial sector. This has been attributed mainly to the extensive use of air conditioning for thermal comfort in buildings in these two sectors. Building envelope design and construction play an important role in reducing energy consumption in such systems. With the incorporation of thermal insulation materials in combination with other construction materials in a building’s roof and walls, especially in those that are exposed to solar radiation, the energy intensiveness of buildings can be brought down significantly on a long-term basis. Despite the availability of several insulation products in the Indian market, the importance of thermal insulation for buildings for energy efficiency has not been well recognized by building engineers and developers at present. This paper looks into various important aspects related to building insulation materials, right from the principles of building science to the application of materials in buildings. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of insulation materials in the buildings and also provides practice-oriented background information for building designers, architects, site engineers and various other stakeholders in the building construction industry. The paper also evaluates the application of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as an insulating material for walls and roofs.

Abstract Precise electricity forecasting is a pertinent challenge in effectively controlling the supply and demand of power. This is due to the inherent volatility of electricity, which cannot be stored and must be utilised promptly. Thus, this study develops a framework integrating canonical cointegrating regressions (CCR), time series artificial neural network (ANN) and a multilayer perceptron ANN model for analysing and projecting India's gross electricity consumption to 2030. Annual data for the years 1961–2020 have been collected for variables like gross domestic product (GDP), population, inflation GDP deflator (annual %), annual average temperature and electricity consumption. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase of the study, the CCR method was used to check the significance of the selected variables. In the second phase, the projected values of independent variables (GDP, population, inflation GDP deflator [annual %] and annual average temperature) were predicted using the time series ANN model. Finally, a multilayer perceptron ANN model with independent variables was used to forecast the gross electricity consumption in India by 2030. The result shows that the electricity consumption in India will increase by around 50% in the next 10 years, reaching over 1800 TWh in 2030. The proposed approach can be utilised to effectively implement energy policies, as an accurate prediction of energy consumption can help capture future demand.

Modern economies are centered on electricity, which is also contributing to an increasing amount of energy services. As a result of increased household incomes, electrification of transport and rising demand for digital connected devices and air conditioning, there will be a rise in the need for energy. Residential electricity consumption in India has tripled over the past few decades with houses having access to uninterrupted power supply. This study is conducted in order to understand the determinants of electricity consumption such as income, family size, stock of electrical appliances, size of dwellings and their influence on consumer’s electricity consumption. It also seeks to examine if the consumers are willing to reduce their electricity consumption and are interested in shifting to renewable energy resources considering the costs involved in shifting to more sustainable energies. Due to the nature of power, which is invisible from the moment it was discovered, as well as consumer attitudes and behavior, saving electricity may appear to be a challenging undertaking. However, if the consumer acquires a basic understanding of what electricity is, how it is utilized, and, more significantly, how energy is wasted, the problem might become very simple. This will make consumers more aware of wasteful electricity use and perhaps encourage them to modify their daily consumption of electricity.

Still the world witnessed an upturn in environmental degradation in spite of commitment to climate change across the nations. However, this study attempts to examine linkages among environmental degradation, technological innovation, and electricity consumption in India from 1981 to 2018 using time series data. To examine the long-run equilibrium relationship among the studied variables, we used robust econometric methods such as the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) methods. Furthermore, Granger causality also investigates through the vector error correction model (VECM) model, to assess inter-connotation among the underlying variables. From our empirical findings, urbanization, financial development, and technological innovation have a negative impact on carbon emissions, indicating long-term improvements in environmental quality. While economic development and electricity consumption are deteriorating environmental quality in India. The study's findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize renewable energy, which decreases environmental damage without impeding economic growth.

Electricity demand is determined largely by regional climate conditions and seasonal characteristics, apart from a myriad of socio-economic and demographic factors. This paper investigates the climate sensitivity of electricity consumption and peak demand in six energy-intensive Indian states across heterogeneous climate zones using a non-parametric approach known as multivariate adaptive regression splines. The results show the highest temperature sensitivity of cooling electricity consumption in Punjab (8.2%), followed by Rajasthan (3.5%), Madhya Pradesh (3.1%), Tamil Nadu (2.3%), and Uttar Pradesh (1.2%). Among other climate variables, relative humidity has a non-linear impact on electricity consumption in the majority of states. The minimum temperature rise has a stronger influence on peak electricity demand than the maximum temperature in three states. Given that air-conditioning penetration is expected to increase in the future, this state-level analysis will help in developing accurate forecasts for electricity demand and formulating climate adaptation strategies for India.

Towards sustainable development: The impact of transport infrastructure expenditure on the ecological footprint in India

In India, like in many developing countries, demand of energy is continuously increasing but its supply is not increasing proportionally.Currently India is experiencing critical phase of population explosion and therefore more energy requirement.As per US Energy Information Administration electricity consumption in India will grow at the rate of 3.3% per year till the year 2035.In this context, biogas is one of the promising renewable technologies which having ability to convert animal, agricultural, municipal and industrial waste into and non-polluting form of energy and contribute about 9% of the global energy consumption.In India biogas technology was introduced in 1981 as an alternative option for non-renewable energy to combat energy crises.At the national level the estimated potential of biogas power generation up to 2020 by off-grid project was only 7.34 Mwe (Megawatt electrical).The highest potential of biogas generation is done by Tamil Nadu i.e., 1.97 Mwe followed by Karnataka i.e., 1.57Mwe.Under the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) total 50,56139 number of biogas plants were installed from 1981-82 to 2020-21 out of which Maharashtra state has the highest no. of biogas plants i.e., 9,24111 followed by Andhra Pradesh (5,58962), Karnataka (5,10916), Uttar Pradesh (4,40930) and Gujrat (4,35272).Total funds allocated under National Biogas and Manure Management Program (NBMMP) in India from 2018-19 to 2020-21 was Rs. 14, 39, 24,900.00.Being an agrarian country, India has plenty of raw materials available which can be a good source of biogas generation.Also, biogas technology is a vital solution for energy crisis, and is the best renewable source in the context of global warming and greenhouse effect potential and the fast depleting fossil fuels and pollution caused by the same.

The residential sector accounts for around 24% of the total electricity consumption in India. Recent studies show that air conditioners (ACs) have become a significant contributor to residential electricity consumption. Further, it is predicted that by 2037, the demand for ACs will increase by four times due to their affordability and availability. Not many studies have been found on residential AC usage patterns and the factors (AC load, setpoint, hours of usage) that influence household electricity consumption. This paper investigates the residential AC usage patterns and AC’s contribution to total residential electricity consumption. Twenty-five urban homes from a wet and dry climatic region of India were monitored for nine months (in 2019) to determine overall household electricity consumption patterns, AC usage, and indoor environment during summer, monsoon, and winter. Analysis of seasonal consumption patterns shows a significant difference in electricity usage between homes with ACs and homes without ACs during the summer season. The average electricity consumption for AC homes was 15.1 kWh/day during summer, 6.6 kWh/day during monsoon, and 6.1 kWh/day during the winter season. Results showed that AC alone contributed to 39% of the total household consumption in summers. The peak AC usage in all homes is observed during sleep hours which was generally between 10:00 pm and 6:00 am and the average AC runtime was 6.2 h. The average indoor temperature was recorded as 26.9 °C during the AC ON period. The AC peak load, i.e., the maximum electricity demand during the AC ON period, is 1.7 kW on average during the study period. The average annual consumption of homes with ACs was 2881 kWh, and for non-AC homes, the consumption was 2230 kWh. Findings from our analysis provide a detailed understanding of AC consumption profiles and the difference in electricity consumption characteristics between AC and non-AC homes across different seasons.

Domestic renewable electricity generation vs electricity imports: Meeting India’s long-run electricity consumption

India is one of the largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world owing to being one of the most populous country in the world signifying the demand for electricity is only set to grow further. World has witnessed an era of economic growth aided pertinently by electricity consumption and growing demand. With FDI indorsed downright to this vital utilities sector, it becomes imperative to cognize the relationship of Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI in India. In this study we investigate the causal direction of relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in India by using time-series data for the period 1986–2021 and employing econometric models. We find two uni-directional causalities running from Electricity Consumption to Economic Growth and Economic Growth to FDI and a bi-directional causality between Electricity Consumption and FDI. The results of the study provide a novel perspective for policy makers while formulating policies related to the power sector and foreign direct investments in India. The focus of Policy makers should be on enabling electricity service providers to offer best services to commercial and non-commercial participants as it aids in Economic growth of the country. For enhanced economic growth a country like India must have good and world-class infrastructure, efficient and effective regulatory mechanism equitable for all stakeholders, an improved living standard for people of all economic strata and a stable, healthy business friendly environment coupled with policy stability through stable government.

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION FORECASTING SYSTEM OF INDIA: A REVIEW

The Distribution Effects of Increasing Block Prices for Electricity Consumption in India

The purpose of this study is to analyse the long-run causal relationship among the per capita electricity consumption ( PCEC) and per capita gross domestic product ( PCGDP), urban population ( UP) and employment ( EMP) pattern in India over the period of 1991–2018. To analyse the long-run association Johansen co-integration test has been used. The results of the Granger-causality test imply that there exists a bidirectional causal relationship between the PCEC and PCGDP whereas there exist unidirectional causality from EMP and UP to PCGDP. Jel Codes: L52, C53, P1

Energy is one of the important building blocks in human development and act as a key factor in determining the economic development of any country. To meeting the demands of a developing nation, Energy requirement in the Form of Coal, Gas, oil and most important Electricity is necessary. This paper attempts to present full picture of Indian energy sector which is growing rapidly. However since, resource allocation and growth in energy supply have failed to meet the demands exerted by the increasing population, rapid urbanization and growing economy. First we identify factor of energy shortage in India, forcing it to rely heavily on imports. Second we develop a multiple linear regression model which includes all independent variables (Population, Inflation, and GDP) to determine energy consumption in India. India is a developing economy. Energy requirement in India are basically electricity, oil, coal, biomass and gas. India’s energy-mix comprises both non-renewable (coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, small hydro, biomass, cogeneration biogases etc.). Based on these model we give conclusion such that which independent variable (population, Inflation and GDP) is more impacting coal, oil, gas and electricity consumption in India as well as Current patterns of energy use and assumptions about future trends in economic activity, we constructed an activity driven model to forecast what would be the natural short term evolution of energy use in India for each end use segment by. Through analysis of current patterns of energy use, drivers of energy use were collected at the sub-sector level. We connected drivers of model with evolution of GDP to determine what would be the impact of economic growth on drivers of energy use. It also includes fuel or technology switching in the forecast.

India is expected to witness rapid growth in electricity use over the next two decades. Here, we introduce a custom regression model to project electricity consumption in India over the coming decades, which includes a bottom-up estimate of electricity consumption for two major growth drivers, air conditioning, and vehicle electrification. The model projections are available at a customizable level of spatial aggregation at an hourly temporal resolution, which makes them useful as inputs to long-term electricity infrastructure planning studies. The approach is used to develop electricity consumption data sets spanning various technology adoption and growth scenarios up to the year 2050 in five-year increments. The aim of the data is to provide a range of scenarios for India’s demand growth given new technology adoption. With long-term hourly demand projections serving as an essential input for electricity infrastructure modeling, this data publication enables further work on energy efficiency, generation, and transmission expansion planning for a fast-growing and increasingly important region from a global climate mitigation perspective.

This article examines the empirical relationship between electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology development for India by taking annual time series data from 1981 to 2017. By using the ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration, the study found long-run equilibrium relationship does exist among the variables. The article reports the existence of positive and significant impact of economic growth on electricity consumption, whereas technological development negatively affects electricity consumption in both the long run and short run. The Granger causality results reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from economic growth and technological development to electricity consumption in India. Therefore, the present study suggests policy makers in India to increase investment in electricity infrastructure to support high economic growth in the country. Further, the policy makers and the government should encourage more technological innovation to minimise usage of fossil fuels and support the use of green energy. This action could help the economy achieve a sustainable economic growth with better environmental quality. JEL Codes: C22, O4, O13, Q43, Q48

ABSTRACT Residential sector accounted for 24% of the total electricity consumption in India during 2009–10 and has almost remained around one-quarter over the last decade. A total of 163 same urban households were surveyed in 2018 to ascertain the change in penetration and use of energy-efficient (EE) appliances therein over 2010–18. There was a significant increase in their penetration across each enduse category with main changes being in air conditioners (ACs) (47%) and LED lights (over 38 times) over 2010–18. The weighted average relative electricity consumption decreased from 0.89 to 0.44 for ACs (1.5TR), 0.42 to 0.23 for lighting lamps, 0.95 to 0.54 for tubelights, 0.98 to 0.68 for refrigerators, and 0.94 to 0.69 for TVs, indicating the lowering of average energy consumption due to EE appliances. The annual electricity savings at household level were found statistically significant for transitions to EE ACs and ceiling fans.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether remittance inflow stimulate electricity consumption in India with other macroeconomic variables such as FDI, trade openness and urbanization in energy demand function from 1975–2017.Design/methodology/approachWe have applied structural break and co-integration tests for stationarity and long-run relationship between the variables. The Toda–Yamamatoo causality is employed for investigation of causal relationship between the variables, and robustness of causality linkages is also tested by applying innovative accounting approach (IAA).FindingsOur empirical analysis shows there is presence of long-run relationship among the variables. We find that remittance inflows stimulate electricity consumption in India. Industrialization is positively linked with electricity demand. However, trade openness declines the electricity consumption, but urbanization increases it. Furthermore, remittances inflows cause electricity consumption.Originality/valueOn the basis of findings, we conclude that due to positive impacts of remittances inflows, trade openness and urbanization, policymakers in the Indian economy need to be careful while designing sustainable environment policy. Otherwise, any sustainable environment policy in the name of protecting green environment will hamper the growth of remittance inflows, urbanization and FDI. If this exists, it may be argued that sustainable growth in India will not be possible in the face of sustainable environment policy.

This paper attempts to re-examine the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption in India for the period 1971-72 – 2016-17 for the country as a whole and for the agricultural and industrial sectors separately. Using gross value added (GVA) and per capita net national product (NNP) as indicators of economic growth techniques like cointegration, error correction model and Granger causality tests are applied for the study. The results indicate that there is a long run positive relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption when GVA is the indicator of growth. However, the short run coefficients are not statistically significant. Per capita NNP does not have any long run relationship with per capita electricity consumption but there is a unidirectional Granger-cause from log per capita NNP to log per capita electricity consumption when lag length is three. There is unidirectional Granger-causality from log GVA to log electricity consumption in the agricultural sector also. For the industrial sector, however, neither variable Granger causes the other. The cross section analysis for thirty two states and union territories of India reveals that per capita net state domestic product (NSDP) positively and significantly affects per capita electricity consumption of states in each of the years from 2012-13 to 2016-17. But the responsiveness of electricity consumption with respect to NSDP declines over the years.

The study intends to examine the impact of per capita GDP, financial sector development, capital formation, and urbanisation on electricity utilisation in India for the period of 1975 to 2015. The ARDL bounds test results reveal that the improved delivery of financial services, capital formation, per capita GDP, and urbanisation has a direct impact on electricity consumption in the long run. Further, the outcomes of the ARDL bounds and impulse response function confirm that after achieving a level of income, the electricity demand starts decreasing, as the adoption of electricity-efficient technology may reduce the marginal usage of electricity. Contrarily, even after achieving a threshold level of urbanisation the marginal impact of urbanisation on electricity usage has remained positive and significant. The association between urbanisation-electricity purposes that urban Indian populace takes a long time to inculcate the electricity-saving lifestyle. The study has also considered the possibility of the unknown series discontinuity.