Electrical Properties Of Tissues Research Articles

Effect of Near-Infrared Pre-Irradiation on Irreversible Electroporation Treatment of Rat Gastric Tissues

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a recognized ablation technique that induces apoptosis via potent electric fields. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of biological tissues often results in inconsistent treatment outcomes, leaving residual viable cells and leading to potential relapse. To address this, previous strategies incorporated chemical enhancers to IRE, but these faced limitations such as limited tissue diffusion and hyperpigmentation. In this study, we explore the synergistic application of near-infrared (NIR) irradiation with IRE. Using an in vivo rat gastric tissue model, we pre-irradiated samples with NIR at 3 J/cm2 prior to IRE. The combined treatment, termed NIRE, produced a change in tissue impedance of 13.5 Ohm compared to IRE alone, indicating NIR’s potential in modulating tissue electrical properties. Subsequent histopathological and molecular assessments revealed a 1.12-fold increase in apoptosis for NIRE over IRE. Notably, the apoptosis-related proteins BCL and p21 exhibited a 1.24-fold and 1.29-fold overexpression following NIRE treatment, respectively, emphasizing NIRE’s enhanced apoptotic activation. In essence, our findings underscore the augmented therapeutic efficacy of IRE when complemented with NIR, presenting a promising avenue for bolstering treatment outcomes in tissue ablation.

Dielectric Stability of Triton X-100-Based Tissue-Mimicking Materials for Microwave Imaging

Microwave imaging is an emerging technology, and has been proposed for various applications, namely as an alternative diagnostic technology. Microwave imaging explores the dielectric contrast of target tissues, enabling diagnosis based on the differences in dielectric properties between healthy and diseased tissues, with low cost, portability and non-ionizing radiation as its main advantages, constituting an alternative to various imaging technologies for diagnosing and monitoring. Before clinical trials of microwave imaging devices for the study of dielectric properties, phantoms are used, mimicking the materials of tissues and simulating the electric properties of human tissues, for device validation. The purpose of this work was to prepare and perform dielectric characterization of mimicking materials for the development of an anthropomorphic phantom of the human ankle with realistic dielectric and anatomic properties. The biological tissues targeted in this investigation were the skin, muscle, cortical bone, trabecular bone and fat, with the mimicking materials prepared using Triton X-100, sodium chloride and distilled water. The dielectric characterization was performed using a coaxial probe, operating at frequencies between 0.5 and 4.0 GHz. Since the stability of the dielectric properties of mimicking materials is one of their main properties, the dielectric characterization was repeated after 15 and 35 days.

Multifractality in Surface Potential for Cancer Diagnosis.

Recent advances in high-resolution biomedical imaging have improved cancer diagnosis, focusing on morphological, electrical, and biochemical properties of cells and tissues, scaling from cell clusters down to the molecular level. Multiscale imaging revealed high complexity that requires advanced data processing methods of multifractal analysis. We performed label-free multiscale imaging of surface potential variations in human ovarian cancer cells using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). An improvement in the differentiation between nonmalignant and cancerous cells by multifractal analysis using adaptive versus median threshold for image binarization was demonstrated. The results reveal the multifractality of cancer cells as a new biomarker for cancer diagnosis.

Exosome/metformin-loaded self-healing conductive hydrogel rescues microvascular dysfunction and promotes chronic diabetic wound healing by inhibiting mitochondrial fission.

Chronic diabetic wounds remain a globally recognized clinical challenge. They occur due to high concentrations of reactive oxygen species and vascular function disorders. A promising strategy for diabetic wound healing is the delivery of exosomes, comprising bioactive dressings. Metformin activates the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway, thereby improving angiogenesis in hyperglycemic states. However, multifunctional hydrogels loaded with drugs and bioactive substances synergistically promote wound repair has been rarely reported, and the mechanism of their combinatorial effect of exosome and metformin in wound healing remains unclear. Here, we engineered dual-loaded hydrogels possessing tissue adhesive, antioxidant, self-healing and electrical conductivity properties, wherein 4-armed SH-PEG cross-links with Ag+, which minimizes damage to the loaded goods and investigated their mechanism of promotion effect for wound repair. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes exhibiting good conductivity were also incorporated into the hydrogels to generate hydrogen bonds with the thiol group, creating a stable three-dimensional structure for exosome and metformin loading. The diabetic wound model of the present study suggests that the PEG/Ag/CNT-M+E hydrogel promotes wound healing by triggering cell proliferation and angiogenesis and relieving peritraumatic inflammation and vascular injury. The mechanism of the dual-loaded hydrogel involves reducing the level of reactive oxygen species by interfering with mitochondrial fission, thereby protecting F-actin homeostasis and alleviating microvascular dysfunction. Hence, we propose a drug-bioactive substance combination therapy and provide a potential mechanism for developing vascular function-associated strategies for treating chronic diabetic wounds.

Split ring resonator topology based microwave induced thermoacoustic imaging (SRR-MTAI).

Microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) using low-energy and long-wavelength microwave photons has great potential in detecting deep-seated diseases due to its unique ability of visualizing intrinsic electric properties of tissue in high resolution. However, the low contrast in conductivity between a target (e.g., a tumor) and the surroundings sets a fundamental limit for achieving a high imaging sensitivity, which significantly hinders its biomedical applications. To overcome this limit, we develop a split ring resonator (SRR) topology based MTAI (SRR-MTAI) approach to achieve highly sensitive detection by precise manipulation and efficient delivery of microwave energy. The in vitro experiments show that SRR-MTAI demonstrates an ultrahigh sensitivity of distinguishing a 0.4% difference in saline concentrations and a 2.5-fold enhancement of detecting a tissue target which mimicks a tumor embedded at a depth of 2 cm. The in vivo animal experiments conducted indicate that the imaging sensitivity between a tumor and the surrounding tissue is increased by 3.3-fold using SRR-MTAI. The dramatic enhancement in imaging sensitivity suggests that SRR-MTAI has the potential to open new avenues for MTAI to tackle a variety of biomedical problems that were impossible previously.

Microwave-Based Dielectric Properties as an Electrophysiological Biomarker: Future Perspectives

Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological tissues, which involves the movement of ions across cell membranes. The analysis of the movement of electrical charges through the body has a wide range of biomedical applications, such as diagnosing and planning treatment in cardiovascular, nervous systems, muscular, and gastrointestinal disorders. The dielectric properties of biological tissues change according to the water content in the tissue and are measured as permittivity and conductivity relative to the frequency of the electrical field. This principle has been applied in diagnostics and therapeutics using microwave energysuch as imaging and ablation, etc. This review article summarizes the potential use of measuring dielectric properties using microwave imaging and how it can augment electrophysiological studies in medicine.

Effects of pulse repetition rate in static electrochemotherapy models

Electroporation alters cell membrane structure and tissue electrical properties by short and intense pulsed electric fields (PEF). Static mathematical models are often used to explain the change in electrical properties of tissues caused by electroporation. Electric pulse repetition rate may play an important role, as tissue dielectric dispersion, electroporation dynamics, and Joule heating may affect the electrical properties. In this work, we investigate the effects on the magnitude of the electric current when the repetition rate of the standard electrochemotherapy protocol is increased. Liver, oral mucosa, and muscle tissues were studied. Ex vivo animal experiments show that the magnitude of the electric current increases when the repetition rate is changed from 1 Hz to 5 kHz (10.8% for liver, 5.8% for oral mucosa, and 4.7% for muscle). Although a correction factor could reduce the error to less than 1%, dynamic models seem to be necessary to analyze different protocol signatures. Authors should be aware that static models and experimental results can only be compared if they use exactly the same PEF signature. The repetition rate is a key information to consider in the pretreatment computer study because the current at 1 Hz PEF differs from a 5 kHz PEF.

Flexible 3D printed microwires and 3D microelectrodes for heart-on-a-chip engineering

We developed a heart-on-a-chip platform that integrates highly flexible, vertical, 3D micropillar electrodes for electrophysiological recording and elastic microwires for the tissue’s contractile force assessment. The high aspect ratio microelectrodes were 3D-printed into the device using a conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). A pair of flexible, quantum dots/thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite microwires were 3D printed to anchor the tissue and enable continuous contractile force assessment. The 3D microelectrodes and flexible microwires enabled unobstructed human iPSC-based cardiac tissue formation and contraction, suspended above the device surface, under both spontaneous beating and upon pacing with a separate set of integrated carbon electrodes. Recording of extracellular field potentials using the PEDOT:PSS micropillars was demonstrated with and without epinephrine as a model drug, non-invasively, along with in situ monitoring of tissue contractile properties and calcium transients. Uniquely, the platform provides integrated profiling of electrical and contractile tissue properties, which is critical for proper evaluation of complex, mechanically and electrically active tissues, such as the heart muscle under both physiological and pathological conditions.

RF Analysis of Fruit and Vegetables using Equivalent Circuits Deduced from S-parameters

We deduced equivalent circuits of the electrical properties of five fruit and eight vegetable samples from the S-parameters. The S-parameters were measured at a frequency range from 1 MHz to 100 MHz using a portable VNA and a tiny three-pin SMA probe. Admittance values calculated from the S-parameters were plotted on the admittance Smith chart, and the equivalent circuits with four parallel sub-circuits were synthesized by curve fitting. The admittance curves for the fruit and vegetable samples have two parts with different lengths split at a frequency of about 30 MHz. The admittance in the low-frequency range was determined mainly by two large capacitive and two small resistive elements of the equivalent circuit related to the plant cell wall and membrane. When the plant cell wall and membrane were decomposed by grating and 30µm-filtering, the specific part of the admittance curve was eliminated, and the admittance value increased. The measured and calculated admittance curves were in good agreement. About 30 samples of plant cultivars were classified as fruit and vegetables according to four criteria deduced from the RF analysis. S-parameter spectroscopy (SPS) is an effective analytical method for evaluating the electrical properties of plant tissues.

Characteristics of Сhanges in the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Weed Plant Tissues under Electropulse Damage

Characteristics of Сhanges in the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Weed Plant Tissues under Electropulse Damage

Electrical properties of tissues from a microscopic model of confined electrolytes

Objective. In the presence of oscillatory electric fields, the motion of electrolyte ions in biological tissues is often limited by the confinement created by cell and organelle walls. This confinement induces the organization of the ions into dynamic double layers. This work determines the contribution of these double layers to the bulk conductivity and permittivity of tissues. Approach. Tissues are modeled as repeated units of electrolyte regions separated by dielectric walls. Within the electrolyte regions, a coarse-grained model is used to describe the associated ionic charge distribution. The model emphasizes the role of the displacement current in addition to the ionic current and enables the evaluation of macroscopic conductivities and permittivities. Main results. We obtain analytical expressions for the bulk conductivity and permittivity as a function of the frequency of the oscillatory electric field. These expressions explicitly include the geometric information of the repeated structure and the contribution of the dynamic double layers. The low-frequency limit of the conductivity expression yields a result predicted by the Debye permittivity form. The model also provides a microscopic interpretation of the Maxwell–Wagner effect. Significance. The results obtained contribute to the interpretation of the macroscopic measurements of electrical properties of tissues in terms of their microscopic structure. The model enables a critical assessment of the justification for the use of macroscopic models to analyze the transmission of electrical signals through tissues.

PO-03-063 A POLYACRYLAMIDE (PAA) GEL PHANTOM FOR STUDYING CATHETER ABLATION

Benchtop studies are often used to evaluate cardiac ablation techniques, and commonly utilize ex-vivo animal tissues. While widely available, ex-vivo animal tissues do not consistently replicate live atrial tissue physical properties, adding variability. Tissue mimicking phantoms have been used in non-cardiac ablation studies, but their mechanical and electrical properties may not mimic cardiac tissue. Furthermore, analysis of ablation lesions ex-vivo has been limited to 2D measurements of lesion cross-sections, precluding lesion volume measurement and limiting accuracy. Polyacrylamide (PAA) gels, which have modifiable elasticity, and similar thermal and electrical properties to live human tissues, have been used to study liver ablation. The addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) – a protein that coagulates when heated beyond a set temperature – has also been shown to provide optical and MRI contrast in ablated gels. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible atrial tissue phantom with realistic elasticity, friction, and electrical impedance, enabling in-vitro replication of cardiac ablation lesions and 3D quantification using high resolution MRI scans. Gels were mixed with acrylamide concentrations from 3% to 12% (g/mL) and 2% BSA. Resulting Young's moduli and coefficients of friction were measured with a custom tester. Reference frictional properties of ex-vivo porcine aortic specimens were measured using the same methods. Reference elasticity values were derived from the literature. Gels were ablated in saline with 20-40W of power, for 20-40s, with 10-20g of contact force. Baseline impedances were set to 125Ω by titrating the salinity of the bath. Finally, gels were imaged using a 3D T2-weighted sequence on a 3T MRI scanner. The elasticity and friction of the fabricated gels are reported in Table 1, along with reference values. 10.5-12% acrylamide PAA gel phantoms matched live contractile tissue elasticity, and simulated realistic atrial tissue frictional and electrical properties. Ablations were made optically visible by the coagulation of coagulated BSA (Fig 1a) and appeared hypointense on T2-MRI (Fig 1b), enabling automated 3D analysis by thresholding. Measured lesion dimensions were comparable to those reported in prior literature. PAA gel phantoms enabled in-vitro replication of cardiac lesions with realistic mechanical and electrical properties. The addition of BSA facilitated optical verification of lesions and 3D quantification using MRI.Tabled 1Table 1: Reference and measured physical properties of gel phantoms and ex-vivo aortae as compared to literature valuesPhysical PropertyReferenceMeasured ValueMaterialValueMaterialValueYoung's Modulus (kPa)Ex-vivo porcine left atrium28.0% PAA gel32.6In-vivo human left ventricle20-200.210.5% PAA gel68.1In-vivo skeletal muscle6.2-108.612.0% PAA gel108.0Coefficient of FrictionEx-vivo porcine aorta0.02-0.046Ex-vivo porcine aorta0.058±0.024Agarose gel0.03510.5% PAA gel0.023±0.0014 Open table in a new tab

3D printable phantom for mimicking electrical properties of dermal tissue.

Skin cancer is one of the most ubiquitous forms of cancer that is often overdiagnosed or missed by traditional diagnostic techniques. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a technology that aims to take advantage of the variations in electrical properties of tissue to identify ectopic formations. It is difficult to develop BIS technologies without obtaining tumor tissue samples. One solution is to use a "tissue phantom," a synthetic structure that mimics the properties of tissue. Current solutions using natural biomaterials, such as gelatin, have not been able to create complex tissue geometries that are vital to honing BIS diagnostics. However, semi-synthetic polymers, such has gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), offer the benefits of possessing similar electrical properties to their respective source biomaterial while being 3D printable. In this work, we first measured the impedance of porcine dermal tissue. We then applied these impedance measurements to create an electrically accurate tissue phantom using a photocurable hydrogel, GelMA, and varying concentrations of NaCl, aluminum powder, and titanium dioxide powder.

The use of phase angle in patients with digestive and liver diseases.

Diseases of the liver and the digestive system can lead to malnutrition through an action of reduced food intake or nutrient use, inflammation and impaired metabolism, which result in substantial changes in body composition. Frequently, malnutrition manifests itself with weight loss and reduced muscle mass. However, weight loss and body mass index lack sensitivity to detect the loss of muscle mass and are not informative in distinguishing body water compartments and in characterizing their distribution. This issue is particularly relevant to these two disease models, which are frequently associated with fluid volume imbalances. Phase angle is a useful indicator for cell membrane integrity, water distribution between the intracellular and extracellular spaces and prediction of body cell mass as it is described by measured components of electrical impedance. Malnutrition, inflammation and oxidative stress impair electric tissue properties leading to lower values of PhA. In patients with inflammatory bowel and liver diseases, PhA was consistently found to be related to nutritional status and body composition, particularly the depletion of lean body mass and sarcopenia. It has been associated with prognosis, disease stage and severity and found to be helpful in monitoring fluid shifts and response to interventions.

Coronary Artery Disease and Inflammatory Activation Interfere with Peripheral Tissue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Characteristics-Initial Report.

The electrical properties of cells and tissues in relation to energy exposure have been investigated, presenting their resistance and capacitance characteristics. The dielectric response to radiofrequency fields exhibits polarization heterogeneity under pathological conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze the differences in changes in resistance and capacitance measurements in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, combined with an assessment of the correlation between the results of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and inflammatory activation. In the prospective study, EIS was performed on the non-dominant arm in 29 male patients (median (Q1-Q3) age of 69 (65-72)) with complex coronary artery disease and 10 male patients (median (Q1-Q3) age of 66 (62-69)) of the control group. Blood samples were collected for inflammatory index analysis. The logistic regression analysis revealed a negative correlation with inflammatory indexes, including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the CAD group in the frequency of 30 kHz (p = 0.038, r = -0.317) regarding EIS resistance measurements and a positive correlation in CAD group in the frequency of 10 kHz (p = 0.029, r = -0.354) regarding EIS capacitance. The bioelectric characteristics of peripheral tissues measured by resistance and capacitance in EIS differ in patients with coronary artery disease and in the control group. Electrical impedance spectroscopy reveals a statistically significant correlation with inflammatory markers in patients with CAD.

Acute exposure to low-dose bisphenol A delays cardiac repolarization in female canine heart - Implication for proarrhythmic toxicity in large animals.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common environmental chemical with a range of potential adverse health effects. The impact of environmentally-relevant low dose of BPA on the electrical properties of the hearts of large animals (e.g., dog, human) is poorly defined. Perturbation of cardiac electrical properties is a key arrhythmogenic mechanism. In particular, delay of ventricular repolarization and prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram is a marker for the risk of malignant arrhythmias. We examined the acute effect of 10-9M BPA on the electrical properties of female canine ventricular myocytes and tissues. BPA rapidly delayed action potential repolarization and prolonged action potential duration (APD). The dose response curve of BPA on APD was nonmonotonic. BPA rapidly inhibited the IKr K+ current and ICaL Ca2+ current. Computational modeling indicated that the effect of BPA on APD can be accounted for by its suppression of IKr. At the tissue level, BPA acutely prolonged the QT interval in 4 left ventricular wedges. ERβ signaling contributed to the acute effects of BPA on ventricular repolarization. Our results demonstrate that BPA has QT prolongation liability in female canine hearts. These findings have implication for the potential proarrhythmic cardiac toxicity of BPA in large animals.

Biomedical microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging

Microwave thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) is an exciting imaging technique rooted from the underlying principle of exploiting the distinct electrical properties of biological tissues. By using short-pulsed microwaves as a stimulation source and their interaction with the human body, MTAI has paved the way for revolutionary advancements in medical imaging. When microwaves are absorbed by polar molecules and ions within the tissues, an ingenious thermoelastic effect gives rise to ultrasound waves. These ultrasound waves, brimming with invaluable pathological and physiological insights, propagate outward, carrying the essence of the composition and functionality of biological tissue. Through a meticulous collection of ultrasound signals from all directions surrounding the tissue, it becomes possible to reconstruct intricate internal structures and visualize the tissue's functional dynamics. The MTAI excels in non-invasiveness, capable of delving several centimeters beneath the surface with a microscopic resolution on the order of micrometers. The magic lies in converting microwave energy into ultrasound waves, entering into the hidden depths of tissues without causing harm. This groundbreaking imaging modality unlocks a realm of possibilities for acquiring profound insights into the intricate structures and functionality of deep-seated tissues. Furthermore, the inherent polarization characteristics of microwaves empower MTAI to capture additional dimensions of information, unraveling the intricate polarization properties and illuminating a richer understanding of the tissue's complexity. The great potential of MTAI extends far and wide within the medicine field. It has made remarkable achievements in non-invasive imaging of brain structures, screening breast tumors, visualizing human arthritis, and detecting liver fat content. These accomplishments have laid a solid foundation, firmly establishing MTAI as a trailblazing medical imaging technique. The present study offers a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the physical principles underpinning MTAI, the sophisticated system devices involved, and the recent groundbreaking research breakthroughs. Moreover, it delves into the exciting prospects and challenges that lie ahead in the future development of MTAI. As the technology continues to progress by leaps and bounds, MTAI is ready to break down barriers, and usher in a new era of unmatched imaging quality and performance. This, in turn, will open the floodgates for transformative innovations and applications in medical diagnosis and treatment. The anticipation is palpable as MTAI strives to make substantial contributions to the ever-developing medical imaging field, bestowing upon humanity more accurate, reliable, and life-enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

Determination of intracellular electrical parameters in bioelectrical impedance analysis

Creating a frequency characteristic curve for bioelectrical impedance analysis involves analyzing electrical resistance (impedance) values at different frequencies. This curve is used to evaluate the electrical properties of biological tissues or fluids. In the article, the impedance of the intracellular environment was evaluated and frequency dependence was established based on the electrical circuit model of the biological system. Xc = f(f), Z = f(f), φ= f(f) tgδ= f(f), dependencies were created for different frequency values of the intracellular environment in the Matlab program through a series-connected RC circuit. Regression and general statistical analyzes were performed. The most appropriate frequency range was determined to evaluate the impedance of the intracellular environment. The correlation relationship of electrical and dielectric parameters of the intracellular environment was also taken into account. Purpose: The main goal of the research is the selection of the optimal frequency range for bioimpedance analysis. In particular, the selection of the most optimal frequency was carried out in the assessment of intracellular electrical activity. The frequency range is determined depending on the electrical and dielectric parameters of the cell. Materials and Methods: Using the Matlab program, the equivalent circuit model of the cell was assembled. Frequency dependence of electrical and dielectric parameters characterizing intracellular processes was performed by model-based measurements. Conclusion: According to the obtained value, regression and general statistical analyzes were performed for the dependencies Xc=f(f), Z=f(f), φ=f(f), tgδ=f(f). Based on analysis of variance (Analysis of Variance-ANOVA) of the output variables, statistical parameters were determined for each dependency.

Revisiting the concept of constant tissue conductivities for volume estimation in dialysis patients using bioimpedance spectroscopy

Current estimation of body fluid volumes in hemodialysis patients using bioimpedance analysis assumes constant specific electrical characteristics of biological tissues despite a large variation in plasma Na+ concentrations [Na+], ranging from 130 to 150 mmol/L. Here, we examined the potential effect of variable [Na+] on bioimpedance-derived volume overload. Volumes were calculated from published whole-body extra- and intracellular resistance data and relationships using either "standard" or "revised" specific electrical characteristics modeled as functions of [Na+]. With "standard" assumptions, volumes increased with increasing [Na+]. The increase in volume overload was about 0.5 dm3 and 3% of extracellular volume per 10 mmol/dm3 of [Na+] in a 75 kg patient. This increase was abolished when the same bioimpedance data were analyzed under "revised" conditions. The overestimation in extracellular volume overload in the range of 0.5 dm3 per 10 mmol/dm3 [Na+] perfectly matches the positive relationship determined in a large cohort of hemodialysis patients. The bias may be considered moderate when interpreting data of individual patients, but may become important when comparing data of larger patient groups. The bias disappears when analysis of bioimpedance data accounts for differences in tissue electrical properties, using individual [Na+].

An Out-of-Phase Wireless Power Transfer System for Implantable Medical Devices to Reduce Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Field and Increase Power Transfer Efficiency.

For the wireless power transfer (WPT) system in implantable medical devices (IMDs), human tissue is positioned between the transmitting and receiving coils which are different from general WPT systems. Because this space is where the strongest electromagnetic field (EMF) occurs, it is essential to reduce the EMF at the interspace to reduce human exposure to the EMF. In this paper, an out-of-phase coupled WPT system for IMDs is proposed to reduce human exposure to EMF. Considering the EMF exposure and power transfer efficiency (PTE) of the proposed system, a design procedure for determining the phase difference of each capacitor is analyzed and presented. Based on the equivalent circuit model analysis of the proposed system, the EMF and PTE characteristics of the WPT system depending on the design variables are comprehensively analyzed. The proposed system is compared with conventional systems through simulation and measurements. It is verified that the proposed system can reduce the EMF by 41.05% and increase the PTE by 9.62% compared to the conventional system. In addition, through simulation, human exposure to EMFs is assessed considering the exposure environment and electrical properties of human tissues. As a result, the current density, induced electric field, and specific absorption rate were reduced by 44.10%, 38.90%, and 63.82%, respectively.